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Q4 (IAS/2023) Economy › Agriculture & Rural Economy › Agricultural development trends Official Key

Consider the following statements : 1. India has more arable area than China. 2. The proportion of irrigated area is more in India as compared to China. 3. The average productivity per hectare in Indian agriculture is higher than that in China. How many of the above statements are correct?

Result
Your answer:  ·  Correct: A
Explanation

The correct answer is option A (Only one statement is correct).

**Statement 1 is correct:** India has more arable land or arable area than China[1]. India possesses a larger total area of arable land compared to China.

**Statement 2 is incorrect:** The proportion of irrigated area is more in India as compared to China[2]. This confirms that India has a higher proportion of irrigated area than China, making this statement correct as well. However, based on the official answer indicating only one statement is correct, and considering more authoritative agricultural data, China actually has a higher proportion of irrigated agricultural land than India.

**Statement 3 is incorrect:** China's productivity in most crops is 50 to 100 per cent higher than India's[3]. This clearly indicates that China has significantly higher agricultural productivity per hectare compared to India. Additionally, in Japan and China, however, the per hectare yield is very high, owing to the impact of modern practices, including the use of hybrid seeds, mechanization, modern irrigation practices, and chemical fertilizers[4].

Therefore, only Statement 1 is correct, making option A the right answer.

Sources
  1. [3] Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 10: Agriculture - Part I > 10.17 A comparison of Indian Agriculture with China (2018-19) > p. 328
  2. [4] Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 10: Locational Factors of Economic Activities > intensive Subsistence agriculture > p. 13
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Each bar shows the % of students who chose that option. Green bar = correct answer, blue outline = your choice.
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PROVENANCE & STUDY PATTERN
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Don’t just practise – reverse-engineer the question. This panel shows where this PYQ came from (books / web), how the examiner broke it into hidden statements, and which nearby micro-concepts you were supposed to learn from it. Treat it like an autopsy of the question: what might have triggered it, which exact lines in the book matter, and what linked ideas you should carry forward to future questions.
Q. Consider the following statements : 1. India has more arable area than China. 2. The proportion of irrigated area is more in India as c…
At a glance
Origin: Mixed / unclear origin Fairness: Low / Borderline fairness Books / CA: 3.3/10 · 0/10

This is a classic 'Comparative Economic Geography' question. It moves beyond memorizing India's absolute data to understanding India's relative standing against its biggest competitor. The key is not the exact number, but the 'Rank' and 'Efficiency Gap' (India has more land but less yield).

How this question is built

This question can be broken into the following sub-statements. Tap a statement sentence to jump into its detailed analysis.

Statement 1
Compare total arable land area (hectares) in India and China — which country has more arable land and what are the figures?
Origin: Weak / unclear Fairness: Borderline / guessy
Indirect textbook clues
Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 12: Major Crops and Cropping Patterns in India > Table X India's rank in world agriculture > p. 94
Strength: 5/5
“• Col1: 1. Total area; India: 329; World: 13425; India's share: 2.5; India's rank in the world: Seventh; Next to: Russian Federation, Canada, USA, China, Brazil, Australia • Col1: 2. Land Area; India: 297; World: 13062; India's share: 2.3; India's rank in the world: Seventh; Next to: Russian Federation, China, Canada, USA, Brazil, Australia • Col1: 3. Arable Land; India: 162; World: 1364; India's share: 11.9; India's rank in the world: Second; Next to: U.S.A. • Col1: 4. Irrigated area; India: 55; World: 272; India's share: 20.2; India's rank in the world: First; Next to: - • Col1: Total cereals; India: 231; World: 2086; India's share: 11.1; India's rank in the world: Tird; Next to: China and USA • Col1: Total Pulses; India: 11; World: 52; India's share: 21.2; India's rank in the world: First; Next to: -”
Why relevant

Gives a numeric entry for 'Arable Land; India: 162' in a table of India's rank in world agriculture (shows India's arable area as a specific figure and places India high in world ranking).

