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Q63 (IAS/2022) Science & Technology › ICT, AI, Cybersecurity & Emerging Tech › Cloud computing models Official Key

With reference to "Software as a Service (SaaS)", consider the following statements : 1. SaaS buyers can customise the user interface and can change data fields. 2. SaaS users can access their data through their mobile devices. 3. Outlook, Hotmail and Yahoo! Mail are forms of SaaS. Which of the statements given above are correct ?

Result
Your answer:  ·  Correct: D
Explanation

The correct answer is Option 4 (1, 2 and 3) because all three statements accurately describe the characteristics and examples of Software as a Service (SaaS).

  • Statement 1 is correct: While the underlying infrastructure and source code are managed by the provider, SaaS applications are highly configurable. Users can typically customize the User Interface (UI) to reflect their branding and modify data fields to suit specific business workflows.
  • Statement 2 is correct: A defining feature of SaaS is its accessibility. Since the software is hosted in the cloud, users can access their data and applications from any internet-enabled device, including smartphones and tablets, ensuring mobility.
  • Statement 3 is correct: Common web-based email services like Outlook, Hotmail, and Yahoo! Mail are classic examples of SaaS. Users access the software functionality over the internet without needing to install or manage the underlying server infrastructure.

Since all statements are technically accurate reflections of the SaaS model, Option 4 is the right choice.

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Each bar shows the % of students who chose that option. Green bar = correct answer, blue outline = your choice.
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PROVENANCE & STUDY PATTERN
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Don’t just practise – reverse-engineer the question. This panel shows where this PYQ came from (books / web), how the examiner broke it into hidden statements, and which nearby micro-concepts you were supposed to learn from it. Treat it like an autopsy of the question: what might have triggered it, which exact lines in the book matter, and what linked ideas you should carry forward to future questions.
Q. With reference to "Software as a Service (SaaS)", consider the following statements : 1. SaaS buyers can customise the user interface and…
At a glance
Origin: Books + Current Affairs Fairness: Low / Borderline fairness Books / CA: 2.5/10 · 7.5/10

This question rewards 'Digital Literacy' over rote learning. While standard Economy texts (Vivek Singh) mention SaaS in the context of 'Smart Farming', the specific features (customization, mobile access) require applying common sense from using daily tools like Gmail. The strategy is to treat software concepts not as definitions, but as functional tools you already use.

How this question is built

This question can be broken into the following sub-statements. Tap a statement sentence to jump into its detailed analysis.

Statement 1
Do Software as a Service (SaaS) offerings typically allow buyers to customize the user interface?
Origin: Web / Current Affairs Fairness: CA heavy Web-answerable

Web source
Presence: 5/5
"Users can customize the application interface and control its behavior, but cannot decide which software and hardware components are used to support its execution."
Why this source?
  • Explicitly states that users can customize the application interface and control its behavior.
  • Places that customization at the application/interface level, distinguishing it from control over underlying software/hardware.
  • Directly ties SaaS model to user-level interface customization capabilities.

Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 11: Agriculture - Part II > Smart Farming > p. 359
Strength: 5/5
“• Smart Farming represents the application of modern Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) into agriculture. Smart farming employs hardware (IoT) and software (SaaS i.e. Software as a service) to capture the data and give actionable insights to manage all the operations on the farm, both pre and post-harvest. The data is organized, accessible all the time and on every aspect of finance and field operations that can be monitored from anywhere in the world.• IoT (Internet of Things) in agriculture involves sensors, drones and robots connected through internet which function automatically and semi automatically performing operations and gathering data aimed at increasing efficiency and predictability.• Semi-automatic robots with arms can detect weeds and spray pesticides in the affected plants, saving up the plants as well as overall pesticide costs.”
Why relevant

Describes SaaS as centrally hosted software that is "accessible all the time" and provides organized, remote insights — implying a provider-controlled, centralized application.

How to extend

A student could infer that centrally hosted services tend to offer standard UIs managed by the provider and then check typical SaaS docs to see whether per-customer UI customization is offered.

