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Q1 (IAS/2021) History & Culture › Culture, Literature, Religion & Philosophy › Ancient and classical literature Official Key

With reference to the history of ancient India, Bhavabhuti, Hastimalla and Kshemeshvara were famous

Result
Your answer:  ·  Correct: B
Explanation

The correct answer is Option 2: playwrights.

During the early medieval period in India, literary arts flourished under various royal patronages. The individuals mentioned in the question are distinguished figures in the field of Sanskrit and Prakrit literature:

  • Bhavabhuti: A renowned 8th-century scholar and poet, often ranked alongside Kalidasa. He was the court poet of King Yashovarman of Kannauj and is celebrated for masterpieces like Malatimadhava, Mahaviracharita, and Uttararamacharita.
  • Hastimalla: A significant 13th-century Hoysala playwright known for his works like Vikrantakaurava and Maithilikalyana.
  • Kshemeshvara: An 11th-century playwright from the court of King Mahipala, famous for the drama Chandakaushika.

Since their primary contributions lie in dramatic compositions and theatrical literature, they are classified as playwrights. They were neither Jain monks (though some wrote on Jain themes), temple architects, nor primarily known as philosophers, making options 1, 3, and 4 incorrect.

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Q. With reference to the history of ancient India, Bhavabhuti, Hastimalla and Kshemeshvara were famous [A] Jain monks [B] playwrights [C]…
At a glance
Origin: Mostly Current Affairs Fairness: Low / Borderline fairness Books / CA: 0/10 · 2.5/10

This is a classic 'Anchor & Noise' question. Bhavabhuti is a Tier-1 static fact (Post-Gupta literature); the other two are obscure 'noise' designed to induce panic. The strategy is simple: Identify the one famous name, determine their profession, and assume the list is homogeneous. If you know Bhavabhuti wrote 'Uttararamacharita', the answer is Playwrights.

How this question is built

This question can be broken into the following sub-statements. Tap a statement sentence to jump into its detailed analysis.

Statement 1
Were Bhavabhuti, Hastimalla and Kshemeshvara Jain monks in the history of ancient India?
Origin: Weak / unclear Fairness: Borderline / guessy
Indirect textbook clues
History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 8: Harsha and Rise of Regional Kingdoms > Literature > p. 114
Strength: 5/5
“The Rashtrakuta rulers were great patrons of learning. Kannada and Sanskrit literature made great progress during their reign. Amoghavasa was the author of Prasnottaramalika, a Sanskrit work, and Kavirajamarga, a Kannada work. Jinasena wrote the Adipurana of the Jains. Krishna II's spiritual guide, Gunabhadra, wrote the Mahapurana of the Jains. The three gems of ancient Kannada literature - Kavichakravarthi Ponna, Adikavi Pampa and Kavichakravarti Ranna - were patronised by Rashtrkuta king Krishna III, as well as by Tailapa and Satyashraya of Western Chalukyas.”
Why relevant

Snippet shows that specific named authors (Jinasena, Gunabhadra) were Jain writers and that rulers patronised Jain authors — indicating authorship can be associated with Jain monk identity.

How to extend

A student could check whether Bhavabhuti, Hastimalla or Kshemeshvara are named as authors in Jain bibliographies or inscriptions like Jinasena/Gunabhadra were.

History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 3: Rise of Territorial Kingdoms and New Religious Sects > Life of Mahavira > p. 39
Strength: 5/5
“It consisted of 12 angas (limbs). Another council was. It was held in Valabhi, Gujarat, in the 5th century CE. It added 12 upangas (minor sections). The Jaina monks not only wrote religious treatises but also promoted secular literature. Achārangasūtra, Sutrakṛtanga, and Kalpasūtra are the earliest Jaina texts. Most of the early Jaina texts were written in Ardha-Magadhi, the language of the common people.”
Why relevant

States that Jaina monks not only wrote religious treatises but also promoted secular literature — establishing a pattern that literary authorship can coincide with being a Jain monk.

How to extend

Compare the genres and languages of works attributed to the three names with the typical corpus of Jain monk-authors to see if they match.