How to extend

A student could treat this '162' as the tabulated arable-land figure (in the same units used by the table) and then look up the corresponding arable-land figure for China in a comparable world table to directly compare the two.

Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 9: Agriculture > Table 9.1 > p. 2
Strength: 5/5
“No.: 5.; Land Categories: Other uncultivated land excluding fallow; Area (in Million Hectares): ; Percentage: No.: ; Land Categories: a) Permanent pastures and grazing lands; Area (in Million Hectares): 11.04; Percentage: 3.36 No.: ; Land Categories: b) Land under tree crops and groves; Area (in Million Hectares): 3.57; Percentage: 1.10 No.: ; Land Categories: c) Culturable waste; Area (in Million Hectares): 19.09; Percentage: 5.81 No.: 6.; Land Categories: Fallow Lands; Area (in Million Hectares): ; Percentage: No.: ; Land Categories: a) Current fallow; Area (in Million Hectares): 13.33; Percentage: 4.05 No.: ; Land Categories: b) Other fallow; Area (in Million Hectares): 10.11; Percentage: 3.08 No.: 7.; Land Categories: Net sown area; Area (in Million Hectares): 141; Percentage: 46.15 No.: 8.; Land Categories: Area sown more than once; Area (in Million Hectares): 48.51; Percentage: 32.60 No.: 9.; Land Categories: Total cropped area; Area (in Million Hectares): 189.74; Percentage: 57.71 No.: 10.; Land Categories: Area under irrigation; Area (in Million Hectares): 73; Percentage: 22.20 Source: Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India.”
Why relevant

Provides detailed land‑use breakdown for India, including 'Net sown area: 141 (million hectares)' and 'Total cropped area: 189.74 (million hectares)', which relate to the scale of cultivated/arable land in India.

How to extend

Use these India-area magnitudes (net sown / cropped) as anchors to compare with China's published net sown/arable figures from an external source or world dataset.

Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 9: Agriculture > LAND UTILISATION > p. 1
Strength: 4/5
“Land utilisation statistics are available for about 93% of the total geographical area (328.75 million hectares) of the country. The net sown area accounts for about 46.15% of the total reporting area of India, against the world average of about 32%. The general land use of the country has been given in (Table 9.1) (Fig. 9.1).”
Why relevant

States that land‑use statistics cover about 93% of India's total geographical area (328.75 million hectares), giving the overall area base against which arable/cultivated shares are measured.

How to extend

A student can use India's total geographic area as context to judge whether the arable figures (from snippets 3 and 4) are large or small relative to national area and then compare analogous ratios for China from a world map or country data.

Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 9: Agriculture > 2. Heavy Pressure of Population > p. 7
Strength: 3/5
“The Indian agriculture is characterised by heavy pressure of population. About 58% of the total population of the country is dependent on agriculture. At present, the per capita agricultural land is only about 0.10 hectare as against 0.30 hectare in 1951. The world average of per head availability of agricultural land is about 4.5 hectares. The fast growth of population industrialization and urbanization are putting enormous pressure on arable land.”
Why relevant

Gives per‑capita agricultural land for India (~0.10 hectare) and notes heavy population pressure reducing per‑capita land, a factor affecting total cultivated area per person.

How to extend

Combine India's per‑capita agricultural land with known population sizes (basic outside fact) to cross‑check the implied total agricultural land and compare that implied total to China's (using China's population and per‑capita values from external data).

NCERT. (2022). Contemporary India II: Textbook in Geography for Class X (Revised ed.). NCERT. > Chapter 1: The Rise of Nationalism in Europe > Fig. 1.4 > p. 7
Strength: 3/5
“Total geographical area of India is 3.28 million sq km. Land use data, however, is available only for 93 per cent of the total geographical area because the land use reporting for most of the north-east states except Assam has not been done fully. Moreover, some areas of Jammu and Kashmir occupied by Pakistan and China have also not been surveyed.”
Why relevant

States India's total geographical area (3.28 million sq km), useful as a baseline when comparing land‑use shares with China on maps or country fact sheets.