Exploring Society:India and Beyond ,Social Science-Class VII . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 12: Understanding Markets > Aggregator: > p. 259
Strength: 4/5
“Website or mobile application that organizes and combines offers from multiple sellers and sells them to consumers at one place. 259Economic Life Around Us 12 – Understanding Markets”
Why relevant

Defines an aggregator website/app that organizes offers from multiple sellers into a single platform — an example where the platform controls presentation of varied content.

How to extend

From this, a student could reason that multi-seller platforms often enforce a consistent UI/UX across listings, so they might investigate aggregator SaaS offerings to see if per-buyer UI customization is common or limited.

Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 7: Indian Economy after 2014 > 7.12 FDI in Retail > p. 243
Strength: 4/5
“E-commerce companies can operate under two different models in India. • The first is the marketplace model where the e-commerce firm simply acts as a platform that connects buyers and sellers. 100% FDI is allowed in e-commerce companies in this model.• The second model is inventory-based where the inventory of goods sold on the portal is owned or controlled by the e-commerce company. FDI is not allowed under this model.”
Why relevant

Distinguishes two e‑commerce models (marketplace vs inventory-based) based on who controls inventory — illustrating that degree of provider control affects platform behavior.

How to extend

A student can extend this rule to software: greater provider control (analogous to inventory-based) likely means more standardized UI, whereas more open models may allow more customization by users.

Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 14: Service Sector > INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND BUSINESS PROCESS MANAGEMENT SERVICES > p. 431
Strength: 3/5
“Service Sector 14.9 Source: Economic Survey 2020-21. • In order to drive innovation and technology adoption in this sector, various policies such \bullet as Startup India, National Software Products Policy and removal of issues related to Angel Tax have been introduced.• According to NASSCOM study, India has emerged as the third largest ecosystem for ø start-ups right behind China and the USA. Note: The top three start-up companies in India are Paytm (One97 Communications), Ola Cabs and OYO Industry. > Burness process put sour an”
Why relevant

Notes India's emergence as a large software/startup ecosystem, implying a diversity of software/business models and vendors.

How to extend

A student could use this to expect variation across SaaS vendors — some may offer UI customization while others provide fixed interfaces — and so should sample vendor offerings to judge prevalence.

Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 11: Industries > 17. The Wipro Group > p. 110
Strength: 3/5
“The doyen of sunrise industries in the country, the group functions in the areas of software development and export including the production of computer peripherals. This is one of the leading companies in the areas of business process outsourcing (BPO) and is also seriously involved in social work. This company is amongst the top names in the software around the world.”
Why relevant

Mentions firms engaged in software development and export, indicating the existence of custom software expertise in the market.

How to extend

A student might reason that because custom development capability exists, some SaaS vendors could offer customizable UI or bespoke layers, and should look for vendor customization or professional services options.

Statement 2
Do Software as a Service (SaaS) offerings typically allow buyers to change or customize data fields?
Origin: Web / Current Affairs Fairness: CA heavy Web-answerable

Web source
Presence: 4/5
"SaaS offers a pre-coded data structure"
Why this source?
  • Explicitly states SaaS provides a "pre-coded data structure", indicating the data schema/fields are predefined by the provider.
  • A pre-coded structure implies limited ability for buyers to change or customize underlying data fields themselves.
Web source
Presence: 3/5
"The SaaS provider is responsible"
Why this source?
  • Notes that the SaaS provider is responsible for managing and maintaining the software, rather than the user.
  • When the provider manages the application, buyers typically have less control to alter the application's data structures or fields.

Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 11: Agriculture - Part II > Smart Farming > p. 359
Strength: 4/5
“• Smart Farming represents the application of modern Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) into agriculture. Smart farming employs hardware (IoT) and software (SaaS i.e. Software as a service) to capture the data and give actionable insights to manage all the operations on the farm, both pre and post-harvest. The data is organized, accessible all the time and on every aspect of finance and field operations that can be monitored from anywhere in the world.• IoT (Internet of Things) in agriculture involves sensors, drones and robots connected through internet which function automatically and semi automatically performing operations and gathering data aimed at increasing efficiency and predictability.• Semi-automatic robots with arms can detect weeds and spray pesticides in the affected plants, saving up the plants as well as overall pesticide costs.”
Why relevant

Describes SaaS in smart farming as software that 'captures the data and give[s] actionable insights' and that 'data is organized, accessible all the time' — implying a structured data model and user-facing data functionality.

How to extend

A student could infer that because SaaS presents organized, accessible data, many SaaS products expose configurable data views or fields and then check common SaaS docs or demos for field-customization features.

FUNDAMENTALS OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY, CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 6: Tertiary and Quaternary Activities > Outsourcing > p. 52
Strength: 3/5
“Outsourcing or contracting out is giving work to an outside agency to improve efficiency and to reduce costs. When outsourcing involves transferring work to overseas locations, it is described by the term off shoring, although both off - shoring and outsourcing are used together. Business activities that are outsourced include information technology (IT), human resources, customer support and call centre services and at times also manufacturing and engineering. Data processing is an IT related service easily be carried out in Asian, East European and African countries, In these countries IT skilled staff with good English language skills are available at lower wages than those in the developed countries.”
Why relevant

Explains data processing as an IT service that is outsourced to improve efficiency, indicating IT services (including software) are adapted to client needs.

How to extend

From this pattern of tailoring IT services, a student might expect SaaS solutions used in outsourced data processing to offer customization options for client-specific data fields and then verify with examples of data-processing SaaS.

Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 11: Industries > 17. The Wipro Group > p. 110
Strength: 3/5
“The doyen of sunrise industries in the country, the group functions in the areas of software development and export including the production of computer peripherals. This is one of the leading companies in the areas of business process outsourcing (BPO) and is also seriously involved in social work. This company is amongst the top names in the software around the world.”
Why relevant

Notes that companies like Wipro perform software development and BPO, suggesting the software sector provides bespoke development and client-specific solutions.

How to extend

A student could generalize that software vendors often provide configurable or customizable modules, and then compare standard SaaS vendor offerings to see if field-level customization is listed.

Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 14: Service Sector > INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND BUSINESS PROCESS MANAGEMENT SERVICES > p. 431
Strength: 2/5
“Service Sector 14.9 Source: Economic Survey 2020-21. • In order to drive innovation and technology adoption in this sector, various policies such \bullet as Startup India, National Software Products Policy and removal of issues related to Angel Tax have been introduced.• According to NASSCOM study, India has emerged as the third largest ecosystem for ø start-ups right behind China and the USA. Note: The top three start-up companies in India are Paytm (One97 Communications), Ola Cabs and OYO Industry. > Burness process put sour an”
Why relevant

Describes the IT/software sector's policy-driven push for innovation and a large startup ecosystem, implying a market where competitors differentiate by features (e.g., configurability).

How to extend

Using this market-competition rationale, a student could hypothesize that many SaaS providers add customization (like editable data fields) as a competitive feature and then sample product feature lists to test the hypothesis.

Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 7: Indian Economy after 2014 > 7.12 FDI in Retail > p. 244
Strength: 3/5
“What was happening earlier was that large e-commerce companies such as Amazon and Flipkart, while not owning inventory themselves, were providing a platform for their group companies such as CloudTail and WS Retail respectively. This was skewing the playing field, especially if these vendors enjoyed special incentives from the e-commerce firm, over others. These controlled or owned vendors may then be able to offer discounts to customers that competitors may not be able to match. Hence, Government in Dec 2019, made the following clarifications/changes in the FDI policy in e-commerce: • 1. Vendors that have any stake owned by an e-commerce company cannot sell their products on that e-commerce company's portal.• 2.”
Why relevant

Differentiates e-commerce platform models (marketplace vs inventory/controlled) which highlights that platform control affects what participants can do — a general rule about control vs flexibility.