History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 9: Cultural Development in South India > Religion > p. 120
Strength: 4/5
“The Chalukyas patronised both Saivism and Vaishnavism. They built temples for Siva and Vishnu. Brahmin groups were invited from the Gangetic regions and settled to perform regular pujas and conduct festivals and ceremonies in the temples. Notable Chalukya rulers like Kirtivarman I, Mangalesa (597-609), and Pulikesin II (609-642) performed yagnas. They bore titles such as parama-vaishana and paramamaheswara. Chalukyas gave prominent place to Kartikeyan, the war god. Saiva monasteries. became centres for popularising Saivism. Chalukyas patronised heterodox sects also and lavishly donated lands to the Jain centres. Ravikirti, the poet-laureate of Pulikesin II, was a Jain scholar. In the reign of Kirtivarman II a Jain village official built a Jain temple in a place called Annigere.”
Why relevant

Notes royal patronage of Jain scholars (example: Ravikirti as a Jain scholar) and the building of Jain temples, showing that Jain scholars are documented in courtly records and inscriptions.

How to extend

Search inscriptions, court records or regional literary histories from Chalukya-era or related regions for mentions of the three names to test Jain affiliation.

Exploring Society:India and Beyond ,Social Science-Class VII . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 6: The Age of Reorganisation > Coming of the Chedis > p. 128
Strength: 3/5
“Let us go back a little. Do you remember the Kalinga war mentioned in the previous chapter? After the decline of the Maurya Empire, Kalinga rose as a prominent power under the kings of the Chedi dynasty. Khāravela, one of their main rulers, was a devoted follower of Jain teachings; he was sometimes called bhikṣhu-rāja or monk-king, although he respected all schools of thoughts. Near Bhubaneswar, the famous Udayagiri-Khandagiri caves, likely developed for Jain monks, feature intricate panels and statues, and spacious rooms carved into the rock, showcasing the skill of the craftsmen. The design and craftsmanship of these caves make them notable examples of 'rock-cut architecture', a style of architecture that we will turn to in higher classes.”
Why relevant

Describes Khāravela as a devout follower and the existence of caves developed for Jain monks, illustrating that Jain monastic presence is often archaeologically and epigraphically attested in regions.

How to extend

Map the known regional activity or works of Bhavabhuti, Hastimalla and Kshemeshvara against archaeological/inscriptional Jain centers to see if their careers coincide with Jain monastic locales.

History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 3: Rise of Territorial Kingdoms and New Religious Sects > Non-Violence > p. 40
Strength: 3/5
“The five vows are common to both the monks and lay followers. The monks were to observe the vows more rigorously than the lay followers. As Jainism placed great emphasis on non-violence, strict observers of the faith wear a muslin cloth around their mouth and nose so that they would not inhale small insects even by mistake. To avoid trampling on ants and other insects, Jain monks used feathers to sweep the path before walking. Rise of Territorial Kingdoms and New Religious Sects Jains could not practice agriculture or other crafts that involve killing or injury to living organisms. Hence they took to trading and money-lending and excelled in it.”
Why relevant

Explains distinct practices and social roles of Jain monks (vows, occupational restrictions), implying that identifying someone as a monk often relies on biographical details about lifestyle and vows.

How to extend

Look for biographical statements (e.g., vows observed, monastic titles) in prefaces, colophons or hagiographies of works attributed to the three names to evaluate monkly status.

Statement 2
Were Bhavabhuti, Hastimalla and Kshemeshvara playwrights in the history of ancient India?
Origin: Web / Current Affairs Fairness: CA heavy Web-answerable

Web source
Presence: 5/5
"[Bhavabhuti] (8th century) is one of the great playwrights after Kalidasa. Other major Sanskrit playwrights include ... Kshemisvara, ..."
Why this source?
  • Explicitly names Bhavabhuti as “one of the great playwrights” (8th century).
  • Explicitly lists Kshemisvara among “Other major Sanskrit playwrights.”
  • Passage does not mention Hastimalla, so it provides no support for that name.

