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With reference to India, Didwana, Kuchaman, Sargol and Khatu are the names of
Explanation
The correct answer is Option 4: saline lakes. These locations are prominent salt-water bodies situated in the semi-arid regions of Rajasthan, particularly within the Nagaur and Sikar districts.
The geological and climatic factors of the Thar Desert contribute to the formation of these playas or saline depressions. Key reasons why Option 4 is correct include:
- Didwana and Kuchaman: These are well-known salt lakes in Nagaur district where commercial salt production occurs.
- Sargol and Khatu: These are smaller but significant saline depressions in the same geographical belt.
Why other options are incorrect:
- Glaciers: Found in high-altitude Himalayan regions, not in the plains of Rajasthan.
- Mangrove areas: Restricted to coastal regions like the Sundarbans or Pichavaram.
- Ramsar sites: While Rajasthan has Ramsar sites (e.g., Keoladeo and Sambhar), Didwana and Khatu do not hold this specific international designation.
PROVENANCE & STUDY PATTERN
Guest previewThis is a classic 'Terms in News' meets 'Static Geography' question. It rewards careful reading of the Physiography chapter in standard texts (Majid Husain/NCERT), where Didwana and Kuchaman are explicitly listed as 'playas' or saline depressions in the Thar region. The other names act as distractors to test your confidence in the primary examples.
This question can be broken into the following sub-statements. Tap a statement sentence to jump into its detailed analysis.
- Statement 1: Are Didwana, Kuchaman, Sargol and Khatu in India names of glaciers?
- Statement 2: Are Didwana, Kuchaman, Sargol and Khatu in India names of mangrove areas?
- Statement 3: Are Didwana, Kuchaman, Sargol and Khatu in India designated Ramsar sites?
- Statement 4: Are Didwana, Kuchaman, Sargol and Khatu in India saline lakes?
Gives a concrete pattern/list of 'main glaciers of the Himalayan region' and ties each glacier name to specific mountain ranges and states (e.g., Uttarakhand, Karakoram, Sikkim/Nepal).
A student could check whether the four names occur in such Himalayan/Trans‑Himalayan lists or are instead located in non‑mountainous parts of India using a map or gazetteer.
Another list of named glaciers with explicit locations (Uttarakhand, Kashmir, Karakoram, Himachal) showing glacier names are normally linked to high‑altitude Himalayan areas.
Compare the geographic location of Didwana, Kuchaman, Sargol, Khatu to these high‑altitude regions to judge if they fit the pattern of glacier names.
Explains that glaciers occur in 'higher reaches' of Uttarakhand, Himachal and Jammu & Kashmir and names specific glacier snouts (Gangotri, Alkapuri) tied to mountain headwaters.
Use this rule (glaciers occur in Himalayan high reaches) to test whether the four names are places in such high‑elevation Himalayan zones.
Gives the pattern that main glaciers are found in the Greater Himalaya and Trans‑Himalayan mountains and provides regional snowline altitudes.
A student could verify whether the four names are situated above typical snowline elevations or within the Greater/Trans‑Himalayan regions on a topographic map.
Describes where glaciers in India are concentrated (Karakoram, Greater Himalaya, Pir‑Panjal) and contrasts glacier sizes and distributions by range.
Use this distributional rule to see if the four names belong to the named glacier‑bearing ranges or to other parts of India unlikely to host glaciers.
Defines where mangroves occur: along shallow coasts, tidal flats, estuaries in tropical/subtropical areas.
Compare locations of the four names on a map — if they are inland/desert rather than tidal coasts/estuaries, they are unlikely to be mangrove areas.
Specifies tidal (mangrove) forests occur along Bay of Bengal states and in Kutch/Kathiawar — i.e., specific coastal regions and states.
Check whether the four names lie in those listed coastal states or in other (inland) states to assess plausibility.
Provides an explicit list/table of named major mangrove areas and their states — none of these four names appear in the examples shown.
Use the principle that named major mangrove areas are listed by region/state; absence from such lists suggests these names are not (major) mangrove areas.
Emphasises mangroves occur on coasts (west coast, east coast, Gujarat, Andaman) and notes inland or non-coastal regions have sparse or no mangroves.
Determine whether the four names are located in coastal districts versus inland districts to evaluate whether they fit typical mangrove locations.
