Question map
Consider the following statements : 1. Amarkantak Hills are at the confluence of Vindhya and Sahyadri Ranges. 2. Biligirirangan Hills constitute the easternmost part of Satpura Range. 3. Seshachalam Hills constitute the southernmost part of Western Ghats. How many of the statements given above are correct?
Explanation
The correct answer is Option 4 (None) because all three statements are geographically inaccurate based on the physical map of India.
- Statement 1 is incorrect: Amarkantak Hills are located at the junction of the Vindhya and Satpura ranges (specifically the Maikal range). The Sahyadris (Western Ghats) are located far to the west and do not meet the Vindhyas at Amarkantak.
- Statement 2 is incorrect: The Biligirirangan Hills (BR Hills) are situated in Karnataka and serve as a biogeographic bridge between the Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats. They are not part of the Satpura Range, which is located in Central India.
- Statement 3 is incorrect: The Seshachalam Hills are part of the Eastern Ghats in Andhra Pradesh. The southernmost part of the Western Ghats is typically identified as the Cardamom Hills or the Agasthyamalai biosphere.
Since none of the statements are factually right, Option 4 is the correct choice.
PROVENANCE & STUDY PATTERN
Full viewThis is a classic 'Map-based Swap Trap'. The examiner tested the specific junctions (knots) and extremities of major ranges. While the text is in Majid Husain/NCERT, the real source is a mental map of Peninsular India. If you visualized the map, this was easy; if you relied on rote text, it was confusing.
This question can be broken into the following sub-statements. Tap a statement sentence to jump into its detailed analysis.
- Statement 1: Are the Amarkantak Hills in India located at the confluence of the Vindhya Range and the Sahyadri (Western Ghats) Range?
- Statement 2: Do the Biligirirangan (BR) Hills in India constitute the easternmost part of the Satpura Range?
- Statement 3: Do the Seshachalam Hills in India constitute the southernmost part of the Western Ghats?
Explicitly identifies Amarkantak (1064 m) as an important peak of the Satpura mountains, linking Amarkantak to the Satpura/Maikal/Satpura system rather than to the Western Ghats.
A student could check a map to see the relative positions of Satpura/Amarkantak versus the Western Ghats to assess whether Amarkantak lies at any Vindhya–Western Ghats junction.
Describes the Deccan Plateau's northern border formed by Satpura, Maikal range and Mahadeo hills, distinguishing these central ranges from the Western Ghats (Sahyadri) on the western edge.
Using this rule, a student can place Satpura/Maikal in central India and Western Ghats along the western coast on a map to judge if they meet at Amarkantak.
Defines the Western Ghats (Sahyadris) as a long north–south range running parallel to the western coast from the Tapi mouth southwards, indicating their general geographic corridor.
Combine this corridor with the central location of Satpura to infer whether the Western Ghats extend inland to meet Satpura/Amarkantak.
States that the Western Ghats separate the Deccan Plateau from the western coastal plain and lists the states they traverse, emphasizing their coastal alignment and southern extent.
A student can use the listed states and coastal alignment on a map to see if the Western Ghats reach eastward to Amarkantak's region.
Includes the Vindhya range in a list of mountain ranges to be located on a map, implying its distinct identity and providing a prompt to compare positions of Vindhya, Satpura (and Amarkantak), and Western Ghats.
A student could mark Vindhya, Satpura/Amarkantak and Western Ghats on an outline map (as the exercise suggests) to evaluate whether Amarkantak lies at a Vindhya–Western Ghats junction.
Lists the components of the Satpura system (Rajpipla Hills, Mahadev Hills and the Maikal Range), indicating which named sub-ranges make up Satpura.
Compare the mapped location of these named sub-ranges with the location of BR Hills to see if BR Hills lie east of them.
States that the Maikal Range forms a connecting link between the Vindhyans and the Satpura mountains, implying Maikal is the known eastern connector/limit of Satpura.