History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 7: The Guptas > Secular Literature > p. 99
Strength: 5/5
“Samudragupta himself had established his fame as Kaviraja. It is widely believed that his court was adorned by the celebrated navaratnas like Kalidasa, Amarasimha, Visakadatta and Dhanvantri. Kalidasa's famous dramas are Sakunthalam, Malavikagnimitram and Vikramaurvashiyam. The works of Sudraka (Mrichchhakatika), Visakhadatta (Mudraraksasa and Devichandraguptam) and the lesser known dramatists and writers also contributed to the literary and social values in the classical age.”
Why relevant

Lists well-known classical dramatists (Kalidasa, Visakadatta, Sudraka) and names specific plays, showing a recognized tradition of playwrights in the classical/Gupta period.

How to extend

A student could compare the named dramatists and their works with the three queried names in standard lists of Sanskrit playwrights or encyclopaedias of classical Indian literature to see if Bhavabhuti, Hastimalla or Kshemeshvara appear.

History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 4: Emergence of State and Empire > Sources > p. 47
Strength: 4/5
“This is of importance for two reasons: (i) it indicates the extent of the Mauryan Empire, which had expanded as far west as Gujarat and (ii) it shows that more than four centuries after his death, the name of Chandragupta was still well known and remembered in many parts of the country. A second source is a literary work. The play Mudrarakshasa by Visakhadatta was written during the Gupta period, sometime after the 4th century CE”
Why relevant

Mentions a specific dated play (Mudrarakshasa by Visakhadatta) and situates it in the Gupta period, indicating plays were composed and chronologically catalogued in historical sources.

How to extend

Use the practice of dating and attributing plays to periods (as with Visakhadatta) to check whether works by the three names are similarly attested and dated in literary histories.

History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 4: Emergence of State and Empire > Art and Culture > p. 60
Strength: 4/5
“Most of the literature and art of the period have not survived. Sanskrit language and literature. Emergence of State and Empire were enriched by the work of the grammarian Panini (c. 500 BCE), and Katyayana, who was a contemporary of the Nandas and had written a commentary on Panini's work. Buddhist and Jain texts were primarily written in Pali. Evidently many literary works in Sanskrit were produced during this period and find mention in later works, but they are not available to us. The Arthasastra notes the performing arts of the period, including music, instrumental music, bards, dance and theatre.”
Why relevant

Arthashastra and period discussions note performing arts, bards, dance and theatre — showing institutional recognition of dramatic and theatrical activity in ancient India.

How to extend

Given theatre was a recognized art-form, a student could search compendia of ancient Indian theatre and performance (and the Arthashastra tradition) for author-names like Bhavabhuti, Hastimalla and Kshemeshvara.

History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 8: Harsha and Rise of Regional Kingdoms > Literature > p. 114
Strength: 3/5
“The Rashtrakuta rulers were great patrons of learning. Kannada and Sanskrit literature made great progress during their reign. Amoghavasa was the author of Prasnottaramalika, a Sanskrit work, and Kavirajamarga, a Kannada work. Jinasena wrote the Adipurana of the Jains. Krishna II's spiritual guide, Gunabhadra, wrote the Mahapurana of the Jains. The three gems of ancient Kannada literature - Kavichakravarthi Ponna, Adikavi Pampa and Kavichakravarti Ranna - were patronised by Rashtrkuta king Krishna III, as well as by Tailapa and Satyashraya of Western Chalukyas.”
Why relevant

Shows royal patronage of Sanskrit and regional literature under medieval dynasties, implying that authors and literary figures were recorded and patronised across periods.

How to extend

A student could use this pattern of patronage and literary record-keeping to look for inscriptions, court-lists or anthologies that might preserve names and works of playwrights such as the three in question.

Statement 3
Were Bhavabhuti, Hastimalla and Kshemeshvara temple architects in the history of ancient India?
Origin: Weak / unclear Fairness: Borderline / guessy
Indirect textbook clues
History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 9: Cultural Development in South India > Pattadakal > p. 121
Strength: 5/5
“Similar to the Virupaksha temple in its basic plan, it has a shikara in the northern style. The outer walls are richly decorated with many panels depicting scenes and characters from the Ramayana. The eastern wall has a short Kannada inscription, giving the name of the architect Revadi Ovajja, who designed the shrine. In Pattadakal, Chalukyas built more than ten temples which demonstrate the evolution in Chalukya architecture.”
Why relevant

This snippet shows that temple inscriptions sometimes record the name of the architect (Revadi Ovajja), demonstrating a pattern where individual designers/builders are named.

