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Q78 (IAS/2023) Geography › World Human & Economic Geography › Global humanitarian issues Official Key

Which one of the following countries has been suffering from decades of civil strife and food shortages and was in news in the recent past for its very severe famine?

Result
Your answer:  ·  Correct: D
Explanation

The correct answer is Option 4 (Somalia). This selection is accurate based on the country's protracted history of instability and recent humanitarian crises.

  • Decades of Civil Strife: Somalia has lacked a stable central government since the collapse of the Siad Barre regime in 1991, leading to prolonged conflict involving warlords, clans, and extremist groups like Al-Shabaab.
  • Severe Famine: The Horn of Africa region, particularly Somalia, faced a catastrophic famine in 2011 and near-famine conditions in 2017 and 2022-23 due to the worst drought in forty years, exacerbated by global supply chain disruptions.
  • Comparison: While Angola had a long civil war, it has been relatively stable since 2002. Costa Rica and Ecuador are in Latin America; Costa Rica is notably peaceful with no military, and while Ecuador faces recent unrest, it has not experienced decades of civil war or severe famine like Somalia.

Therefore, Somalia’s combination of persistent conflict and recurring acute food insecurity makes it the most fitting answer.

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Q. Which one of the following countries has been suffering from decades of civil strife and food shortages and was in news in the recent pas…
At a glance
Origin: Mostly Current Affairs Fairness: Low / Borderline fairness Books / CA: 0/10 · 2.5/10
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This is a 'Headline to History' question. While triggered by the 2023 Horn of Africa drought news, the answer relies on the country's static reputation (Somalia = Civil War + Famine). If you track 'Conflict Zones' in your map work, this is a sitter; otherwise, it requires specific current affairs recall.

How this question is built

This question can be broken into the following sub-statements. Tap a statement sentence to jump into its detailed analysis.

Statement 1
Has Angola experienced decades of civil strife and food shortages and been in the news in 2023 for a very severe famine?
Origin: Weak / unclear Fairness: Borderline / guessy
Indirect textbook clues
Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 8: Natural Hazards and Disaster Management > Causes of Famines > p. 83
Strength: 4/5
“Africa has witnessed a catastrophic growth in the incidence of both mass starvation and chronic hunger. Te famine vulnerable countries of the world have been shown in Fig. 8.32. It may be observed from Fig. 8.32 that the worst afected areas of famine lie in the continent of Africa. Te Sahel region, stretching over Somalia, Ethiopia, Sudan, Chad, Niger, Nigeria, Mali, Mauritania, Burkina Faso and Madagascar record one famine year after almost every two years. Te deaths in the famines of the decade of 1990s were in millions. Te other highly vulnerable areas to famines are Mongolia, western parts of China, parts of Afghanistan, Iran, Baluchistan, Sindh (Pakistan), Bangladesh, Myanmar, parts of India Central American countries and parts of Bolivia and Paraguay (Fig.”
Why relevant

Says the worst-affected areas of famine lie in Africa and lists regions/countries where famine is frequent, establishing Africa as a continent with recurrent severe food crises.

How to extend

A student could note that Angola is an African country (from a map) and therefore plausibly vulnerable, then check country-specific histories and 2023 news for confirmation.

Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 8: Natural Hazards and Disaster Management > Causes of Famines > p. 82
Strength: 5/5
“Te administration can reduce the miseries of such people by an efective Public Distribution System (PDS) through which the edibles and essential commodities are provided at a cheaper rate. Hunger and famine in particular, is intolerable in the modern world because it is unnecessary and unwarranted (Sen and Dreze, 1989). Famine causation has often been linked to natural disasters, population growth and war, producing a reduction in food supply. But some major famines (for example, Bengal in 1943) were not preceded by a signifcant decline in food production or absolute availability, and in some cases have been associated with food export.”
Why relevant

States famine causation is often linked to war and that famines can occur even without production declines, highlighting a pattern where conflict produces severe food shortages.

How to extend

Since the statement mentions decades of civil strife, a student could combine this rule with independent knowledge that prolonged conflict can create famine-like conditions and then look up Angola's conflict history and 2023 reports.

Certificate Physical and Human Geography , GC Leong (Oxford University press 3rd ed.) > Chapter 29: World Population > Some Basic Population Problems > p. 298
Strength: 3/5
“India, China, Indonesia, Zaire). It is most disheartening to note that the countries of Monsoon Asia which can ill-afford any further increases in population register some of the greatest population increases. According to a recent United Nations survey, four out of five people in the world are probably underfed. Many of the Asian countries suffer acute shortages of food and many people perish in famines every year. The problem of food shortages is greatest in China, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Indonesia, where there are far more mouths to be fed than there are crops to be harvested. For clothing, Asia's needs are not too great, thanks to its tropical climate.”
Why relevant

Notes that many African countries suffer acute food shortages and high undernourishment, giving an example list that frames Africa-wide vulnerability to famine.

How to extend

Use this general pattern plus a world map to treat Angola as among many vulnerable African states and then consult specific humanitarian data or news for Angola in 2023.

Economics, Class IX . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 4: Food Security in India > Why food security? > p. 42
Strength: 4/5
“It creates a shortage of food in the affected areas. Due to shortage of food, the prices goes up. At the high prices, some people cannot afford to buy food. If such calamity happens in a very wide spread area or is stretched over a longer time period, it may cause a situation of starvation. A massive starvation might take a turn of famine. A Famine is characterised by wide spread deaths due to starvation and”
Why relevant

Provides a working definition of famine as widespread starvation and deaths caused by prolonged shortage of food, clarifying what 'very severe famine' would mean.

How to extend

A student could apply this definition to 2023 reports about Angola to judge whether reported conditions meet the threshold of a 'very severe famine'.

Economics, Class IX . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 4: Food Security in India > Suggested Activity > p. 44
Strength: 2/5
“Nothing like Bengal famine has happened in India again. It is, however, disturbing to note that even today, famine like conditions exist in many parts of the country, leading to starvation deaths at times. Natural calamities and pandemics may also lead to food shortage. For example Covid-19 pandemic had an adverse impact upon the food security. Restriction on movement of people and goods and services impacted economic activity. Therefore food security is needed in a country to ensure food at all times, including calamities and pandemics Who are food-insecure? Although a large section of people suffer from food and nutrition insecurity in India, the worst affected groups are landless people with little or no land to depend upon, traditional artisans, providers of traditional services, petty selfemployed workers and destitutes including beggars.”
Why relevant

Explains that natural calamities and pandemics can lead to food shortages and famine-like conditions, showing multiple pathways (not only war) to severe food crises.

How to extend

Combine this with knowledge of recent global shocks (e.g., pandemic, climate events) to consider alternative or compounding causes for any 2023 food emergency in Angola and then check reporting for causes.

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Statement analysis

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Statement analysis

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