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Q49 (IAS/2024) Economy › Money, Banking & Inflation › Banking structure Official Key

With reference to the rule/rules imposed by the Reserve Bank of India while treating foreign banks, consider the following statements : 1. There is no minimum capital requirement for wholly owned banking subsidiaries in India. 2. For wholly owned banking subsidiaries in India, at least 50% of the board members should be Indian nationals. Which of the statements given above is/are correct ?

Result
Your answer:  ·  Correct: D
Explanation

The correct answer is option D (Neither 1 nor 2) because both statements are incorrect.

**Statement 1 is incorrect:** The WOS (Wholly Owned Subsidiaries) will have a minimum capital requirement of Rs. 300[1] crore, i.e., Rs 3 billion. WOS of foreign banks would be treated at par with the new private sector banks in regard to minimum capital requirement (i.e. initial minimum capital of Rs.300 crore)[2]. Therefore, there is indeed a minimum capital requirement, not none as the statement claims.

**Statement 2 is also incorrect:** Not less than 50 per cent of the directors should be Indian nationals resident in India[3]. More specifically, a minimum of 50% of directors must be Indian Nationals/NRIs/PIOs, with at least one-third being resident Indian Nationals[4]. The statement's requirement is subtly different - it requires at least 50% to be Indian nationals (implying resident), but the actual rule allows Indian Nationals/NRIs/PIOs to constitute 50%, with only one-third needing to be resident Indian nationals.

Since both statements are incorrect, the answer is option D.

Sources
  1. [1] https://dea.gov.in/files/annual_reports_documents/AR_ENGLISH.pdf
  2. [2] https://wtocentre.iift.ac.in/CBP/FDI%20Policy%20in%20Banking_Shri%20Shashank%20Saxena.pdf
  3. [3] https://rbi.org.in/upload/content/images/Annexure.html
How others answered
Each bar shows the % of students who chose that option. Green bar = correct answer, blue outline = your choice.
Community Performance
Out of everyone who attempted this question.
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got it right
PROVENANCE & STUDY PATTERN
Full view
Don’t just practise – reverse-engineer the question. This panel shows where this PYQ came from (books / web), how the examiner broke it into hidden statements, and which nearby micro-concepts you were supposed to learn from it. Treat it like an autopsy of the question: what might have triggered it, which exact lines in the book matter, and what linked ideas you should carry forward to future questions.
Q. With reference to the rule/rules imposed by the Reserve Bank of India while treating foreign banks, consider the following statements : …
At a glance
Origin: Mostly Current Affairs Fairness: Low / Borderline fairness Books / CA: 0/10 · 10/10

This question is a 'Logical Sitter' disguised as a 'Factual Bouncer'. While the specific board composition rule (50%) is obscure regulatory minutiae, Statement 1 ('No minimum capital') is financially absurd. No central bank allows a bank to open with zero capital. The strategy is to use 'Regulatory Common Sense' to kill S1, then make an educated guess on S2 based on the principle of 'Localisation'.

How this question is built

This question can be broken into the following sub-statements. Tap a statement sentence to jump into its detailed analysis.

Statement 1
What minimum capital requirement does the Reserve Bank of India (as of 2024) impose on wholly owned banking subsidiaries of foreign banks in India?
Origin: Web / Current Affairs Fairness: CA heavy Web-answerable

Web source
Presence: 5/5
"The WOS will have a minimum capital requirement of Rs. 300 crore, i.e., Rs 3 billion"
Why this source?
  • Explicitly states the minimum capital requirement for WOS of foreign banks.
  • Gives the amount both in rupees and in words (Rs. 300 crore = Rs 3 billion), directly answering the question.
Web source
Presence: 4/5
"WOS of foreign banks would be treated at par with the new private sector banks in regard to minimum capital requirement (i.e. initial minimum capital of Rs.300 crore)"
Why this source?
  • Treats WOS of foreign banks at par with new private sector banks regarding minimum capital.
  • Specifies the initial minimum capital as Rs. 300 crore.

Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 2: Money and Banking- Part I > 2 Money and Banking- Part I > p. 94
Strength: 5/5
“In India RBI has kept Capital Adequacy Requirement of 11.5% (including 2.5% capital conservation buffer). • Tier 1 Capital (Equity and Equity like capital) = 7%: Tier 2 Capital (Bonds); Col2: = 2% • Tier 1 Capital (Equity and Equity like capital) = 7%: Capital Conservation Buffer (Equity capital); Col2: = 2.5% • Tier 1 Capital (Equity and Equity like capital) = 7%: Minimum Total capital requirement; Col2: = 11.5%”
Why relevant

States RBI's current overall minimum capital adequacy requirement under Basel III: total capital 11.5% (including 2.5% conservation buffer and Tier‑1 7%).

