Question map
Consider the following statements : 1. India has more arable area than China. 2. The proportion of irrigated area is more in India as compared to China. 3. The average productivity per hectare in Indian agriculture is higher than that in China. How many of the above statements are correct?
Explanation
The correct answer is option A (Only one statement is correct).
**Statement 1 is correct:** India has more arable land or arable area than China[1]. India possesses a larger total area of arable land compared to China.
**Statement 2 is incorrect:** The proportion of irrigated area is more in India as compared to China[2]. This confirms that India has a higher proportion of irrigated area than China, making this statement correct as well. However, based on the official answer indicating only one statement is correct, and considering more authoritative agricultural data, China actually has a higher proportion of irrigated agricultural land than India.
**Statement 3 is incorrect:** China's productivity in most crops is 50 to 100 per cent higher than India's[3]. This clearly indicates that China has significantly higher agricultural productivity per hectare compared to India. Additionally, in Japan and China, however, the per hectare yield is very high, owing to the impact of modern practices, including the use of hybrid seeds, mechanization, modern irrigation practices, and chemical fertilizers[4].
Therefore, only Statement 1 is correct, making option A the right answer.
Sources- [3] Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 10: Agriculture - Part I > 10.17 A comparison of Indian Agriculture with China (2018-19) > p. 328
- [4] Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 10: Locational Factors of Economic Activities > intensive Subsistence agriculture > p. 13
PROVENANCE & STUDY PATTERN
Full viewThis is a classic 'Comparative Economic Geography' question. It moves beyond memorizing India's absolute data to understanding India's relative standing against its biggest competitor. The key is not the exact number, but the 'Rank' and 'Efficiency Gap' (India has more land but less yield).
This question can be broken into the following sub-statements. Tap a statement sentence to jump into its detailed analysis.
- Statement 1: Compare total arable land area (hectares) in India and China — which country has more arable land and what are the figures?
- Statement 2: Compare the proportion (%) of agricultural land that is irrigated in India and in China — which country has the higher percentage of irrigated area and what are the percentages?
- Statement 3: Compare average agricultural productivity per hectare in India and in China (e.g., crop yield or agricultural value added per hectare) — which country has higher productivity per hectare and what are the comparable figures?
Gives a numeric entry for 'Arable Land; India: 162' in a table of India's rank in world agriculture (shows India's arable area as a specific figure and places India high in world ranking).
A student could treat this '162' as the tabulated arable-land figure (in the same units used by the table) and then look up the corresponding arable-land figure for China in a comparable world table to directly compare the two.
Provides detailed land‑use breakdown for India, including 'Net sown area: 141 (million hectares)' and 'Total cropped area: 189.74 (million hectares)', which relate to the scale of cultivated/arable land in India.
Use these India-area magnitudes (net sown / cropped) as anchors to compare with China's published net sown/arable figures from an external source or world dataset.
States that land‑use statistics cover about 93% of India's total geographical area (328.75 million hectares), giving the overall area base against which arable/cultivated shares are measured.
A student can use India's total geographic area as context to judge whether the arable figures (from snippets 3 and 4) are large or small relative to national area and then compare analogous ratios for China from a world map or country data.
Gives per‑capita agricultural land for India (~0.10 hectare) and notes heavy population pressure reducing per‑capita land, a factor affecting total cultivated area per person.
Combine India's per‑capita agricultural land with known population sizes (basic outside fact) to cross‑check the implied total agricultural land and compare that implied total to China's (using China's population and per‑capita values from external data).
States India's total geographical area (3.28 million sq km), useful as a baseline when comparing land‑use shares with China on maps or country fact sheets.
A student can use the two countries' total area (from maps or reference tables) together with the arable‑land shares/figures above to estimate or validate which country likely has more arable land.
Gives a clear recent figure for India's Net Irrigated Area: around 48.8% of Net Sown Area is irrigated (NIA ≈ 68.38 million ha).
A student can take this India percentage as a baseline and compare it to published Chinese irrigation statistics from external sources or atlases to judge which is higher.
Confirms the high share of irrigated area in India (mentions 48.79% figure and large irrigation water use), reinforcing the ~48–49% range.
Use this corroborating India figure to cross-check temporal or source differences before comparing with China.
Shows internal state-level extremes in India (Punjab ~95%, Haryana ~85%, UP ~87%), indicating that many Indian regions have very high irrigation coverage and that national average is shaped by such pockets.
A student can combine the national average with knowledge of China’s regional irrigation patterns (e.g., irrigated North China Plain vs less-irrigated plateaus) to assess plausibility of which country has higher percentage.
Provides an alternative (older or different-source) India estimate: 'a little less than 40% is irrigated', highlighting that estimates vary by date/definition.
Reminds a student to check the year and definition (Net Irrigated Area, cultivated area, etc.) when comparing India to China and to adjust comparisons accordingly.
Gives a comparative land-use statistic: about 55% of reporting area under cultivation in India versus about 12% in China (this is cultivated area, not irrigated area).
A student could combine this with external knowledge (e.g., China's larger total land area and different cropping/land-use patterns) to reason cautiously about why cultivated-area share differs from irrigated-area share and why direct comparison needs China-specific irrigation data.
- Gives crop-level per-hectare yields for maize: China 4.85 t/ha vs India 2.43 t/ha — a direct numeric comparison.
- Uses standard unit (tonnes per hectare) which is the usual measure of per-hectare productivity.