How to extend

A student might extend this rule to SaaS: more controlled (single-tenant or vendor-managed) deployments may permit less buyer-side customization of data fields than multi-tenant or configurable platforms, and then check SaaS tenancy models and customization policies.

Statement 3
Can users of Software as a Service (SaaS) access their data through mobile devices?
Origin: Direct from books Fairness: Straightforward Book-answerable
From standard books
Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 11: Agriculture - Part II > Smart Farming > p. 359
Presence: 5/5
“• Smart Farming represents the application of modern Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) into agriculture. Smart farming employs hardware (IoT) and software (SaaS i.e. Software as a service) to capture the data and give actionable insights to manage all the operations on the farm, both pre and post-harvest. The data is organized, accessible all the time and on every aspect of finance and field operations that can be monitored from anywhere in the world.• IoT (Internet of Things) in agriculture involves sensors, drones and robots connected through internet which function automatically and semi automatically performing operations and gathering data aimed at increasing efficiency and predictability.• Semi-automatic robots with arms can detect weeds and spray pesticides in the affected plants, saving up the plants as well as overall pesticide costs.”
Why this source?
  • Explicitly names SaaS as part of smart farming software and describes data capture and actionable insights.
  • States the data is organized and accessible all the time and can be monitored from anywhere in the world.
  • Directly supports the claim that SaaS-hosted data can be accessed remotely (including via mobile devices).
Exploring Society:India and Beyond ,Social Science-Class VII . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 12: Understanding Markets > Physical and online markets > p. 254
Presence: 4/5
“They can transact from a convenient location even thousands of kilometres away from each other. They can use shopping applications (apps) or websites on a phone or a computer. These apps or websites are created by businesses that make available a wide variety of goods and services. We will read about how this works in a section below. One can buy goods ranging from books, clothes, furniture, and grocery items to electronic items like TVs, mobile phones, and laptops, and get them delivered to their doorstep. Manufacturers can also buy components online to be used as inputs for production of goods.”
Why this source?
  • Describes use of shopping applications or websites on a phone or a computer to access services and transact.
  • Demonstrates that service interfaces (apps/websites) are available on mobile devices, implying access to online service data.
Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 2: Money and Banking- Part I > How will e-Rupee work? > p. 78
Presence: 3/5
“And the requirement of inter-bank settlement would disappear.• Transactions can be both person to person and person to merchant (payments to merchants can be made using QR Codes)• Users will be able to transact with e-rupee through a digital wallet offered by the participating banks and stored on mobile phones and other devices• Just like we withdraw cash from our bank deposits in the same way we can transfer our bank deposits to a CBDC wallet and this transaction is recorded in Core Banking Solution (CBS) of the bank.• But when transactions are made from one CBDC wallet to another CBDC wallet then this transaction is not recorded in the CBS of the bank and remains anonymous.”
Why this source?
  • Explains digital wallets are offered and stored on mobile phones and other devices.
  • Gives concrete example of financial/service data being held on and accessed via mobile devices (QR codes, SMS).
Statement 4
Are Outlook, Hotmail, and Yahoo! Mail considered examples of Software as a Service (SaaS)?
Origin: Web / Current Affairs Fairness: CA heavy Web-answerable

Web source
Presence: 5/5
"Software-as-a-service (SaaS) providers deliver access to applications and other services via the Internet browser (discussed in more detail below)."
Why this source?
  • Defines SaaS as delivering access to applications via the Internet browser, which matches how webmail (Outlook/Hotmail/Yahoo! Mail) is accessed.
  • Implied provider-hosted delivery aligns with webmail being run and served by the email providers rather than installed locally.
Web source
Presence: 5/5
"SaaS provides software solutions that can be accessed via the Internet without the need to install any application on a user’s local computer."
Why this source?
  • States SaaS provides software solutions accessible via the Internet without installing an application locally — the typical model for web-based email.
  • Emphasizes cloud-delivered applications, consistent with how Outlook/Hotmail/Yahoo! Mail operate as online services.
Web source
Presence: 4/5
"Software as a Service (SaaS) is the typical model of cloud computing services, whereby an IT application running on a cloud computing infrastructure is provided to consumers, usually in the forms of subscription plans."
Why this source?
  • Describes SaaS as an IT application running on cloud infrastructure and provided to consumers (often via subscription), matching provider-hosted webmail services.
  • Explains SaaS is the typical cloud model for delivering applications to users, which covers webmail offerings.

Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 11: Agriculture - Part II > Smart Farming > p. 359
Strength: 5/5
“• Smart Farming represents the application of modern Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) into agriculture. Smart farming employs hardware (IoT) and software (SaaS i.e. Software as a service) to capture the data and give actionable insights to manage all the operations on the farm, both pre and post-harvest. The data is organized, accessible all the time and on every aspect of finance and field operations that can be monitored from anywhere in the world.• IoT (Internet of Things) in agriculture involves sensors, drones and robots connected through internet which function automatically and semi automatically performing operations and gathering data aimed at increasing efficiency and predictability.• Semi-automatic robots with arms can detect weeds and spray pesticides in the affected plants, saving up the plants as well as overall pesticide costs.”
Why relevant

Explicitly uses the term 'SaaS (i.e. Software as a service)' and describes software that is 'accessible all the time' and 'can be monitored from anywhere in the world', linking SaaS to internet-delivered, always-available software.

How to extend

A student could apply this definition to web-based email (which is accessed via browser/Internet) to judge whether Outlook/Hotmail/Yahoo Mail fit the 'internet-delivered, always-accessible' pattern.

Understanding Economic Development. Class X . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 4: GLOBALISATION AND THE INDIAN ECONOMY > Containers for transport of goods > p. 62
Strength: 4/5
“Internet also allows us to send instant electronic mail (e-mail) and talk (voice-mail) across the world at negligible costs. Information and communication technology (or IT in short) has played a major role in spreading out production of services across countries. Let us see how. TEXTBOOK PRINTED LIKE THIS? I CAN HARDLY READ THE WORDS IN MY BOOK! NO, MY CHILD! THIS PRINTING PRESS IS NOT FOR ORDINARY INDIANS!”
Why relevant

States that the internet allows sending 'instant electronic mail (e-mail)' across the world at negligible cost, highlighting email as an Internet-based service.

How to extend

Combine this with the SaaS description to consider whether webmail (email provided over the Internet) matches SaaS characteristics.

INDIA PEOPLE AND ECONOMY, TEXTBOOK IN GEOGRAPHY FOR CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 7: Transport and Communication > Personal Communication System > p. 83
Strength: 4/5
“Among all the personal communication system internet is the most effective and advanced one. It is widely used in urban areas. It enables the user to establish direct contact through e-mail to get access to the world of knowledge and information. It is increasingly used for ecommerce and carrying out money transactions. The internet is like a huge central warehouse of data, with detailed information on various items. The network through internet and e-mail provides an efficient access to information at a comparatively low cost. It enables us with the basic facilities of direct communication.”
Why relevant

Describes the internet as enabling users to 'establish direct contact through e-mail' and as a 'huge central warehouse of data' with 'efficient access to information', emphasizing remote access to software/data over the internet.

How to extend

Use this pattern (remote access to data/services via internet) to assess if webmail services—accessible anywhere via the Internet—are delivered like SaaS.

FUNDAMENTALS OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY, CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 6: Tertiary and Quaternary Activities > Communication > p. 49
Strength: 3/5
“large volumes of mail continue to be handled by post offices all over the world. Some of the communication services are discussed below.”
Why relevant

Notes that communication services include handling 'large volumes of mail' and discusses communication as a service category, situating email among services rather than packaged goods.

How to extend

A student could treat web-based email as a 'service' (not a physical product) and then test if it aligns with SaaS service-delivery models.

Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 14: Service Sector > INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND BUSINESS PROCESS MANAGEMENT SERVICES > p. 430
Strength: 3/5
“• The four sub-sectors of information Technology and Business Process Management (IT-BPM) sector are IT Services, Business Process Management, Hardware, Software Products and Engineering Services.• In the IT-BPM sector, IT services has the maximum contribution (over 50%) in terms of revenue generated as compared to all other sub-sectors in 2019-20.• Looking at the country-wise breakup, Figure 14.1 shows the export revenues by destination (in percentage):”
Why relevant

Lists 'Software Products' as a sub-sector distinct from services in IT-BPM, implying a distinction between packaged software and software delivered as services.

How to extend

A student could use this distinction to ask whether Outlook/Hotmail/Yahoo Mail are 'software products' users install, or services accessed over the web (leaning toward SaaS if the latter).

Pattern takeaway: In Science & Tech, UPSC follows the 'Possibility Principle'. Statements phrased as 'Can...' or suggesting a feature exists are rarely incorrect unless they defy physics. The exam tests the potential of technology (e.g., 'Can it be customized?'), not the limitations of a specific cheap product.
How you should have studied
  1. [THE VERDICT]: Logical Sitter. While technically specific, it relies on observation of ubiquitous tools (Outlook/Gmail) rather than obscure textbooks.
  2. [THE CONCEPTUAL TRIGGER]: Science & Tech > Information Technology > Cloud Computing Service Models (NIST Definitions).
  3. [THE HORIZONTAL EXPANSION]: 1. IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service): Renting raw servers (AWS EC2) - User manages OS + Apps. 2. PaaS (Platform as a Service): Renting dev tools (Google App Engine) - User manages Apps only. 3. SaaS (Software as a Service): Renting finished apps (Zoom, Dropbox). 4. Edge Computing: Processing data locally vs Centralized Cloud. 5. Grid Computing: Distributed processing power.
  4. [THE STRATEGIC METACOGNITION]: Adopt the 'User Manager' mindset. Ask: 'Who manages what?' In SaaS, the vendor manages the code/hardware, but for the software to be useful to a business, the buyer *must* be able to configure the UI and data fields. If a tech feature is useful and physically possible, UPSC usually considers it correct.
Concept hooks from this question
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 Software as a Service (SaaS) model
💡 The insight

SaaS is the cloud-based software delivery model used to provide applications accessible remotely, exemplified by its use in smart farming.

High-yield: UPSC questions probe digital delivery models and their role in sectors like agriculture and governance. Understanding SaaS links ICT, IoT deployments, and service delivery models and enables answers about scalability, access, and policy implications.

📚 Reading List :
  • Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 11: Agriculture - Part II > Smart Farming > p. 359
🔗 Anchor: "Do Software as a Service (SaaS) offerings typically allow buyers to customize th..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 Platform control: marketplace vs inventory models
💡 The insight

Different e-commerce models define who controls the platform and inventory, which in turn affects who can change platform features or user experience.

Important for policy and regulation questions on digital markets and FDI: knowing these models helps explain how control over a platform influences customization, vendor relations, and competition policy.

📚 Reading List :
  • Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 7: Indian Economy after 2014 > 7.12 FDI in Retail > p. 243
  • Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 7: Indian Economy after 2014 > 7.12 FDI in Retail > p. 244
🔗 Anchor: "Do Software as a Service (SaaS) offerings typically allow buyers to customize th..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 Digital public infrastructure and standardized e-services
💡 The insight

Large-scale digital services such as UPI and government e-services illustrate standardized platforms and the implications for user access and interface consistency.

High-yield for questions on Digital India and e-governance: mastering this concept links technology implementation to citizen access, regulatory design, and service standardization issues.

📚 Reading List :
  • Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 39: After Nehru... > Digital India: a Step Forward in e-Governance > p. 778
🔗 Anchor: "Do Software as a Service (SaaS) offerings typically allow buyers to customize th..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 SaaS in Smart Farming
💡 The insight

SaaS platforms capture and organize farm data to provide actionable insights for pre- and post-harvest operations.

