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Q3 (IAS/2023) Environment & Ecology › Biodiversity & Protected Areas › Forest and vegetation Official Key

Consider the following trees : 1. Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) 2. Mahua (Madhuca indica) 3. Teak (Tectona grandis) How many of the above are deciduous trees?

Result
Your answer:  ·  Correct: B
Explanation

The correct answer is option B because only two of the three trees listed are deciduous.

Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) is not deciduous[1], meaning it is an evergreen tree that retains its leaves throughout the year. In contrast, Mahua is listed among the main species of moist deciduous forests[2], indicating it is a deciduous tree. Similarly, Teak is also listed among the main species of deciduous forests[2], and teak trees form part of the typical landscape of tropical moist deciduous forests[3], confirming its deciduous nature.

Deciduous trees lose their leaves for part of the year—in cold climates during autumn-winter, and in hot and dry climates during the dry season[4]. Since Jackfruit is evergreen while both Mahua and Teak are deciduous, only two of the three trees are deciduous, making option B the correct answer.

Sources
  1. [2] INDIA PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT, Geography Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 5: Natural Vegetation > Tropical Deciduous Forests > p. 44
  2. [3] Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 5: Natural Vegetation and National Parks > Table 5.5 > p. 15
  3. [4] Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 13: Plant Diversity of India > 13.2.1. Types of Trees: > p. 203
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Don’t just practise – reverse-engineer the question. This panel shows where this PYQ came from (books / web), how the examiner broke it into hidden statements, and which nearby micro-concepts you were supposed to learn from it. Treat it like an autopsy of the question: what might have triggered it, which exact lines in the book matter, and what linked ideas you should carry forward to future questions.
Q. Consider the following trees : 1. Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) 2. Mahua (Madhuca indica) 3. Teak (Tectona grandis) How many o…
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Origin: Books + Current Affairs Fairness: Moderate fairness Books / CA: 6.7/10 · 3.3/10
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A classic '2+1' structure: Teak and Mahua are verbatim examples from NCERT Class XI (Chapter 5) under Deciduous forests. Jackfruit is the 'applied' element—standard books list it under 'Wet Evergreen' forests, requiring you to infer that a 'Wet Evergreen' tree is not deciduous. Fair, but rewards connecting forest types to biological traits.

How this question is built

This question can be broken into the following sub-statements. Tap a statement sentence to jump into its detailed analysis.

Statement 1
Is Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) a deciduous tree?
Origin: Web / Current Affairs Fairness: CA heavy Web-answerable

Web source
Presence: 3/5
"Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. MORACEAE Tree C/W Kathal, Jackfruit, Panasa"
Why this source?
  • Provides the scientific name and explicitly labels Artocarpus heterophyllus as a 'Tree'.
  • Establishes that jackfruit is a tree species (necessary context for answering whether it is deciduous).
Web source
Presence: 3/5
"Answer: Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) is not deciduous."
Why this source?
  • Explicitly states the species is 'not deciduous', directly addressing the question.
  • Gives a clear (if informal) negative answer to the deciduousness claim.

Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 10: Indian Forest > Ro.R.R. Tropical Wet Evergreen Forests > p. 161
Strength: 5/5
“ro.r.r. Tropical Wet evergreen forests \ Wet evergreen forests are found along the Western Ghats, the Nicobar and Andaman Islands, and all along the north-eastern region. It is characterized by tall, straight evergreen trees. The more common trees that are found here are the jackfruit, betel nut palm, jamun, mango, and hollock. The trees in this forest form a tier pattern; shrubs are found over the layer closer to the ground, followed by the short structured trees and then the tall variety.”
Why relevant

Lists jackfruit among the 'more common trees' of Tropical Wet Evergreen Forests, a vegetation type characterized by tall, straight evergreen trees.

How to extend

A student could note that species typical of wet-evergreen forests are usually evergreen and therefore check whether jackfruit's native habitats (e.g., Western Ghats, Andaman) have evergreen climates implying evergreen habit.

Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 4: BIODIVERSITY > social relevance of forests > p. 21
Strength: 5/5
“• Col1: 1.; Types of Forest: Tropical Wet-evergreen Forests; States/Union Territories: Andaman & Nicobar Islands and Western Ghats; Species of vegetation: Betel-nut-palm, fern, hillock, jack-fruit, rubber, cincona, rose-wood, iron wood, orchids, etc. • Col1: 2.; Types of Forest: Tropical Semi-evergreen Forests; States/Union Territories: Andaman and Nicobar, Eastern Himalayas and Western Ghats; Species of vegetation: Mixture of wet and dry evergreen trees • Col1: 3.; Types of Forest: Tropical Moist Deciduous Forests; States/Union Territories: Western Ghats, Eastern Ghats, North Eastern Hills of India,; Species of vegetation: Tall trees, thick trunks, thick bark, long branches with butts, trees drop their leaves in dry season, teak, sal, shisum, bamboo, etc. • Col1: 4.; Types of Forest: Tropical Dry Deciduous Forest; States/Union Territories: Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Northeast Hilly States; Species of vegetation: Acacia, bamboo, Mahuva, sal, teak, etc. • Col1: 5.; Types of Forest: Tropical Torn Forests; States/Union Territories: Black earth region, North-west and Peninsular India; Species of vegetation: Caper, cactus, spurge, stunted fat topped trees (less than ten meters in height) • Col1: 6.; Types of Forest: Tropical Dry Evergreen Forests; States/Union Territories: Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Telangana; Species of vegetation: Hard leaved evergreen trees with fragrant fowers mixed with a few decidu ous trees • Col1: 7.; Types of Forest: Subtropical Broad-leaved Forest; States/Union Territories: Eastern Himalayas, Western Ghats, Silent Valley; Species of vegetation: Cinnamon, fragrant grasses, poonspar, rhodo dendron.”
Why relevant

Table explicitly names jackfruit as a species of Tropical Wet-evergreen Forests (alongside other evergreen taxa).

How to extend

Combine this with the definition of evergreen (snippet 3) to infer jackfruit is more likely evergreen than deciduous in its core range; verify by checking leaf-shedding behavior in those climates.

Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 13: Plant Diversity of India > 13.2.1. Types of Trees: > p. 203
Strength: 4/5
“There are two main types of trees: deciduous and evergreen. (i) Deciduous trees • they lose their leaves for part of the year.• in cold climates, this happens during the autumn so that the trees are bare throughout the winter. • In hot and dry climates, deciduous trees usually lose their leaves during the dry season. • (ii) Evergreen trees • do not lose all their leaves at any time (they always have some foliage). • they do lose their old leaves a little at a time with new ones growing in to replace the old. An evergreen tree is never completely without leaves.”
Why relevant

Gives a clear rule: evergreen trees do not lose all their leaves at any time, while deciduous trees shed leaves seasonally (cold or dry seasons).

How to extend

Use this definition to classify jackfruit by observing whether it ever becomes completely leafless in its native climates (information to be sought externally).

Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 30: Climatic Regions > Tropical Monsoon Forests > p. 433
Strength: 4/5
“• Tropical Monsoon forests are also known as dry-deciduous forests and tropical deciduous forests. The vegetation is most varied, ranging from forests to thickets, and from savanna to scrubland.• Broad-leaved hardwood trees are most common here. They are normally deciduous, because of the marked dry period, during which they shed their leaves to withstand the drought (they shed their leaves to prevent loss of water through evapotranspiration).• The forests are more open and less luxuriant than the equatorial jungle, and there are far fewer species. Where the rainfall is heavy, e.g. in southern Burma, peninsular India, northern Australia and coastal regions with a tropical marine climate, the resultant vegetation is luxuriant.• With a decrease in rainfall in summer, the forests thin out into thorny scrubland or savanna with scattered trees and tall grass.”
Why relevant

Explains that in regions with a marked dry period, broad-leaved tropical trees are 'normally deciduous' to avoid drought stress.

How to extend

A student can map jackfruit's distribution against monsoon/dry-deciduous regions vs wet-evergreen regions to predict whether it behaves as deciduous in drier parts of its range.

Certificate Physical and Human Geography , GC Leong (Oxford University press 3rd ed.) > Chapter 17: The Savanna or Sudan Climate > Natural Vegetation > p. 167
Strength: 3/5
“Trees and plants have to adapt themselves to the savanna climatic rhythm of long winter drought and short summer rain. Both trees and plants are therefore deciduous in nature, shedding their leaves in the cool dry season to prevent excessive loss of water through transpiration and lying dormant during the 17.A The baobab tree is typical of savanna trees. It has an air-water-storing trunk with minimum leaves to reduce transpiration. In true savanna lands, the grass is tall and coarse', growing 2 to 4 metres (6 to 12 feet) high. The elephant grass may attain a height of 5 metres (15 feet) even!”
Why relevant

States savanna and long dry-season climates force trees to be deciduous to reduce transpiration — an example of climate driving leaf-shedding habit.

How to extend

Use this climate–leaf habit principle to hypothesize that jackfruit would be deciduous only if it occurs naturally in strong dry-season (savanna/monsoon-deciduous) environments; otherwise likely evergreen.

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