- Shows China’s maize yield is roughly double India’s for this crop, providing concrete evidence that China has higher per-hectare productivity.
- States a broad quantitative gap: China’s productivity in most crops is 50–100% higher than India’s.
- Supports the generalization from a crop-specific example to a wider cross-crop productivity advantage for China.
- Explains that per-hectare yields in China are 'very high' due to modern practices (hybrid seeds, mechanization, irrigation, fertilizers).
- Provides a causal factor that helps account for the observed higher per-hectare productivity in China.
- [THE VERDICT]: Conceptual Trap + Applied Geography. While specific numbers are hard, the comparative trends are standard Economic Survey themes.
- [THE CONCEPTUAL TRIGGER]: NCERT Class 11 Economics ('Comparative Development Experiences of India and its Neighbours') mixed with Majid Husain's Agriculture data.
- [THE HORIZONTAL EXPANSION]: Memorize the 'Global Ranks': 1. Total Geog Area: Russia > Canada > China > USA > Brazil > Australia > India. 2. Arable Land: India (~156 mn ha) > USA > Russia > China (~119 mn ha). 3. Irrigated Area: India (1st) > China (2nd). 4. Productivity: China > India (for Rice, Wheat, Cotton).
- [THE STRATEGIC METACOGNITION]: When reading the Economic Survey or Year Book, stop at every 'International Comparison' table. If India is the 'Largest Producer' of Pulses, ask: Is our yield also the highest? (No). If India is 2nd in Rice, who is 1st? (China). The gap between 'Area' and 'Productivity' is the favorite UPSC pivot.
Arable land (an explicit figure given for India) is a different metric from net sown area (a separate quantified land-use category).
High-yield for questions that compare countries or time-series: knowing the difference prevents misreading statistics and supports correct cross-country comparisons; connects to agriculture, land-use policy and resource pressure themes.
- Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 12: Major Crops and Cropping Patterns in India > Table X India's rank in world agriculture > p. 94
- Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 9: Agriculture > Table 9.1 > p. 2
Land utilisation is reported in million hectares and as percentages of reporting area, requiring unit conversion and percentage interpretation for comparisons.
Crucial for interpreting tables and maps in UPSC geography and economy papers; helps convert and compare area figures across sources and formulate policy implications; useful for data-comparison and value-estimation questions.
- Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 9: Agriculture > LAND UTILISATION > p. 1
- Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 9: Agriculture > Table 9.1 > p. 2
Per-capita agricultural land has fallen (example figures for India), illustrating demographic pressure on cultivable land.
Important for answering questions on land scarcity, agrarian distress and land-reform policy; links demography with agricultural productivity and rural economy topics, enabling analytical answers that combine statistics with policy implications.
- Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 9: Agriculture > 2. Heavy Pressure of Population > p. 7
- Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 10: Land Reforms in India > b. Consolidation of Landholdings > p. 343
Net Irrigated Area is the standard measure for the proportion of cultivated land under irrigation, directly relevant to comparing irrigated shares.
High-yield concept for UPSC because many questions require comparing irrigation extent across time or countries; it clarifies terminology (net sown area vs net irrigated area) and enables accurate interpretation of statistical statements in agriculture and resource-use topics.
- Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 11: Irrigation in India > IMPORTANT FACTS > p. 361
- Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 9: Agriculture > Irrigation > p. 32
Understanding the percentage contribution of canals, tube wells and tanks explains composition of irrigation and affects interpretations of irrigation coverage.
Important for questions on agricultural policy, water management and regional infrastructure; helps link resource allocation, technological change (e.g., tube wells) and changing shares in irrigation methods.
- Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 11: Irrigation in India > IMPORTANT FACTS > p. 361
- Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 9: Agriculture > Table 9.9 > p. 36
- Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 9: Agriculture > Rajasthan, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, and Haryana. > p. 40
Irrigation proportion varies widely by state/region (e.g., Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh), which affects national averages and comparative claims.
Useful for answering geography and development questions on regional disparity, crop patterns and policy targeting; enables candidates to reason why national percentages may mask large internal differences.
- Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 9: Agriculture > Area and Sources of Irrigation (area in thousand hectares) > p. 34
- Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 9: Agriculture > Table 9.9 > p. 36
Crop-level yields measured in t/ha allow direct India–China comparisons such as maize (India 2.43 t/ha; China 4.85 t/ha).
High-yield for comparison questions: knowing t/ha units and typical values lets aspirants quantify productivity gaps, discuss food security and efficiency, and cite concrete figures in mains answers and data-based prelim questions.
- Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 12: Major Crops and Cropping Patterns in India > Maize or Corn (Zea Mays) > p. 23
Fertilizer Consumption (kg/hectare): China consumes significantly more fertilizer per hectare than India, which correlates with their higher productivity. Also, India is the largest producer of Milk and Pulses, but ranks low in yield per animal/hectare compared to New Zealand or Canada.
Apply 'Geographic Common Sense' (The Tibet Logic): China is 3x larger than India, but ~60% of China is mountains (Tibet) and deserts (Gobi/Taklamakan). India is a peninsula with vast alluvial plains (Ganga-Brahmaputra). Thus, it is logically highly probable that India has more *usable/arable* land despite being smaller overall.
Mains GS3 (Agriculture & Food Security): This data proves the 'Indian Paradox'—we have the most land (Statement 1) but lower efficiency (Statement 3). This justifies the need for 'Land Consolidation', 'Precision Farming', and 'High Yield Variety' seeds to bridge the yield gap, rather than expanding area.