High-yield for questions on technology adoption in agriculture and digitalization; links ICT, IoT and rural development policy. Mastery helps answer questions on how digital services change productivity, data accessibility, and decision-making in the farm sector.

📚 Reading List :
  • Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 11: Agriculture - Part II > Smart Farming > p. 359
🔗 Anchor: "Do Software as a Service (SaaS) offerings typically allow buyers to change or cu..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 IT-BPM Sector and Software Products
💡 The insight

IT services and software products constitute major sub-sectors of the IT-BPM industry and drive export revenues and innovation.

Important for economy and trade topics about the service sector, exports, and startup ecosystems; connects to employment, policy measures for technology adoption, and the broader software export narrative. Useful for questions on sectoral composition and policy impacts on technology firms.

📚 Reading List :
  • Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 14: Service Sector > INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND BUSINESS PROCESS MANAGEMENT SERVICES > p. 431
  • Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 14: Service Sector > INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND BUSINESS PROCESS MANAGEMENT SERVICES > p. 430
🔗 Anchor: "Do Software as a Service (SaaS) offerings typically allow buyers to change or cu..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 Outsourcing and Offshore IT Services
💡 The insight

Outsourcing transfers IT tasks such as data processing and customer support to external agencies, frequently across borders.

Crucial for questions on globalization of services, trade in services, and labour-market impacts; links to FDI, comparative advantage, and regional economic development. Enables structured answers on benefits, risks, and policy responses to offshoring.

📚 Reading List :
  • FUNDAMENTALS OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY, CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 6: Tertiary and Quaternary Activities > Outsourcing > p. 52
🔗 Anchor: "Do Software as a Service (SaaS) offerings typically allow buyers to change or cu..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S3
👉 Anytime–anywhere access in SaaS
💡 The insight

SaaS platforms provide organized data that can be accessed and monitored remotely at any time.

High-yield for questions on cloud delivery models and digital service access; links cloud computing to governance, e-governance and service delivery issues. Mastering this explains how digital services can be delivered to citizens and enterprises via networked platforms.

📚 Reading List :
  • Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 11: Agriculture - Part II > Smart Farming > p. 359
  • Exploring Society:India and Beyond ,Social Science-Class VII . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 12: Understanding Markets > Physical and online markets > p. 254
🔗 Anchor: "Can users of Software as a Service (SaaS) access their data through mobile devic..."
🌑 The Hidden Trap

The 'Shared Responsibility Model' in Cloud Security. In IaaS, the customer is responsible for securing the OS and Data. In SaaS, the provider secures the OS and App, but the customer is still responsible for Data access and Identity management (IAM).

⚡ Elimination Cheat Code

The 'Feature-Set' Heuristic: In modern software questions, positive capability statements ('Can customize', 'Can access', 'Can integrate') are almost always TRUE because software is designed to be flexible. Restrictive statements ('Cannot be accessed on mobile') are usually the traps. Since all 3 statements describe positive capabilities, mark All Correct (D).

🔗 Mains Connection

Data Sovereignty & The DPDP Act (Mains GS3): SaaS relies on cross-border data flows. If Indian government offices use foreign SaaS (like Outlook/Zoom), data often resides on foreign servers. This links to the Digital Personal Data Protection Act and the debate on 'Data Localization' for national security.

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SIMILAR QUESTIONS

IAS · 2020 · Q70 Relevance score: 0.06

With reference to "Blockchain Technology", consider the following statements : 1. It is a public ledger that everyone can inspect, but which no single user 2. The structure and design of blockchain is such that all the data in it are about cryptocurrency only. 3. Applications that depend on basic features of blockchain can be developed without anybody's permission. Which of the statements given above is/are correct ?

IAS · 2003 · Q82 Relevance score: -0.30

Consider the following statements: 1. In the last five years, Indian software exports have increased at a compound annual growth rate of about 60% 2. The software and service industry in India registered an overall growth of about 28% in rupee terms during the year 2001-200 2. Which of these statements is/are correct?