How to extend

A student could search epigraphic records or local temple inscriptions for the names Bhavabhuti, Hastimalla or Kshemeshvara to see if they appear as credited architects.

History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 9: Cultural Development in South India > Rock-cut Temples > p. 126
Strength: 4/5
“Mahendravarman I is credited with the introduction of rock-cut temples in the Pallava territory. Mahendravarman claims in his Mandagappattu inscription that his shrine to Brahma, Isvara and Vishnu was made without using traditional materials such as brick, timber, metal and mortar. Mahendravarman's rock-cut temples are usually the mandapa type with a pillared hall or the mandapa in front and a small shrine at the rear or sides.”
Why relevant

Mahendravarman's Mandagappattu inscription claims authorship of temple construction, showing that inscriptions and royal records can identify who built or introduced temple types.

How to extend

Use the known practice of recording builders in inscriptions to check contemporary or later inscriptions for the three names.

History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 12: Bahmani and Vijayanagar Kingdoms > 12.6 Art and Architecture > p. 186
Strength: 3/5
“The Vijayanagar rulers were great builders. During this period, palaces, temples, huge halls (mahamantapa), forts, towers, public buildings, dams, tanks and canals were constructed. South Indian art and architecture attained a new fullness. The Vijayanagar rulers produced a new style of architecture called as Dravida style. The chief characteristics of the Vijayanagara architecture were the construction of tall Raya Gopurams or gateways and the Kalyanamandapam. at Kanchipuram and in the Jambukesvara temple at Thiruchirapalli. During the period of the Vijayanagar kings, temples were built in Hampi, Shringeri, Tirupati, Kalahasti, Nandi, Kolar, Srishaila, etc. New elements were introduced in the temple architecture.”
Why relevant

Discussion of large-scale temple-building by specific dynasties (Vijayanagar) and the emergence of named architectural styles implies organized workshops and identifiable architects/artisans.

How to extend

Compare the geographical and chronological scope of major temple-building phases with the probable period/place of the three names to see if plausible matches exist.

THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART II, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 6: Bhakti-Sufi Traditions > 2.4 Relations with the state > p. 146
Strength: 3/5
“compositions of the Nayanars. Historians have attempted to explain this hostility by suggesting that it was due to competition between members of other religious traditions for royal patronage. What is evident is that the powerful Chola rulers (ninth to thirteenth centuries) supported Brahmanical and bhakti traditions, making land grants and constructing temples for Vishnu and Shiva. In fact, some of the most magnificent Shiva temples, including those at Chidambaram, Thanjavur and Gangaikondacholapuram, were constructed under the patronage of Chola rulers. This was also the period when some of the most spectacular representations of Shiva in bronze sculpture were produced. Clearly, the visions of the Nayanars inspired artists.”
Why relevant

Notes that rulers patronized temple construction and that major temples were associated with royal patronage, implying that architects were employed and sometimes recorded.

How to extend

Investigate records of royal patronage (donative inscriptions, temple chronicles) for mentions of named architects including these three.

History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 9: Cultural Development in South India > Chalukya Architecture > p. 120
Strength: 3/5
“Historically, in Deccan, Chalukyas introduced the technique of building temples using soft sandstones as medium. In Badami, two temples are dedicated to Vishnu and one each to Siva and to the Jaina tirthankaras. Their temples are grouped into two: excavated cave temples and structural temples. Badami is known for both structural and excavated cave temples. Pattadakal and Aihole are popular for structural temples.”
Why relevant

Describes regional building techniques and centres (Badami, Pattadakal, Aihole), indicating specific places where architects/stone-workers were active and might be named in local sources.

How to extend

Cross-reference the three names with inscriptions or literary sources from known temple-building centres to test whether they are local architect names.

Statement 4
Were Bhavabhuti, Hastimalla and Kshemeshvara philosophers in the history of ancient India?
Origin: Weak / unclear Fairness: Borderline / guessy
Indirect textbook clues
Science ,Class VIII . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 7: Particulate Nature of Matter > Our scientific heritage > p. 101
Strength: 5/5
“Do you know that since ancient times, people have been thinking about how far things could be broken down and what is matter made up of? Acharya Kanad, an ancient Indian philosopher, first spoke about the idea of a Parmanu (atom). He believed that matter is made up of tiny, indivisible eternal particles called Parmanu. This idea was written in his work called Vaisheshika Sutras.”
Why relevant

This snippet explicitly labels an individual (Acharya Kanad) as an 'ancient Indian philosopher' and describes his doctrinal work (Vaisheshika Sutras), showing that the sources treat certain named figures as philosophers when they authored systematic texts.