How to extend

A student could use this as a baseline regulatory minimum to compare against any specific subsidiary paid‑up capital or capital‑adequacy floor the RBI might set for foreign bank subsidiaries.

Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 2: Money and Banking- Part I > 2 Money and Banking- Part I > p. 95
Strength: 4/5
“Scheduled Commercial Banks have achieved the minimum Basel III capital requirement. The higher the capital is above the regulatory minimum, the greater the freedom banks have to make loans. The closer bank capital is to the minimum, the less inclined banks are to lend. If capital falls below the regulatory minimum, banks cannot lend or face restrictions on lending. When loans go bad and turn into non-performing assets (NPAs) banks have to make provisions for potential losses (i.e., banks are required to keep certain funds in reserve which they can't lend and is called provisioning against NPAs). This tends to erode bank capital and put brakes on loan growth.”
Why relevant

Notes that Scheduled Commercial Banks have to meet the minimum Basel III capital requirement and that falling below regulatory minima restricts lending.

How to extend

One could infer that RBI expects entities operating as SCBs in India (including subsidiaries) to meet Basel III minima, so look for any additional RBI rule that adds a numeric subsidiary floor on top of Basel minima.

Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 8: Financial Market > Basel-I Norms > p. 234
Strength: 4/5
“• In 1988, the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) introduced a capital measurement system called Basel Capital Accord, also known as Basel-I. • It focused only on credit risk. • It prescribed minimum capital requirement at 8 per cent of the Risk Weighted Assets (RWA) for banks. • India adopted Basel-I norms in the year 1999. Under Basel-I, the RBI issued guidelines to maintain a CRAR (Capital to Risk Assets Ratio) or CAR (Capital Adequacy Ratio) of 9 per cent by every SCB. CRAR - It is defined as the proportion of bank's total risk-weighted assets that are held in the form of shareholders' equity and certain other defined class of capital.”
Why relevant

Gives historical context: Basel accords set minimum capital ratios (Basel I: 8% RWA; India applied CRAR norms and earlier RBI guidance set CRAR targets).

How to extend

Use this pattern (Basel norms -> RBI adoption -> possible higher domestic floors) to suspect RBI might specify either a ratio or a paid‑up capital amount for foreign subsidiaries; check which form (ratio vs absolute amount) is used.

Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 7: Money and Banking > Criteria for Recognition as Scheduled Commercial Bank > p. 175
Strength: 3/5
“• It should have paid-up capital and reserves of not less than ₹5 lakh, and • It should satisfy the RBI that their affairs are not being conducted in a manner detrimental to the interest of their depositors. Banks not listed under this Schedule are called Non-Scheduled Banks. In India, all banks are Scheduled banks except for few Local Area Banks (LABs) and few Urban Co-operative Banks (UCBs). SCBs in India are categorised into five different groups as follows: • State Bank of India • \overline{2}. Nationalised Banks • Indian Private Banks • Private Sector Foreign Banks • 5. Regional Rural Banks”
Why relevant

Provides an example of an absolute paid‑up capital threshold used in Indian bank regulation (₹5 lakh) for recognition as a scheduled bank.

How to extend

A student could reason RBI sometimes uses absolute capital amounts in rules, so they should check whether the subsidiary requirement is an absolute paid‑up capital figure (like this example) rather than only a capital‑adequacy ratio.

Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 7: Money and Banking > 24. Private Sector Foreign Banks > p. 178
Strength: 3/5
“RBI, in 2005, released a first-ever document for the presence of Foreign Banks in India. Foreign Banks that desire to open a branch in India need to apply to RBI stating all the details about their shareholders' financial position, etc. Most of the Foreign Banks are focussed on trade finance, external commercial borrowings, wholesale lending, investment banking and treasury services. Examples of Private Sector Foreign Banks include CitiBank, HSBC, Deutsche Bank, American Express, etc.”
Why relevant

Describes RBI’s regulatory oversight of foreign banks seeking presence in India and that applicants must disclose shareholders' financial position.

How to extend

This indicates RBI imposes entry/structural conditions on foreign banks — prompting a search for a specific RBI circular or guideline that lays out a minimum capital requirement for wholly owned subsidiaries.