Lists major mangrove concentrations (Andaman & Nicobar, Sunderbans, Mahanadi/Godavari/Krishna deltas) — implying mangroves concentrate in specific coastal/deltaic zones.
Verify if the four names are in deltaic/coastal zones named here; if not, they are less likely to be mangrove areas.
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Identifies Didwana and Kuchaman as playas (saline lake beds) in Rajasthan — the type of wetland that can be of international interest.
A student could check lists of Ramsar sites for saline lakes in Rajasthan (or check if these specific playas were recently notified) to see if such playa-type sites are designated.
Notes Didwana and Kuchaman among named salt water lakes/places in the Rajasthan plains (alongside Sambhar and others), indicating these are notable wetlands in that region.
Using a map or Ramsar site list for India, a student could look up Ramsar designations in Rajasthan to see whether these named lakes appear.
Gives a concrete example that a major Rajasthan salt lake (Sambhar) has been designated a Ramsar site, showing that Rajasthan saline lakes are candidates for Ramsar listing.
A student can use this pattern (Rajasthan salt lakes can be Ramsar sites) to prioritize checking Didwana/Kuchaman/Sargol/Khatu in official Ramsar or government lists.
States India is a contracting party with many (presently 60) Ramsar sites — implying numerous sites overall, so new/lesser-known wetlands could be among them.
A student should consult the current official Ramsar list for India (or a government inventory) to verify whether these specific localities are included.
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Explicitly lists 'playas (saline lake beds)' in the region and gives examples including Kuchaman and Didwana as such dhands (saline lake beds).
Check a map/gazetteer to confirm Kuchaman and Didwana locations lie in the arid Thar/RAJASTHAN playa belt; if so, this supports them being saline lakes.
Describes Sambhar as the largest salt lake in Rajasthan and notes local salt-production from evaporation ponds, illustrating the common presence of saline lakes in that region.
Use regional climate and proximity to Sambhar to infer that nearby basins or dhands (e.g., Sargol or Khatu if nearby) are likely saline and used for salt production.
Gives a general example that inland drainage region lakes in Rajasthan can be seasonal salt lakes (citing Sambhar) and that such lakes are used for producing salt.
Locate Sargol and Khatu on a map to see if they fall in the inland drainage/arid Rajasthan zone; if so, they may also be seasonal saline lakes.
Defines lake categories including 'brackish or saline lakes' and distinguishes them from freshwater lakes, providing a classificatory rule for identifying lake type.
Combine this definition with local salinity indicators (salt production, evaporation ponds, arid setting) to classify Didwana, Kuchaman, Sargol and Khatu as saline or not.
Describes the environmental conditions (low rainfall, high evaporation) under which salinity/alkalinity develop in soils and surface depressions.
Verify that the places in question lie in low-rainfall/high-evaporation areas (e.g., Rajasthan desert); if yes, such conditions favour formation of saline lakes/dhands.
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- [THE VERDICT]: Sitter. Directly solvable from Majid Husain (Ch 2: Physiography) or NCERT Class XI (Physiography), which list Didwana and Kuchaman as examples of salt lakes.
- [THE CONCEPTUAL TRIGGER]: Physiography of India > The Great Indian Desert > Inland Drainage Systems & Saline Lakes (Playas/Dhands).
- [THE HORIZONTAL EXPANSION]: Memorize the full list of Rajasthan's saline depressions: Sambhar, Pachpadra, Lunkaransar, Phalodi, Degana, Tal Chhapar, and Pokhran. Understand the difference between 'Dhand' (alkaline lakes) and 'Rann' (marshy salt flats).
- [THE STRATEGIC METACOGNITION]: When reading regional geography, create a 'Local Terminology' list. UPSC loves asking about specific regional landforms (e.g., Karewas in Kashmir, Kayals in Kerala, Dhands in Rajasthan, Chos in Punjab). If you see a list of local names, map them immediately.
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Knowing principal glacier names and their regional locations is essential to judge whether a given place-name is a glacier.
High-yield for physical geography questions: exam items often ask to match glacier names with ranges or states. Mastering this helps eliminate distractors and connect glacier names to Himalayan subregions (Karakoram, Kumaon, Sikkim, etc.).
- Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 2: Physiography > Table 2.3 > p. 25
- Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 2: Physiography > Table 2.3 > p. 24
Glaciers commonly serve as named sources or snouts of major Himalayan rivers, linking glacier identity to river origin.
Important for questions on river origins and drainage systems; recognizing glacier–river links (e.g., Gangotri→Bhagirathi→Ganga) aids integrated answers across physical geography and water resources topics.
- FUNDAMENTALS OF PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY, Geography Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 6: Landforms and their Evolution > GLACIERS > p. 54
- Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 2: Physiography > Table 2.3 > p. 25
Rates of retreat and satellite assessments are key attributes used to characterise contemporary glaciers and their status.
Relevant for environment and disaster-related questions: understanding retreat rates, ISRO/satellite studies, and regional variability helps answer questions on climate change impacts and policy implications.
- Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 7: Climate Change > evIdence of gloBal WarmIng. > p. 15
- Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 2: Physiography > Table 2.3 > p. 27
- Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 2: Physiography > Altitude of Snowline in the Himalaya > p. 23
Knowledge of well-known mangrove areas (Sundarbans, Bhitarkanika, Chilka, Pichavaram, Gulf of Kutch, etc.) is central to judging whether a given place is a mangrove area.
High-yield for physical geography and environment sections: questions often ask to identify or match major mangrove sites by state or region. Connects to coastal geography, biodiversity conservation, and regional mapping tasks in UPSC prelims and mains.
- Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 5: Natural Vegetation and National Parks > Mangroves in India-2019 > p. 52
- Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 29: Environment Issues and Health Effects > g. Mangrove in lndia State/Union > p. 436
- INDIA PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT, Geography Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 5: Natural Vegetation > Littoral and Swamp Forests > p. 46
Mangroves are concentrated along tidal flats, estuaries and major river deltas (e.g., Godavari, Krishna, Mahanadi) and specific coastal stretches.
Useful for elimination-based answers: knowing mangroves occur in deltas/estuaries helps rule out inland or arid locations. Links to topics on river systems, coastal ecosystem vulnerability, and conservation policy questions.
- INDIA PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT, Geography Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 5: Natural Vegetation > Littoral and Swamp Forests > p. 46
- Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 5: Natural Vegetation and National Parks > Mangroves in India-2019 > p. 52
- Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 4: Aquatic Ecosystem > 4,8,4. Mangrove profile in India > p. 49
Recognition of characteristic mangrove species (Avicennia, Rhizophora, Bruguiera, Sonneratia, Nypa) and their roles (nurseries, storm protection) helps identify authentic mangrove sites versus non-mangrove localities.
Directly relevant for biodiversity and environment questions in UPSC: helps answer species-based, ecological-function, and conservation-management questions; links to biosphere reserves and protected areas discussions.
- Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 4: BIODIVERSITY > Major Mangroves of India > p. 52
- Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 4: Aquatic Ecosystem > 4,8,4. Mangrove profile in India > p. 49
- Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 4: BIODIVERSITY > MAngrove (forests). > p. 49
The Ramsar List is the formal national/international record that determines whether a wetland is designated as of international importance.
High-yield: UPSC often asks about international environmental conventions and their national implications; knowing the Ramsar List helps link specific wetlands to legal obligations, conservation policy and biodiversity management. Mastering this concept enables accurate answers about which sites carry international recognition versus those of only local/regional importance.
- Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 28: International Organisation and Conventions > India and wetland convention > p. 398
- Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 28: International Organisation and Conventions > The "Ramsar List" > p. 397
Discover the small, exam-centric ideas hidden in this question and where they appear in your books and notes.
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The term 'Rohi' (fertile tracts in Rajasthan) or 'Bagar' (semi-arid transitional plain) often appears in the same paragraphs as these lakes. A future question could ask: 'What are Rohi, Thali, and Bagar in the context of Indian geography?'
Apply the 'Anchor Theory'. If you know for a fact that Didwana is a salt producing town (common GK), then the entire set must be [D]. Glaciers are in the Himalayas (Didwana is not), Mangroves are coastal (Rajasthan is landlocked). The option must fit the geography of the known anchor.
Connect this to Mains GS3 (Environment/Disaster Management): The 'Sambhar Lake Avian Botulism' crisis. Saline lakes are not just geography trivia; they are fragile wetlands facing ecological collapse due to illegal salt mining and encroachment.
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