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Q61 (IAS/2021) Polity & Governance â€ș Governance, Policies & Social Justice â€ș Social justice policies Official Key

Consider the following statements : 1. 'Right to the City' is an agreed human right and the UN-Habitat monitors the commitments made by each country in this regard. 2. Right to the City' gives every occupant of the city the right to reclaim public spaces and public participation in the city. 3. 'Right to the City' means that the State cannot deny any public service or facility to the unauthorized colonies in the city. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Result
Your answer: —  Â·  Correct: D
Explanation

The correct answer is Option 4 (2 and 3). The concept of the "Right to the City" is a collective right emphasizing democratic control over urban spaces and social justice.

  • Statement 1 is incorrect: While the "Right to the City" is a recognized advocacy framework and part of the New Urban Agenda (Habitat III), it is not a legally binding "agreed human right" under international law, nor does UN-Habitat have a formal mandate to monitor specific national commitments in a regulatory sense.
  • Statement 2 is correct: It aligns with the core philosophy of Henri Lefebvre, suggesting that inhabitants should have the power to reshape the city, reclaim public spaces, and participate in urban decision-making processes.
  • Statement 3 is correct: From a rights-based perspective, the "Right to the City" implies that all residents, including those in unauthorized colonies or informal settlements, are entitled to basic public services and dignity, preventing the State from exclusionary practices based on legal tenure status.

Therefore, statements 2 and 3 accurately reflect the socio-legal dimensions of the concept, making Option 4 correct.

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PROVENANCE & STUDY PATTERN
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Don’t just practise – reverse-engineer the question. This panel shows where this PYQ came from (books / web), how the examiner broke it into hidden statements, and which nearby micro-concepts you were supposed to learn from it. Treat it like an autopsy of the question: what might have triggered it, which exact lines in the book matter, and what linked ideas you should carry forward to future questions.
Q. Consider the following statements : 1. 'Right to the City' is an agreed human right and the UN-Habitat monitors the commitments made by 

At a glance
Origin: Mostly Current Affairs Fairness: Low / Borderline fairness Books / CA: 0/10 · 8/10
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This is a 'Soft Law' trap. UPSC tests if you can distinguish between a binding International Treaty (Hard Law) and a progressive policy framework (Soft Law). The 'Right to the City' is a conceptual paradigm (New Urban Agenda), not a codified treaty with a monitoring body. Always verify the 'legal status' of buzzwords.

How this question is built

This question can be broken into the following sub-statements. Tap a statement sentence to jump into its detailed analysis.

Statement 1
Is "Right to the City" recognized as an international or agreed human right under international law or UN instruments?
Origin: Web / Current Affairs Fairness: CA heavy Web-answerable

Web source
Presence: 5/5
"The ‘right to the city’ is different from ‘rights in the city’—it does not grant specific rights, but enables all inhabitants and communities—whether women or men,"
Why this source?
  • Explicitly distinguishes 'right to the city' from enumerated human rights: it "does not grant specific rights".
  • Frames the concept as a paradigm that enables inhabitants rather than as a codified, specific international right.
Web source
Presence: 4/5
"States thus assume obligations and duties under international law to respect, to protect and to fulfil human rights, ... many in the international community have argued for the elaboration of the rights"
Why this source?
  • Notes that international human rights instruments are the starting point for states and that elaboration of rights has been argued for by the international community.
  • Implies the 'right to the city' is a subject of discussion and potential elaboration rather than already an agreed international legal right.
Web source
Presence: 3/5
"Launching the Joint UNESCO UN-HABITAT Project on Urban Policies and the ‘Right to the City’: Rights, Responsibilities and Citizenship"
Why this source?
  • Shows UN agencies (UNESCO and UN-HABITAT) have launched a joint project on the 'Right to the City', indicating UN engagement with the concept.
  • Engagement by UN bodies does not by itself equate to formal recognition as an agreed international human right.

Democratic Politics-I. Political Science-Class IX . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 5: DEMOCRATIC RIGHTS > 5.4 EXPANDING SCOPE OF RIGHTS > p. 87
Strength: 5/5
“These are universal moral claims that may or may not have been recognised by law. In that sense these claims are not rights going by the definition that we presented earlier. With the expansion of democracy all over the world, there is greater pressure on governments to accept these claims. Some international covenants have also contributed to the expansion of rights. Thus the scope of rights has been expanding and new rights are evolving over time. They are result of struggle of the people. New rights emerge as societies develop or as new constitutions are made.”
Why relevant

States that new rights evolve over time and some international covenants have contributed to expansion of rights, indicating that recognition of novel rights is a process.

How to extend

A student could use this rule to check major international covenants (e.g., UDHR, ICESCR) and later UN declarations to see whether "Right to the City" has been incorporated as a recognized right.