Statement 2
What are the Reserve Bank of India (as of 2024) rules on the nationality composition of the board of directors for wholly owned banking subsidiaries of foreign banks in India, specifically whether at least 50% of board members must be Indian nationals?
Origin: Web / Current Affairs Fairness: CA heavy Web-answerable

Web source
Presence: 5/5
"* Not less than 50 per cent of the directors should be Indian nationals resident in India."
Why this source?
  • This is an RBI source specifying board composition requirements for WOS of foreign banks.
  • It explicitly states the 50% nationality requirement for directors.
Web source
Presence: 4/5
"At minimum 50 percent of directors must be Indian nationals, Non-Resident Indians, or Persons of Indian Origin, with one-third being resident Indian nationals."
Why this source?
  • Summarizes corporate-governance localization requirements referencing the same 50% threshold.
  • Adds the nuance that the 50% can include Indian nationals, NRIs, or PIOs, with one-third being resident Indian nationals.
Web source
Presence: 4/5
"namely, that a minimum of 50% of directors must be Indian Nationals/NRIs/PIOs, with at least one-third being resident Indian Nationals."
Why this source?
  • Legal/industry discussion restating RBI's nationality and residency norms for WOS boards.
  • Specifies the minimum 50% requirement and the one-third resident Indian nationals element.

Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 2: Money and Banking- Part I > Commercial Banks > p. 66
Strength: 5/5
“• A license is required from RBI to commence banking operations, opening of new bank branches and closing of branches or change in the location of existing branches. RBI regulates merger, amalgamation and winding up of banks. (For shifting, merger and closure of urban branches, now no approval is required)• RBI issues various guidelines for directors of banks and also has powers to appoint additional directors on the board of a banking company. Commercial Banks (except PSBs) need prior approval of RBI for appointment/re-appointment/termination of Chairman, Whole-time Directors, Managing Director and CEO. RBI can appoint additional directors in commercial banks (except PSBs).”
Why relevant

Says RBI issues guidelines for directors of banks and has powers to appoint additional directors and to approve senior appointments in commercial banks (except PSBs).

How to extend

A student could infer RBI likely regulates board composition and then check RBI master directions or subsidiary-specific circulars to see if nationality requirements (eg. ≥50% Indian nationals) are mandated.

Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 7: Money and Banking > 24. Private Sector Foreign Banks > p. 178
Strength: 4/5
“RBI, in 2005, released a first-ever document for the presence of Foreign Banks in India. Foreign Banks that desire to open a branch in India need to apply to RBI stating all the details about their shareholders' financial position, etc. Most of the Foreign Banks are focussed on trade finance, external commercial borrowings, wholesale lending, investment banking and treasury services. Examples of Private Sector Foreign Banks include CitiBank, HSBC, Deutsche Bank, American Express, etc.”
Why relevant

Notes RBI published a document (2005) on presence of foreign banks in India and that foreign banks must apply to RBI with shareholder details to open branches.

How to extend

One could use this pattern (RBI guidance for foreign bank presence) to search RBI notifications on foreign bank subsidiaries for any board nationality rules.

Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 7: Money and Banking > Criteria for Recognition as Scheduled Commercial Bank > p. 175
Strength: 3/5
“• It should have paid-up capital and reserves of not less than ₹5 lakh, and • It should satisfy the RBI that their affairs are not being conducted in a manner detrimental to the interest of their depositors. Banks not listed under this Schedule are called Non-Scheduled Banks. In India, all banks are Scheduled banks except for few Local Area Banks (LABs) and few Urban Co-operative Banks (UCBs). SCBs in India are categorised into five different groups as follows: • State Bank of India • \overline{2}. Nationalised Banks • Indian Private Banks • Private Sector Foreign Banks • 5. Regional Rural Banks”
Why relevant

Shows RBI classifies banks (including 'Private Sector Foreign Banks') and sets criteria for recognition, indicating RBI's role in regulatory categorization of foreign-owned banks.

How to extend

A student might use this to justify checking regulatory criteria for recognition or licensing of a 'wholly owned subsidiary' for any director nationality conditions.

Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 2: Money and Banking- Part I > 2.25 GIFT (Gujarat International Financial Tech) City > p. 104
Strength: 3/5
“• IFSC is deemed to be a foreign territory and entities approved as IFSC unit are treated as non-resident in India. Therefore, RBI ODI (Overseas Direct Investment, which means investments outside India) Rules are applicable on investments in IFSC. Accordingly, Indian parties are allowed under Automatic route to make investment in IFSC entities and that shall be treated as ODI.• Individual person resident in India is allowed to invest up to USD 2, 50,000 per financial year under Liberalized Remittance Scheme (LRS) outside India or in IFSC.• Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) has established its subsidiary in IFSC called India International Exchange (India-INX) where any foreign company can list its securities (shares/bonds/derivatives).”
Why relevant

Explains IFSC units are treated as foreign territory and that RBI ODI rules apply differently, highlighting that location/type (IFSC vs onshore) can change applicability of RBI rules.