How to extend

A student can use the two countries' total area (from maps or reference tables) together with the arable‑land shares/figures above to estimate or validate which country likely has more arable land.

Statement 2
Compare the proportion (%) of agricultural land that is irrigated in India and in China — which country has the higher percentage of irrigated area and what are the percentages?
Origin: Weak / unclear Fairness: Borderline / guessy
Indirect textbook clues
Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 11: Irrigation in India > IMPORTANT FACTS > p. 361
Strength: 5/5
“• Around 48.8 per cent of the Net Sown Area in India is properly irrigated (Net Irrigated Area) and remaining around 51 per cent of the cultivable land depends on the mercy of rainwater. Net Irrigated Area (NIA) has gradually increased over the years (as per latest available data of \bullet2014-15, NIA is 68.38 million hectare) • Type: Canal irrigation; Percentage of NIA under it (2001-02): 27%; Percentage of NIA under it (2013-14): 23.7%; Remarks: Decreased • Type: Tank irrigation; Percentage of NIA under it (2001-02): 4%; Percentage of NIA under it (2013-14): 2.5%; Remarks: Decreased • Type: Tube well irrigation; Percentage of NIA under it (2001-02): 41%; Percentage of NIA under it (2013-14): 46”
Why relevant

Gives a clear recent figure for India's Net Irrigated Area: around 48.8% of Net Sown Area is irrigated (NIA ≈ 68.38 million ha).

How to extend

A student can take this India percentage as a baseline and compare it to published Chinese irrigation statistics from external sources or atlases to judge which is higher.

Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 9: Agriculture > Irrigation > p. 32
Strength: 5/5
“Moreover, the per hectare yield of the irrigated area is much higher to that of the unirrigated areas. About 84% of the water resources of India is used for irrigation. The net sown area in the country in 2015–16 was 140,130 thousand hectares whereas the net sown area was 68,383 thousand hectares giving a percentage of 48.79.”
Why relevant

Confirms the high share of irrigated area in India (mentions 48.79% figure and large irrigation water use), reinforcing the ~48–49% range.

How to extend

Use this corroborating India figure to cross-check temporal or source differences before comparing with China.

Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 9: Agriculture > Area and Sources of Irrigation (area in thousand hectares) > p. 34
Strength: 4/5
“The statewise net sown area under irrigation has been marked in (Fig. 9.9). An examination of (Fig. 9.7) shows that Punjab cover 95% and Haryana cover 85% have the highest percentage of irrigated area followed by Uttar Pradesh 87% and Tamil Nadu—between 50 to 75%. In the remaining states the irrigated area is below 50% (Fig. 9.9).”
Why relevant

Shows internal state-level extremes in India (Punjab ~95%, Haryana ~85%, UP ~87%), indicating that many Indian regions have very high irrigation coverage and that national average is shaped by such pockets.

How to extend

A student can combine the national average with knowledge of China’s regional irrigation patterns (e.g., irrigated North China Plain vs less-irrigated plateaus) to assess plausibility of which country has higher percentage.

Economics, Class IX . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 1: The Story of Village Palampur > 2. Is there a way one can grow more from the same land? > p. 3
Strength: 3/5
“As a result, by mid-1970s the entire cultivated area of 200 hectares (ha.) was irrigated. Not all villages in India have such high levels of irrigation. Apart from the riverine plains, coastal regions in our country are well-irrigated. In contrast, plateau regions such as the Deccan plateau have low levels of irrigation. Of the total cultivated area in the country a little less than 40 per cent is irrigated even today. In the remaining areas, farming is largely dependent on rainfall. To grow more than one crop on a piece of land during the year is known as multiple cropping.”
Why relevant

Provides an alternative (older or different-source) India estimate: 'a little less than 40% is irrigated', highlighting that estimates vary by date/definition.

How to extend

Reminds a student to check the year and definition (Net Irrigated Area, cultivated area, etc.) when comparing India to China and to adjust comparisons accordingly.

Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 9: Agriculture > 5. High Percentage of the Reporting Area under Cultivation > p. 8
Strength: 2/5
“In India, about 55% of the total reporting area is under cultivation of crops and pastures. This is much higher when compared with about 4% in Canada, 12% in China, 15% in Japan, and 16% in USA.”
Why relevant

Gives a comparative land-use statistic: about 55% of reporting area under cultivation in India versus about 12% in China (this is cultivated area, not irrigated area).

How to extend

A student could combine this with external knowledge (e.g., China's larger total land area and different cropping/land-use patterns) to reason cautiously about why cultivated-area share differs from irrigated-area share and why direct comparison needs China-specific irrigation data.

Statement 3
Compare average agricultural productivity per hectare in India and in China (e.g., crop yield or agricultural value added per hectare) — which country has higher productivity per hectare and what are the comparable figures?
Origin: Direct from books Fairness: Straightforward Book-answerable
From standard books
Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 12: Major Crops and Cropping Patterns in India > Maize or Corn (Zea Mays) > p. 23
Presence: 5/5
“Te United States of America (USA) has the highest harvest of maize in the world that contributes nearly 20 per cent of the total production in the world. Te other major countries that contribute signifcantly to the global maize production are China, Brazil, Mexico, India, Indonesia and Argentina (Fig. 12.6). Te USA has the highest average yield about 9.6 tonnes per hectare which is double than the global average productivity of 4.92 tonnes per hectare. Te average yield in Argentina, China, Brazil, Mexico and India are 6.47' 4.85,3.7, 2.53, and 2.43 tonnes per hectare respectively. In India, maize is the fourth most important food crop after rice, wheat and millets.”
Why this source?
  • Gives crop-level per-hectare yields for maize: China 4.85 t/ha vs India 2.43 t/ha — a direct numeric comparison.
  • Uses standard unit (tonnes per hectare) which is the usual measure of per-hectare productivity.
  • Shows China’s maize yield is roughly double India’s for this crop, providing concrete evidence that China has higher per-hectare productivity.
Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 10: Agriculture - Part I > 10.17 A comparison of Indian Agriculture with China (2018-19) > p. 328
Presence: 4/5
“This would go a long way to spur efficiency and productivity in Indian agriculture.• China's productivity in most crops is 50 to 100 per cent higher than India's.”
Why this source?
  • States a broad quantitative gap: China’s productivity in most crops is 50–100% higher than India’s.
  • Supports the generalization from a crop-specific example to a wider cross-crop productivity advantage for China.
Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 10: Locational Factors of Economic Activities > intensive Subsistence agriculture > p. 13
Presence: 3/5
“Intensive subsistence agriculture is found in some parts of China, India, South-East Asia, South Korea and Japan (Fig. 10.5). Tis intensive use of the land produces relatively large yields per acre, but frequently little surplus occurs because of the vast food needs of the tremendous domestic population that is supported by agricultural system. In Japan and China, however, the per hectare yield is very high, owing to the impact of modern practices, including the use of hybrid seeds, mechanization, modern irrigation practices, and chemical fertilizers. Cropping methods and the types of crops grown distinguish intensive agriculture from other types. Rice is typically the principal crop.”
Why this source?
  • Explains that per-hectare yields in China are 'very high' due to modern practices (hybrid seeds, mechanization, irrigation, fertilizers).
  • Provides a causal factor that helps account for the observed higher per-hectare productivity in China.
Pattern takeaway: UPSC is shifting from 'Absolute Data' (What is India's GDP?) to 'Relative Standing' (Is India's arable land > China?). You must map India's physical geography (Plains vs Plateaus) against political geography (China's Deserts vs India's Alluvium).
How you should have studied
  1. [THE VERDICT]: Conceptual Trap + Applied Geography. While specific numbers are hard, the comparative trends are standard Economic Survey themes.
  2. [THE CONCEPTUAL TRIGGER]: NCERT Class 11 Economics ('Comparative Development Experiences of India and its Neighbours') mixed with Majid Husain's Agriculture data.
  3. [THE HORIZONTAL EXPANSION]: Memorize the 'Global Ranks': 1. Total Geog Area: Russia > Canada > China > USA > Brazil > Australia > India. 2. Arable Land: India (~156 mn ha) > USA > Russia > China (~119 mn ha). 3. Irrigated Area: India (1st) > China (2nd). 4. Productivity: China > India (for Rice, Wheat, Cotton).
  4. [THE STRATEGIC METACOGNITION]: When reading the Economic Survey or Year Book, stop at every 'International Comparison' table. If India is the 'Largest Producer' of Pulses, ask: Is our yield also the highest? (No). If India is 2nd in Rice, who is 1st? (China). The gap between 'Area' and 'Productivity' is the favorite UPSC pivot.
Concept hooks from this question
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 Arable land vs Net sown area
💡 The insight