How to extend

A student could look for whether Bhavabhuti, Hastimalla or Kshemeshvara are similarly named as authors of sutras, treatises, or systematic works in bibliographies or catalogues of Sanskrit literature to infer philosopher status.

THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART I, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 2: Kings, Farmers and Towns > 2.1 The sixteen mahajanapadas > p. 29
Strength: 4/5
“The sixth century BCE is often regarded as a major turning point in early Indian history. It is an era associated with early states, cities, the growing use of iron, the development of coinage, etc. It also witnessed the growth of diverse systems of thought, including Buddhism and Jainism. Early Buddhist and Jaina texts (see also Chapter 4) mention, amongst other things, sixteen states known as mahajanapadas. Although the lists vary, some names such as Vajji, Magadha, Koshala, Kuru, Panchala, Gandhara and Avanti occur frequently. Clearly, these were amongst the most important mahajanapadas. While most mahajanapadas were ruled by kings, some, known as ganas or sanghas, were oligarchies (p.”
Why relevant

This snippet highlights the sixth century BCE as a period of 'diverse systems of thought' (Buddhism, Jainism), establishing a pattern that ancient India produced distinct philosophical movements and identifiable thinkers.

How to extend

One could check if the three names are associated with any identified 'system of thought' or school in chronological lists of thinkers from relevant regions/periods.

History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 13: Cultural Syncretism: Bhakti Movement in India > 13.2 Spread of Bhakti Movement to the North India > p. 192
Strength: 4/5
“When the popularity of the bhakti movement in south India reached its peak, the doctrine of bhakti was expounded at the philosophical level by a series of Vaishnava scholars and saints. Ramanujar expounded the philosophy known as Vishistadvaita, or qualified monism. His teaching qualified Adi Sankara's emphasis on absolute monism or the oneness of the 'supreme' and the 'souls'. If the Bhakti movement flourished in the Tamil country from the seventh century, it was only from the fifteenth century that there was an extraordinary outburst of devotional poetry in north India. The society had degenerated into a caste-ridden community with practice of segregation, polytheism and idolatry.”
Why relevant

This passage shows that religious leaders (e.g., Ramanujar) are characterized as expounding formal philosophies (Vishistadvaita), indicating that devotional scholars are often recorded as philosophers in historical literature.

How to extend

A student might search whether Bhavabhuti, Hastimalla or Kshemeshvara are described in similar sources as expounding a named philosophical doctrine or school.

History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 13: Cultural Syncretism: Bhakti Movement in India > I. Choose the Correct Answer > p. 196
Strength: 4/5
“Madhavacharya belonged to the philosophical school of • (a) Dwaita (b) Advaita• (c) Visistadvaita (d) Pushti marga 7. was one of the disciples of the Bhakti saint-poet Ramananda. • (a) Chaitanya (b) Mirabai • (c) Guru Nanak (d) Kabir • 196 Cultural Syncretism: Bhakti Movement in India”
Why relevant

This quiz-style snippet identifies individuals (Madhavacharya) by philosophical school (Dvaita, Advaita, etc.), showing that educational materials routinely classify historical figures by philosophical affiliation.

How to extend

Using standard reference works or syllabi, a student could attempt to classify the three names into known schools or find their omission, which would help judge whether they are treated as philosophers.

History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 3: Rise of Territorial Kingdoms and New Religious Sects > VOLOCCADY > p. 45
Strength: 3/5
“• 3. B.M. Barāmakas, The Ajiviakas, University of Calcutta, 1920.• 4. Hajime Hamaura, Indian Buddhism.• 5. S. Radhikrishnan, Indian Philosophy, vol. 1, George, Allen & Unwin, 1973.• 6. Upinder Singh, A History of Ancient and Early Medieval South India, Pearson Longman, 2009.• 7. Noboru Karashima, A Concise History of South India, OUP, 2014.• 8. J.M. Somasundaram Pillai, A History of Tamil Literature, Annamalainagar, 1968.• 9.”
Why relevant

The bibliography-like snippet cites works on 'Indian Philosophy' and histories of South Indian literature, indicating the existence of secondary sources that catalogue philosophers and literary figures.