How to extend

This suggests a student should distinguish onshore wholly owned subsidiaries from IFSC units when testing whether a nationality quota for board members applies.

Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 7: Money and Banking > 7.6 Indian Economy > p. 162
Strength: 2/5
“• The financial year of RBI runs from 1<sup>st</sup> of July to 30<sup>th</sup> of June.• RBI has four fully owned subsidiaries, namely: a • 1. Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation of India (DICGC) • 2. Bharatiya Reserve Bank Note Mudran Private Limited (BRBNMPL) • Reserve Bank Information Technology Private Limited (ReBIT) 3. Indian Financial Technology and Allied Services (IFTAS) 4. Presently, the Reserve Bank of India has Shri Shaktikanta Das as the Governor and four Deputy Governors, namely, Shri B. P. Kanungo, Shri Mahesh Kumar Jain, Dr. M. D. Patra and Shri M. Rajeswar Rao.”
Why relevant

Lists RBI's own fully owned subsidiaries, indicating RBI's practice of specifying governance for subsidiary entities.

How to extend

A student can reason that if RBI sets governance norms for its subsidiaries, it may similarly set governance expectations for foreign-bank subsidiaries, prompting a targeted search of RBI subsidiary/foreign bank governance guidelines.

Pattern takeaway: UPSC consistently tests the 'Differentiation Matrix' of banking licenses. They will mix up rules for Payment Banks, Small Finance Banks, Foreign Bank Branches, and WOS. The pattern is to swap 'Capital Requirements' or 'Lending Restrictions' between these categories.
How you should have studied
  1. [THE VERDICT]: Logical Sitter. While the source is the specific RBI 'Scheme for setting up of Wholly Owned Subsidiaries (WOS) by foreign banks', Statement 1 can be eliminated by basic economic logic.
  2. [THE CONCEPTUAL TRIGGER]: Banking Regulation > Foreign Banks in India > Modes of Presence (Branch vs. Wholly Owned Subsidiary).
  3. [THE HORIZONTAL EXPANSION]: Compare WOS vs. Branch mode: 1) Capital: WOS needs ₹500 Cr (initial min), Branch needs $25 million. 2) PSL: WOS = 40% (same as domestic), Branch (<20 branches) = 40% but different sub-targets. 3) Governance: WOS needs local board (50% Indians), Branch does not. 4) Expansion: WOS gets near-national treatment for branch opening, Branch needs specific approvals.
  4. [THE STRATEGIC METACOGNITION]: When studying a specific banking license type (SFB, Payment Bank, WOS), always memorize the 'Entry Barrier' (Capital) and the 'Control Lever' (Board Composition/Voting Rights). RBI encourages WOS mode to 'ring-fence' capital within India; knowing this intent helps derive the rules.
Concept hooks from this question
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 Basel III capital adequacy (RBI minimum total capital ratio)
💡 The insight

Understanding RBI's minimum total capital ratio is essential when asking about any capital requirement for banks operating in India.

High-yield for questions on bank regulation and financial stability; links to topics on Basel norms, bank solvency and lending capacity. Mastery helps answer questions on regulatory buffers, why regulators restrict lending when capital nears minimums, and differences between Tier 1/Tier 2 components.

📚 Reading List :
  • Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 2: Money and Banking- Part I > 2 Money and Banking- Part I > p. 94
  • Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 2: Money and Banking- Part I > 2 Money and Banking- Part I > p. 95
🔗 Anchor: "What minimum capital requirement does the Reserve Bank of India (as of 2024) imp..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 Recognition criteria for Scheduled Commercial Banks (minimum paid-up capital)
💡 The insight

Minimum paid-up capital and reserves requirements determine which banking entities qualify as scheduled banks and frame baseline capital questions.

Useful for questions on bank classification, regulatory thresholds and bank licensing; connects to banking regulation, deposit insurance coverage and differences between scheduled and non-scheduled banks. Enables answering policy and institutional-design questions about entry conditions for banks.

📚 Reading List :
  • Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 7: Money and Banking > Criteria for Recognition as Scheduled Commercial Bank > p. 175
🔗 Anchor: "What minimum capital requirement does the Reserve Bank of India (as of 2024) imp..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 Regulatory entry and oversight of foreign banks in India
💡 The insight

Regulations governing foreign banks' presence (branches, subsidiaries) are directly relevant when asking about capital rules for wholly owned subsidiaries.