Locate Maikal on a map relative to BR Hills; if Maikal is east of most Satpura elements and BR is farther east or separate, that affects the claim.
Describes Maikal, Mahadev and Kaimur as the eastern extensions of the Deccan plateau and notes the Satpura range flanks the Deccan's broad base in the north—identifying commonly recognized eastern extensions associated with Satpura/peninsular uplands.
Use a map to see whether BR Hills fall within or beyond these named eastern extension ranges.
Characterizes the Satpura range as a series of discontinuous, scarped plateaus forming the northern boundary of the Deccan plateau, suggesting Satpura's extent is not a single continuous linear ridge and has named segments.
Because Satpura is discontinuous, check if BR Hills are a local isolated hill-block or part of a named Satpura segment (e.g., Maikal/Mahadev) on regional maps or geological charts.
Places the Maikal Range among northern/boundary features of the Peninsular upland, reinforcing Maikal's role as a key northern/eastern marker in the peninsular context.
Compare peninsular boundary features (Maikal etc.) with BR Hills’ coordinates to judge whether BR is within the Satpura-linked boundary zone or lies elsewhere.
Explicitly lists Seshachalam (Cuddapah and Anantapur districts) among ranges that continue as part of the Eastern Ghats/continuations south-west of Madurai.
A student could locate Cuddapah/Anantapur on a map to see these hills lie on the eastern side of the peninsula, suggesting they belong to the Eastern Ghats rather than the Western Ghats.
States the Western Ghats run through Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu and end at Kanyakumari at the southern tip of India.
Compare the geographic end-point (Kanyakumari, western/southern extremity) with the location of Seshachalam to judge if Seshachalam could be part of that chain.
Repeated description that the Western Ghats run along the western sea coast and end at Kanyakumari, separating Deccan Plateau from Arabian Sea coast.
Using this rule (Western Ghats = western coastal range), a student can check whether Seshachalam’s location (inland/eastern districts) aligns with that pattern.
States Western Ghats lie parallel to the western coast while Eastern Ghats are along the eastern edge of the Deccan Plateau.
Locate Seshachalam relative to the eastern or western edge of the Deccan Plateau to infer which ghats it more likely belongs to.
Notes Eastern Ghats are lower, broken into smaller hills along the eastern coast and lists the Deccan Plateau between the two ranges.
Since Seshachalam is listed (in 9) among eastern continuations, a student could use the 'broken eastern hills' pattern to see Seshachalam fits the Eastern Ghats profile rather than the continuous western chain.
- [THE VERDICT]: Sitter for Map-Masters, Trap for Text-Skimmers. Source: NCERT Class XI India Physical (Ch 2) + Oxford Student Atlas.
- [THE CONCEPTUAL TRIGGER]: Physiography of Peninsular India > The 'Knots' (Nilgiris, Amarkantak) and 'Terminals' (Southernmost/Easternmost points).
- [THE HORIZONTAL EXPANSION]: Memorize the N-S sequence of Eastern Ghats: Nallamala -> Palkonda -> Javadi -> Shevaroy. Memorize the 'Knots': Nilgiris (WG meets EG), Amarkantak (Radial drainage of Narmada/Son/Mahanadi), BR Hills (Ecological bridge WG-EG). Know the southernmost hill: Cardamom Hills.
- [THE STRATEGIC METACOGNITION]: The examiner loves 'Junctions' and 'Extremities'. When studying a range, never just read the description. Always ask: 'What does it touch?' and 'Where does it end?'. Statement 1 failed because Satpura lies *between* Vindhya and Sahyadri; they don't touch.
The Western Ghats or Sahyadri run parallel to the western coast and separate the Deccan Plateau from the narrow coastal plain.
High-yield for mapping and physiography questions: it links to river origins, state boundaries, biodiversity hotspots and watershed patterns. Mastery helps eliminate wrong options in location and physical-region questions and connects to topics on rivers and ecology.
