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With reference to the United Nations Convention on the Law of Sea, consider the following statements : 1. A coastal state has the right to establish the breadth of its territorial sea up to a limit not exceeding 12 nautical miles, measured from baseline determined in accordance with the convention. 2. Ships of all states, whether coastal or land-locked, enjoy the right of innocent passage through the territorial sea. 3. The Exclusive Economic Zone shall not extend beyond 200 nautical miles from the baseline from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured. Which of the statements given above are correct ?
Explanation
The correct answer is Option 4 (1, 2 and 3) because all three statements accurately reflect the provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).
- Statement 1 is correct: According to Article 3 of UNCLOS, every State has the right to establish the breadth of its territorial sea up to a limit not exceeding 12 nautical miles, measured from baselines determined in accordance with the Convention.
- Statement 2 is correct: Article 17 grants ships of all States—whether coastal or land-locked—the right of innocent passage through the territorial sea, provided the passage is not prejudicial to the peace, good order, or security of the coastal State.
- Statement 3 is correct: Under Article 57, the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) is defined as an area beyond and adjacent to the territorial sea, which shall not extend beyond 200 nautical miles from the baselines.
Since all provisions are standard legal mandates under UNCLOS, Option 4 is the only comprehensive choice.
PROVENANCE & STUDY PATTERN
Guest previewA classic 'Static-Current Hybrid'. While 12nm and 200nm are standard textbook facts (Laxmikanth/NCERT), the 'innocent passage for land-locked states' tests your grasp of the *spirit* of international law rather than rote memory. If you knew the basics of maritime zones, this was a high-accuracy question.
This question can be broken into the following sub-statements. Tap a statement sentence to jump into its detailed analysis.
- Statement 1: Under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), does a coastal state have the right to establish the breadth of its territorial sea up to a limit not exceeding 12 nautical miles measured from baselines determined in accordance with the Convention?
- Statement 2: Under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), do ships of all states, including land-locked states, enjoy the right of innocent passage through the territorial sea?
- Statement 3: Under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), is the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) limited to a maximum of 200 nautical miles from the baseline from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured?
- Text explicitly states the rule about the territorial sea breadth and the 12 nautical mile limit.
- Specifies measurement is from baselines determined in accordance with the Convention, matching the statement exactly.
- Affirms that under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea a state's territorial sea extends up to 12 nautical miles.
- Mentions territorial sea including airspace, seabed and subsoil, reinforcing the scope of the 12 nautical mile zone.
States (India in this text) are described as extending territorial waters to a distance of 12 nautical miles measured from the appropriate baseline — a clear rule about breadth and baseline measurement.
A student could take this national practice as an example of an accepted international norm and compare it with UNCLOS text or other states' practice to judge whether 12 nm is the conventional upper limit.
A regulatory notification is said to cover '12 nautical miles in the sea', indicating administrative/regulatory recognition of a 12 nm zone seaward of baselines.
Use this as evidence that coastal regulation treats 12 nm as a distinct maritime band; a student could check international law instruments (or other coastal states' regulations) to see if 12 nm is the internationally referenced limit.
An independent school-level source repeats that territorial waters extend 12 nautical miles from the appropriate baseline — reinforcing the pattern across different texts.
Treat repeated national textbook statements as a pattern of state practice; then consult authoritative international sources (UNCLOS or summaries) to test whether 12 nm corresponds to the Convention's limit.
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