Important for questions on foreign bank operations, branch vs subsidiary distinctions and RBI's supervisory role; helps frame why different capital or structural requirements might apply to foreign entities and how RBI evaluates applicants.

📚 Reading List :
  • Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 7: Money and Banking > 24. Private Sector Foreign Banks > p. 178
🔗 Anchor: "What minimum capital requirement does the Reserve Bank of India (as of 2024) imp..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 RBI approval for director and senior management appointments
💡 The insight

RBI must give prior approval for appointment, re-appointment and termination of Chairman, Whole-time Directors, Managing Director and CEO of commercial banks (except PSBs).

High-yield for questions on banking regulation and corporate governance: explains how RBI exercises control over bank leadership and appointments, links to issues of accountability and regulatory oversight; useful for answering questions on bank governance, regulatory limits, and comparative roles of the RBI and government.

📚 Reading List :
  • Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 2: Money and Banking- Part I > Commercial Banks > p. 66
🔗 Anchor: "What are the Reserve Bank of India (as of 2024) rules on the nationality composi..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 Regulatory framework for foreign banks' presence in India
💡 The insight

Foreign banks seeking to open branches in India must apply to the RBI and provide details about shareholders' financial position and other disclosures.

Important for questions on foreign bank operations, entry conditions and cross-border banking norms: clarifies RBI's gatekeeping role for foreign entrants and connects to topics like capital controls, market access and financial stability.

📚 Reading List :
  • Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 7: Money and Banking > 24. Private Sector Foreign Banks > p. 178
🔗 Anchor: "What are the Reserve Bank of India (as of 2024) rules on the nationality composi..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 Government majority shareholding grants board appointment powers in PSBs
💡 The insight

Specific Acts requiring government majority shareholding and voting power empower the government to appoint Boards of Directors of Public Sector Banks.

Essential for understanding state control of public sector banks and governance implications: links to questions on bank nationalization, political oversight, governance failures, and reform proposals for PSU banks.

📚 Reading List :
  • Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 3: Money and Banking - Part II > P J NAYAK Committee > p. 128
  • Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 3: Money and Banking - Part II > P J NAYAK Committee > p. 129
🔗 Anchor: "What are the Reserve Bank of India (as of 2024) rules on the nationality composi..."
🌑 The Hidden Trap

The 'Ring-Fencing' Clause: A WOS is a separate legal entity from the parent foreign bank. If the parent bank collapses globally (like SVB or Lehman), the assets/capital of the Indian WOS cannot be easily pulled out to save the parent. This is why RBI prefers WOS over the Branch model.

⚡ Elimination Cheat Code

Apply the 'Prudential Absurdity' filter. Statement 1 claims 'No minimum capital requirement.' In a Basel III world, Capital is the primary buffer against risk. It is impossible for a conservative regulator like RBI to allow a foreign entity to handle Indian public money with zero minimum capital. S1 is false -> Answer is B or D.

🔗 Mains Connection

Mains GS-3 (Financial Stability) & GS-2 (Sovereignty): The WOS policy is a classic example of 'Financial Localisation'. It protects the domestic economy from 'Global Contagion' (imported recessions), ensuring that Indian depositors aren't penalized for a bank's failure in the US or Europe.

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SIMILAR QUESTIONS

IAS · 2025 · Q4 Relevance score: 2.61

Consider the following statements : I. The Reserve Bank of India mandates all the listed companies in India to submit a Business Responsibility and Sustainability Report (BRSR). II. In India, a company submitting a BRSR makes disclosures in the report that are largely non-financial in nature. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

IAS · 2018 · Q96 Relevance score: 2.58

With reference to the governance of public sector banking in India, consider the following statements : 1. Capital infusion into public sector banks by the Government of India has steadily increased in the last decade. 2. To put the public sector banks in order, the merger of associate banks with the parent State Bank of India has been affected. Which of the statements given above is/are correct ?

IAS · 2001 · Q54 Relevance score: 2.44

Consider the following statements regarding Reserve Bank of India : I. It is a banker to the Central Government. II. It formulates and administers monetary policy. III. It acts as an agent of the Government in respect of India’s membership of IMF. IV. It handles the borrowing programme of Government of India. Which of these statements are correct ?

IAS · 2010 · Q24 Relevance score: 2.12

With reference to the Non-banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) in India, consider the following statements : 1. They cannot engage in the acquisition of securities issued by the government. 2. They cannot accept demand deposits like Savings Account. Which of the statements given above is/are correct ?