How to extend

A student could consult the referenced secondary sources (e.g., 'Indian Philosophy', histories of Tamil literature) to see if these three names appear as philosophical authors rather than only poets/dramatists.

Pattern takeaway: UPSC tests depth on famous figures by grouping them with obscure ones. Do not abandon a question just because you don't recognize 2 out of 3 names. The 'Anchor' name usually holds the key to the entire group.
How you should have studied
  1. [THE VERDICT]: Sitter (if you know Bhavabhuti) / Trap (if you focus on Hastimalla). While the skeleton marks this as 'web-dependent', Bhavabhuti is standard static history (RS Sharma/Upinder Singh).
  2. [THE CONCEPTUAL TRIGGER]: Post-Gupta Sanskrit Literature & Court Patronage (c. 700–1000 CE). The shift from the 'Romance' of Kalidasa to the 'Pathos' of Bhavabhuti.
  3. [THE HORIZONTAL EXPANSION]: Memorize these 'Sibling Authors': Vishakhadatta (Mudrarakshasa), Shudraka (Mrichchhakatika), Bharavi (Kiratarjuniya), Magha (Shishupalavadha), and Rajasekhara (Kavyamimamsa).
  4. [THE STRATEGIC METACOGNITION]: The 'Homogeneity Heuristic'. In a list of three items (A, B, C), UPSC rarely mixes categories (e.g., 1 Architect + 2 Poets). If A is definitely a Playwright, the correct option is 'Playwrights'. Ignore B and C.
Concept hooks from this question
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 Jain monks as literary authors
💡 The insight

Jain monks produced major religious and secular works and served as authors and scholars.

High-yield for questions on religious literature and cultural history; helps identify authorship, sectarian affiliations of texts, and the language traditions of Jain writings. Mastery aids in assessing claims about whether a named individual was a monk based on literary connections.

📚 Reading List :
  • History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 8: Harsha and Rise of Regional Kingdoms > Literature > p. 114
  • History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 3: Rise of Territorial Kingdoms and New Religious Sects > Life of Mahavira > p. 39
  • History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 3: Rise of Territorial Kingdoms and New Religious Sects > Non-Violence > p. 40
🔗 Anchor: "Were Bhavabhuti, Hastimalla and Kshemeshvara Jain monks in the history of ancien..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 Royal patronage and Jain institutions
💡 The insight

Rulers and royal courts patronised Jain scholars, built temples, and endowed Jain centres, embedding Jain monks within political-cultural networks.

Essential for questions on religion–state relations, temple architecture, and cultural patronage; helps infer religious affiliations of persons or institutions by tracing patronage patterns and material remains.

📚 Reading List :
  • History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 8: Harsha and Rise of Regional Kingdoms > Literature > p. 114
  • History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 9: Cultural Development in South India > Religion > p. 120
  • History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 9: Cultural Development in South India > Aihole (Ayyavole) > p. 121
🔗 Anchor: "Were Bhavabhuti, Hastimalla and Kshemeshvara Jain monks in the history of ancien..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 Conversion, conflict and persecution involving Jains
💡 The insight

There were recorded conversions to and from Jainism and instances of violence and suppression against Jains in some regions.

Useful for analyzing social and sectarian dynamics in medieval India; helps evaluate claims about individual religious identities in contexts of conversion and persecution and connects to questions on religious competition and reform movements.

📚 Reading List :
  • History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 13: Cultural Syncretism: Bhakti Movement in India > Early Conflicts > p. 191
  • History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 9: Cultural Development in South India > Society > p. 126
  • History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 11: Later Cholas and Pandyas > 11,2.1 Pandya Revival (600 - 920) > p. 166
🔗 Anchor: "Were Bhavabhuti, Hastimalla and Kshemeshvara Jain monks in the history of ancien..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 Major classical Sanskrit playwrights and signature plays
💡 The insight

Kalidasa, Visakhadatta and Sudraka are identified with canonical dramas such as Sakuntalam, Mudrarakshasa and Mrichchhakatika, illustrating the corpus of classical Sanskrit theatre.