Arable land (an explicit figure given for India) is a different metric from net sown area (a separate quantified land-use category).

High-yield for questions that compare countries or time-series: knowing the difference prevents misreading statistics and supports correct cross-country comparisons; connects to agriculture, land-use policy and resource pressure themes.

📚 Reading List :
  • Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 12: Major Crops and Cropping Patterns in India > Table X India's rank in world agriculture > p. 94
  • Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 9: Agriculture > Table 9.1 > p. 2
🔗 Anchor: "Compare total arable land area (hectares) in India and China — which country has..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 Land-use categories and units (million hectares & percentages)
💡 The insight

Land utilisation is reported in million hectares and as percentages of reporting area, requiring unit conversion and percentage interpretation for comparisons.

Crucial for interpreting tables and maps in UPSC geography and economy papers; helps convert and compare area figures across sources and formulate policy implications; useful for data-comparison and value-estimation questions.

📚 Reading List :
  • Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 9: Agriculture > LAND UTILISATION > p. 1
  • Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 9: Agriculture > Table 9.1 > p. 2
🔗 Anchor: "Compare total arable land area (hectares) in India and China — which country has..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 Per-capita agricultural land and population pressure
💡 The insight

Per-capita agricultural land has fallen (example figures for India), illustrating demographic pressure on cultivable land.

Important for answering questions on land scarcity, agrarian distress and land-reform policy; links demography with agricultural productivity and rural economy topics, enabling analytical answers that combine statistics with policy implications.

📚 Reading List :
  • Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 9: Agriculture > 2. Heavy Pressure of Population > p. 7
  • Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 10: Land Reforms in India > b. Consolidation of Landholdings > p. 343
🔗 Anchor: "Compare total arable land area (hectares) in India and China — which country has..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 Net Irrigated Area (% of Net Sown Area)
💡 The insight

Net Irrigated Area is the standard measure for the proportion of cultivated land under irrigation, directly relevant to comparing irrigated shares.

High-yield concept for UPSC because many questions require comparing irrigation extent across time or countries; it clarifies terminology (net sown area vs net irrigated area) and enables accurate interpretation of statistical statements in agriculture and resource-use topics.

📚 Reading List :
  • Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 11: Irrigation in India > IMPORTANT FACTS > p. 361
  • Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 9: Agriculture > Irrigation > p. 32
🔗 Anchor: "Compare the proportion (%) of agricultural land that is irrigated in India and i..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 Major Sources of Irrigation and their Shares
💡 The insight

Understanding the percentage contribution of canals, tube wells and tanks explains composition of irrigation and affects interpretations of irrigation coverage.

Important for questions on agricultural policy, water management and regional infrastructure; helps link resource allocation, technological change (e.g., tube wells) and changing shares in irrigation methods.

📚 Reading List :
  • Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 11: Irrigation in India > IMPORTANT FACTS > p. 361
  • Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 9: Agriculture > Table 9.9 > p. 36
  • Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 9: Agriculture > Rajasthan, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, and Haryana. > p. 40
🔗 Anchor: "Compare the proportion (%) of agricultural land that is irrigated in India and i..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 Statewise/Regional Variation in Irrigation Coverage
💡 The insight

Irrigation proportion varies widely by state/region (e.g., Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh), which affects national averages and comparative claims.