Political Theory, Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 5: Rights > PREAMBLE > p. 77
Strength: 4/5
“Whereas recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world, Whereas disregard and contempt for human rights have resulted in barbarous acts which have outraged the conscience of mankind, and the advent of a world in which human beings shall enjoy freedom of speech and belief and freedom from fear and want has been proclaimed as the highest aspiration of the common people, Whereas it is essential, if man is not to be compelled to have recourse, as a last resort, to rebellion against tyranny and oppression, that human rights should be protected by the rule of law, Whereas it is essential to promote the development of friendly relations between nations, Whereas the peoples of the United Nations have in the Charter reaffirmed their faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person and in the equal rights of men and women and have determined to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom, Whereas Member States have pledged themselves to achieve, in co-operation with the United Nations, the promotion of universal respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms, Whereas a common understanding of these rights and freedoms is of the greatest importance for the full realisation of this pledge, Now, therefore THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY proclaims THIS UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS as a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations, to the end that every individual and every organ of society, keeping this Declaration constantly in mind, shall strive by teaching and education to promote respect for these rights and freedoms and by progressive measures, national and international, to secure their universal and effective recognition and observance, both among the peoples of Member States themselves and among the peoples of territories under their jurisdiction.”
Why relevant

The UDHR is presented as a universal standard proclaimed by the UN, showing that UN proclamations can establish common standards of human rights.

How to extend

Use this pattern to examine whether the UN General Assembly or similar UN instruments have proclaimed or defined a "Right to the City" as a common standard.

Democratic Politics-I. Political Science-Class IX . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 5: DEMOCRATIC RIGHTS > International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights > p. 88
Strength: 4/5
“This international covenant recognises many rights that are not directly a part of the Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution. This has not yet become an international treaty. But human right activists all over the world see this as a standard of human rights.”
Why relevant

Notes that international covenants may recognise rights not in domestic constitutions and that some instruments are seen as standards even before becoming treaties.

How to extend

A student could check whether any UN texts or covenants mention the concept even if it hasn’t been formalized into a binding treaty.

Political Theory, Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 5: Rights > 5.3 LEGAL RIGHTS AND THE STATE > p. 71
Strength: 5/5
“While claims for human rights appeal to our moral self, the degree of success of such appeals depends on a number of factors, most important of which is the support of governments and the law. This is why so much importance is placed on the legal recognition of rights. A Bill of Rights is enshrined in the constitutions of many countries. Constitutions represent the highest law of the land and so constitutional recognition of certain rights gives them a primary importance. In our country we call them Fundamental Rights. Other laws and policies are supposed to respect the rights granted in the Constitution.”
Why relevant

Explains that legal recognition depends on government support and law, highlighting the difference between moral claims and legally enforceable international rights.

How to extend

Apply this distinction to see if "Right to the City" exists as a moral/advocacy claim versus being legally binding under international law.

Contemporary World Politics, Textbook in political science for Class XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 4: International Organisations > Human Rights Watch > p. 60
Strength: 3/5
“Human Rights Watch is another international NGO involved in research and advocacy on human rights. It is the largest international human rights organisation in the US. It draws the global media's attention to human rights abuses. It helped in building international coalitions like the campaigns to ban landmines, to stop the use of child soldiers and to establish the International Criminal Court. does provide a space within which arguments against specific US attitudes and policies are heard and compromises and concessions can be shaped. The UN is an imperfect body, but without it the world would be worse off. Given the growing connections and links between societies and issues—what we often call 'interdependence'—it is hard to imagine how more than seven billion people would live together without an organisation such as the UN.”
Why relevant

Describes the role of international NGOs in advocacy and in building coalitions that can push for recognition of rights at the international level.

How to extend

Investigate whether NGOs or coalitions have campaigned for "Right to the City" in UN fora or influenced any UN instruments or soft-law documents.

Statement analysis

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Statement analysis

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Statement analysis

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Statement analysis

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With reference to the role of UN-Habitat in the United Nations programme working towards a better urban future, which of the statements is/are correct ? 1. UN-Habitat has been mandated by the United Nations General Assembly to promote socially and environmentally sustainable towns and cities to provide adequate shelter for all. 2. Its partners are either governments or local urban authorities only. 3. UN-Habitat contributes to the overall objective of the United Nations system to reduce poverty and to promote access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation. Select the correct answer using the code given below ;

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Consider the following : 1. Right to education 2. Right to equal access to public service. 3. Right to food. Which of the above is/are Human Right/ Human Rights under “ Universal Declaration of Human Rights”?

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Which of the following statements as per the 'Universal Declaration of Human Rights' is/are correct? 1. The Declaration provides that everyone has a right to seek and enjoy in other country's asylum from prosecution in respect of political crimes. 2. The Declaration provides that everyone has the freedom from arbitrary deprival of nationality, except for the freedom to change nationality. Select the correct answer using the code given below.