High-yield for questions on classical literature and cultural history: knowing key playwrights and their works helps answer culture, art and polity questions about the Gupta/classical age and link literary output to patronage and social values.

📚 Reading List :
  • History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 7: The Guptas > Secular Literature > p. 99
  • History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 4: Emergence of State and Empire > Sources > p. 47
🔗 Anchor: "Were Bhavabhuti, Hastimalla and Kshemeshvara playwrights in the history of ancie..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 Royal patronage and literary circles (navaratna motif)
💡 The insight

The notion of royal courts housing celebrated poets and 'navaratnas' (e.g., Samudragupta's court with Kalidasa) shows how kings fostered dramatic and literary production.

Useful for essays and mains answers linking political authority to cultural flourishing; helps frame questions on why literature thrived under certain rulers and how courts shaped intellectual life.

📚 Reading List :
  • History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 7: The Guptas > Secular Literature > p. 99
🔗 Anchor: "Were Bhavabhuti, Hastimalla and Kshemeshvara playwrights in the history of ancie..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 Performing arts as part of state and social life
💡 The insight

Ancient treatises and sources note performing arts—music, bards, dance and theatre—highlighting theatre's role in society and administration.

Enables candidates to connect primary texts (like Arthashastra) and cultural institutions when answering culture, society and administration questions; useful for both objective and descriptive parts of the exam.

📚 Reading List :
  • History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 4: Emergence of State and Empire > Art and Culture > p. 60
🔗 Anchor: "Were Bhavabhuti, Hastimalla and Kshemeshvara playwrights in the history of ancie..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S3
👉 Inscriptions as direct attributions of temple architects
💡 The insight

Temple wall inscriptions sometimes record the name of the architect who designed a shrine, providing direct individual attribution.

High-yield for UPSC: epigraphic names can confirm personal authorship of monuments and help solve questions on individual contributions versus royal patronage. Links to topics on epigraphy, temple patronage and primary-source analysis; useful for elimination in source-based and art-history questions.

📚 Reading List :
  • History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 9: Cultural Development in South India > Pattadakal > p. 121
🔗 Anchor: "Were Bhavabhuti, Hastimalla and Kshemeshvara temple architects in the history of..."
🌑 The Hidden Trap

Rajasekhara (Court poet of Gurjara-Pratiharas). He is the next logical 'literary figure' from this era likely to be tested. Key works: Karpuramanjari (Prakrit play) and Kavyamimamsa.

⚡ Elimination Cheat Code

The 'Profession Profile' Hack. Philosophers in ancient India are usually associated with 'Sutras' or 'Bhashyas' (Commentaries), not plays. Architects are rarely named in lists unless they are from the Chola/Vesara tradition (e.g., Ravi-Kirti is a poet, not an architect). Since Bhavabhuti is famous for 'Malatimadhava' (a drama), 'Playwright' is the only logical fit.

🔗 Mains Connection

Mains GS1 (Art & Culture): Use Bhavabhuti's 'Uttararamacharita' to argue how ancient Indian literature moved beyond 'Happy Endings' (typical of Natyashastra) to explore deep tragedy (Karuna Rasa), reflecting the evolving complexity of feudal society.

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SIMILAR QUESTIONS

IAS · 2023 · Q43 Relevance score: 0.41

With reference to ancient South India, Korkai, Poompuhar and Muchiri were well known as

IAS · 2015 · Q54 Relevance score: 0.04

With reference to the art and archaeological history of India, which one among the following was made earliest?

IAS · 2016 · Q89 Relevance score: -0.14

With reference to the cultural history of India, the memorizing of chronicles, dynastic histories and epic tales was the profession of who of the following?

IAS · 2020 · Q12 Relevance score: -0.28

With reference to the period of Gupta dynasty in ancient India, the towns Ghantasala, Kadura and Chaul were well known as

IAS · 2012 · Q47 Relevance score: -0.31

With reference to the history of ancient India, which of the following was/were common to both Buddhism and Jainism ? 1. Avoidance of extremities of penance and enjoyment 2. Indifference to the authority of the Vedas 3. Denial of efficacy of rituals Select the correct answer using the codes given below :