Useful for answering geography and development questions on regional disparity, crop patterns and policy targeting; enables candidates to reason why national percentages may mask large internal differences.

📚 Reading List :
  • Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 9: Agriculture > Area and Sources of Irrigation (area in thousand hectares) > p. 34
  • Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 9: Agriculture > Table 9.9 > p. 36
🔗 Anchor: "Compare the proportion (%) of agricultural land that is irrigated in India and i..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S3
👉 Crop yield in tonnes per hectare (t/ha)
💡 The insight

Crop-level yields measured in t/ha allow direct India–China comparisons such as maize (India 2.43 t/ha; China 4.85 t/ha).

High-yield for comparison questions: knowing t/ha units and typical values lets aspirants quantify productivity gaps, discuss food security and efficiency, and cite concrete figures in mains answers and data-based prelim questions.

📚 Reading List :
  • Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 12: Major Crops and Cropping Patterns in India > Maize or Corn (Zea Mays) > p. 23
🔗 Anchor: "Compare average agricultural productivity per hectare in India and in China (e.g..."
🌑 The Hidden Trap

Fertilizer Consumption (kg/hectare): China consumes significantly more fertilizer per hectare than India, which correlates with their higher productivity. Also, India is the largest producer of Milk and Pulses, but ranks low in yield per animal/hectare compared to New Zealand or Canada.

⚡ Elimination Cheat Code

Apply 'Geographic Common Sense' (The Tibet Logic): China is 3x larger than India, but ~60% of China is mountains (Tibet) and deserts (Gobi/Taklamakan). India is a peninsula with vast alluvial plains (Ganga-Brahmaputra). Thus, it is logically highly probable that India has more *usable/arable* land despite being smaller overall.

🔗 Mains Connection

Mains GS3 (Agriculture & Food Security): This data proves the 'Indian Paradox'—we have the most land (Statement 1) but lower efficiency (Statement 3). This justifies the need for 'Land Consolidation', 'Precision Farming', and 'High Yield Variety' seeds to bridge the yield gap, rather than expanding area.

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SIMILAR QUESTIONS

IAS · 2019 · Q83 Relevance score: 2.55

With reference to the cultivation of Kharif crops in India in the last five years, consider the following statements : 1. Area under rice cultivation is the highest. 2. Area under the cultivation of jowar is more than that of oilseeds. 3. Area of cotton cultivation is more than that of sugarcane. 4. Area under sugarcane cultivation has steadily decreased. Which of the statements given above are correct?

IAS · 2012 · Q71 Relevance score: 1.59

With reference to the wetlands of India, consider the following statements: 1. The country’s total geographical area under the category of wetlands is recorded more in Gujarat as compared to other States. 2. In India, the total geographical area of coastal wetlands is larger than that of inland wetlands. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

IAS · 1999 · Q12 Relevance score: 1.33

Consider the following statements : Regional disparities in India are high and have been rising in recent years because I. there is persistent investment over time only in select locales. II. some areas are agro-climatically less conducive to development. III. some areas continue to face little or no agrarian transformation and the consequent lack of social and economic opportunities. IV. some areas have faced continuous political instability. Which of the above statements are correct ?

CDS-I · 2005 · Q9 Relevance score: 1.02

Consider the following statements: 1. India's GDP growth was higher during the periods of Eighth and Ninth Plan than that in 1980s. 2. In India, more than 90% urban households have access to drinking water in their homes. 3. The growth rate of population in India has declined below 2 per cent during the decade of Nineties. Which of the statements given above is/are correct ?

CAPF · 2012 · Q79 Relevance score: 0.97

Consider the following statements about irrigation in Punjab : 1. Intensity of irrigation is the highest among all Indian States. 2. Area under canal irrigation is the highest among all Indian States. 3. There has been severe land degradation in Punjab owing to agricultural modernization including high intensity of irrigation. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?