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Q87 (IAS/2021) Geography › Indian Economic Geography › Crop climate requirements Official Key

Among the following, which one is the **least** water-efficient crop?

Result
Your answer:  ·  Correct: A
Explanation

The correct answer is Option 1.

Water efficiency in crops refers to the amount of biomass produced per unit of water consumed. Sugarcane is a long-duration perennial crop with a high transpiration rate and a massive biomass output, requiring 1,500 to 2,500 mm of water per crop cycle. Consequently, it has a very high water footprint and is considered the least water-efficient among the given options.

In contrast, the other crops are significantly more drought-tolerant and efficient:

  • Pearl Millet (Bajra): A C4 plant highly adapted to arid regions, requiring minimal water.
  • Red Gram (Arhar): A pulse crop with deep roots that survives on residual moisture.
  • Sunflower: A moderately drought-resistant oilseed with lower water requirements than sugarcane.

While sugarcane produces high yields, its total water consumption relative to the food energy or weight produced makes it highly water-intensive, especially in water-stressed regions of India.

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Q. Among the following, which one is the **least** water-efficient crop? [A] Sugarcane [B] Sunflower [C] Pearl millet [D] Red gram
At a glance
Origin: Mixed / unclear origin Fairness: Low / Borderline fairness Books / CA: 0/10 · 0/10
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This is a classic 'Relative Agronomy' question derived from the 'Water Guzzler' narrative found in Economic Surveys and NITI Aayog reports. You don't need a specific data table; you need the hierarchy of crop water footprints: Sugarcane/Rice (High) > Wheat/Cotton (Medium) > Millets/Pulses (Low). The question penalizes rote learning and rewards understanding the 'Agro-Climatic Mismatch' theme.

How this question is built

This question can be broken into the following sub-statements. Tap a statement sentence to jump into its detailed analysis.

Statement 1
Typical irrigation water requirement (liters per kilogram of harvested produce) of sugarcane (water-efficiency of crops).
Origin: Weak / unclear Fairness: Borderline / guessy
Indirect textbook clues
Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 11: Irrigation in India > KEY TERMS RELATED TO IRRIGATION > p. 357
Strength: 5/5
“possessed cropped and Irrigation in India 11.3 Cropping Intensity - It is the ratio of Gross Cropped Area to the Net Sown Area. Prophing . • Water-Use Efficiency (WUE) It is the ratio between effective water use and actual water withdrawal. It helps to understand the effective use of water. In the agricultural sector in India, WUE is quite low (around 38%) presently, whereas in developed countries, WUE is around 50-60 per cent due to the effective use of micro-irrigation • Crop: Rice; Water Requirement (mm): 450-700 • Crop: Sugarcane; Water Requirement (mm): 1500-2500 • Crop: Banana; Water Requirement (mm): 1200-2200 • Crop: Cotton; Water Requirement (mm): 700-1300 • Crop: Tomato; Water Requirement (mm): 400-800 • Crop: Maize; Water Requirement (mm): 500-800 • Crop: Wheat; Water Requirement (mm): 450-650”
Why relevant

Gives a quantitative crop water requirement for sugarcane in mm (1500–2500 mm), a direct measure of depth of water needed over the growing season.

How to extend

Convert mm to liters per unit area (1 mm = 1 L/m²) and then divide by typical yield (kg/m² or kg/ha from external sources) to estimate L/kg.

Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 12: Major Crops and Cropping Patterns in India > Canal Irrigation > p. 70
Strength: 4/5
“Merits Te distribution of rainfall in India is highly uneven. Over the greater part of the country, over 80 per cent of rainfall occurs during the season of South-West Monsoon (Barsat-season of general rains). Water is indispensible for human, animal and plant life. Water is essential for protoplasm. It is an important ingredient in photosynthesis. About 400 to 500 litres of water is necessary for the production of one kilo of plant dry matter. Water is also required for translocation of nutrients and dissipation of heat. Canals used to be the most important source of irrigation before the Green Revolution in 1960s.”
Why relevant

Provides a general physiological rule: about 400–500 litres of water are required to produce one kilo of plant dry matter.

How to extend

Combine this dry-matter L/kg with data on the dry-matter fraction of harvested sugarcane (requires an external typical % dry matter) to infer irrigation L/kg of harvested produce.

INDIA PEOPLE AND ECONOMY, TEXTBOOK IN GEOGRAPHY FOR CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 4: Water Resources > Demand of Water for Irrigation > p. 44
Strength: 3/5
“irrigation during dry seasons. Even in the areas of ample rainfall like West Bengal and Bihar, breaks in monsoon or its failure creates dry spells detrimental for agriculture. Water need of certain crops also makes irrigation necessary. For instance, water requirement of rice, sugarcane, jute, etc. is very high which can be met only through irrigation. Provision of irrigation makes multiple cropping possible. It has also been found that irrigated lands have higher agricultural productivity than unirrigated land. Further, the high yielding varieties of crops need regular moisture supply, which is made possible only by a developed irrigation systems. In fact, this is why that green revolution strategy of agriculture development in the country has largely been successful in Punjab, Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh.”
Why relevant

States sugarcane is among crops with ‘very high’ water needs, implying its L/kg will be large compared with cereals.

How to extend

Use this qualitative ranking to compare any L/kg estimate for sugarcane against known L/kg values for other crops (from external sources) to judge plausibility.

INDIA PEOPLE AND ECONOMY, TEXTBOOK IN GEOGRAPHY FOR CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 3: Land Resources and Agriculture > Sugarcane > p. 34
Strength: 3/5
“In southern India, it is cultivated in irrigated tracts of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Telangana and Andhra Pradesh. India was the second largest producer of sugarcane after Brazil in 2018. It accounts for about 19.7 per cent of the world production of sugarcane. But it occupies only 2.4 per cent of total cropped area in the country. Uttar Pradesh produces about two-fifth of sugarcane of the country. Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and Andhra Pradesh are other leading producers of this crop where yield level of sugarcane is high. Its yield is low in northern India.”
Why relevant

Notes sugarcane is predominantly cultivated in irrigated tracts and accounts for substantial production on limited area, implying intensive water input per area.

How to extend

Combine the high area-based irrigation intensity with regional typical yields (external) to estimate L/kg and assess whether a given statement is consistent with irrigated cultivation.

Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 25: Agriculture > z5.a.s. Classification based on cultural method / water: > p. 355
Strength: 2/5
“a. Irrigated crops Crops cultivated with the help of irrigation water. E.g. Chili, sugarcane, Banana, papaya etc,”
Why relevant

Lists sugarcane explicitly as an example of an irrigated crop, reinforcing that irrigation-dominated water accounting applies to it.

How to extend

Use irrigation-crop classification to justify using seasonal irrigation-depth figures (from evidence 1) rather than relying solely on rainfall for L/kg calculations.

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Statement analysis

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Statement analysis

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