- INDIA PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT, Geography Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 2: Structure and Physiography > The Deccan Plateau > p. 12
- Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 2: Physiography > 7. The Western Ghats > p. 58
- Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 5: Natural Vegetation and National Parks > Western Ghats: A World Heritage Site > p. 55
Amarkantak (approx. 1064 m) is identified as an important peak of the Satpura mountains.
Crucial for resolving common location confusions (confluence claims); helps answer questions on mountain ranges and source regions of rivers. Knowing specific peaks/ranges prevents misattribution to other ranges like Vindhya or Western Ghats.
- Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 2: Physiography > 2. The South Central Highlands > p. 55
- INDIA PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT, Geography Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 2: Structure and Physiography > The Deccan Plateau > p. 12
Vindhya, Satpura and Maikal ranges form the northern/central highland belt that bounds the Deccan Plateau to the north.
Important for conceptualizing peninsular physiography, drainage divides and plateau limits; useful in questions on regional geomorphology, river basins and historical-cultural geography tied to terrain.
- INDIA PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT, Geography Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 2: Structure and Physiography > The Deccan Plateau > p. 12
- CONTEMPORARY INDIA-I ,Geography, Class IX . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 2: Physical Features of India > MAP SKILLS > p. 15
- Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 2: Physiography > 2. The South Central Highlands > p. 55
Satpura is composed of sub-ranges such as the Rajpipla Hills, Mahadev (Mahadeo) Hills and the Maikal Range.
High-yield for questions on peninsular physiography because identifying constituent ranges clarifies continuity and limits of larger ranges; connects to mapping questions and to understanding links between uplands and river systems.
- Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 2: Physiography > 2. The South Central Highlands > p. 55
- Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 2: Physiography > 2. The South Central Highlands > p. 54
The Maikal Range, Kaimur Hills and Mahadev/Maikal groups form the eastern extensions of central peninsular highlands.
Important for answering questions about how the Deccan plateau and Central Highlands continue eastward; helps differentiate distinct eastern hill systems versus isolated hill groups for location-based questions.
- CONTEMPORARY INDIA-I ,Geography, Class IX . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 2: Physical Features of India > The Peninsular Plateau > p. 12
- INDIA PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT, Geography Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 2: Structure and Physiography > The Deccan Plateau > p. 12
- Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 2: Physiography > 2. The South Central Highlands > p. 54
The Peninsular Block has defined northern boundaries and relict/residual mountain systems that determine the position of ranges like the Satpura.
Useful for integrative UPSC questions on physiographic divisions, drainage directions and inter-relationships of plateaus and ranges; aids in eliminating incorrect locational claims on maps and in descriptive answers.
- Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 2: Physiography > Physiography and Relief Features of Peninsular India > p. 52
- INDIA PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT, Geography Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 2: Structure and Physiography > THE PENINSULAR BLOCK > p. 8
- INDIA PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT, Geography Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 2: Structure and Physiography > The Central Highlands > p. 13
Seshachalam Hills are a continuation of the Eastern Ghats in the Cuddapah and Anantapur districts.
High-yield for map and physiography questions: distinguishing which hill ranges belong to the Eastern Ghats versus Western Ghats helps in answering questions on regional geology, river systems and district/state-level geography. It enables elimination of wrong options about range affiliation in multiple-choice and analytical questions.
- Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 2: Physiography > 8. The Eastern Ghats > p. 62
The 'Moyar Trench' or 'Moyar Valley'. Since they asked about BR Hills (the link), the next logical question is the physical separation feature between the Nilgiris and the Mysore Plateau/BR Hills. Also, look out for the 'Palghat Gap' separating Nilgiris and Anaimalai.
Linguistic & Logic Hack: 'Seshachalam' is a distinctly Telugu name (associated with Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh). The Western Ghats run through MH, KA, KL, TN. They do not touch Andhra Pradesh. Therefore, Seshachalam cannot be Western Ghats. Statement 3 eliminated.
Environment (GS3): The Biligirirangan Hills (BRT Tiger Reserve) act as a critical 'Tiger Gene Bridge' between the Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats populations. Geography dictates genetic diversity here.