Consider the following countries : I. United Arab Emirates II. France III. Germany IV. Singapore V. Bangladesh How many countries amongst the above are there other than India where international merchant payments are accepted under UPI?

Lists 'Cross Border Money Transfer (UAE Exchange Centre)' among types of payment system operators authorized by RBI/NPCI, indicating NPCI ecosystem includes cross‑border transfer links and a UAE‑named operator example.

A student could check whether NPCI's cross‑border arrangements have been extended from transfer services to merchant‑acceptance in the UAE (e.g., UPI acceptance by UAE merchants).

Explicitly lists Unified Payments Interface (UPI) as a core retail payment system operated under NPCI, highlighting UPI's centrality in India's payment infrastructure.

One could infer that if NPCI pursues internationalisation, UPI is the likely instrument to be offered abroad and then check announcements or partner bank integrations in the UAE.

Describes NPCI as the umbrella organisation for retail payments and settlement systems in India, implying NPCI would drive any international roll‑out of UPI.

A student could use this to focus searches on NPCI agreements or memoranda with UAE payments networks or acquirers to confirm merchant acceptance.

Notes India‑UAE Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) and strengthened economic ties since 2022, which creates a policy/commerce context conducive to bilateral fintech cooperation.

One could plausibly look for fintech/payment provisions or post‑CEPA pilot programs between India and UAE enabling UPI acceptance by merchants.

Explains e‑RUPI is 'powered by NPCI's UPI platform', illustrating UPI's ability to underpin new payment products (showing technical adaptability beyond simple P2P use).

A student might infer UPI's platform versatility could be adapted for international merchant payments and then verify whether such adaptations were implemented in the UAE.

Lists UPI as one of the retail payment systems operated/oversighted by NPCI, showing UPI is a core Indian retail payment rail.

A student could use this to infer that acceptance abroad would require NPCI/UPI to link with foreign acquiring networks or partner operators; check for such partnerships or authorisations involving France.

Explains NPCI is the umbrella organisation running retail payments (including UPI), so cross-border merchant acceptance depends on NPCI's international arrangements.

One could look for NPCI announcements or MoUs with French banks/acquirers or global payment networks permitting UPI transactions in France.

Mentions different types of payment operators authorised by RBI, including 'Card Payment Network (MasterCard, VISA)' and 'Cross Border Money Transfer' operators, implying international acceptance often relies on global card/acquirer networks or specific cross‑border schemes.

A student could check whether UPI has been integrated with international card networks or cross‑border schemes that operate in France to enable merchant acceptance there.

States e‑RUPI is powered by NPCI's UPI platform, demonstrating NPCI can power specialised payment instruments—implying NPCI/UPI can be extended to non‑domestic use via partnerships or technical adaptations.

Use this to justify investigating whether NPCI has extended UPI's technical rails to support international merchant APIs or pilot programmes in France.

Discusses UPI as a transformative domestic payment innovation (question about consequences), indicating its rapid adoption domestically which could motivate international expansion.

A student might infer that high domestic uptake could prompt NPCI to pursue international acceptance and therefore search for news of UPI acceptance pilots or rollouts in France.

Lists UPI among payment systems operated/oversighted by Indian authorities (NPCI/RBI), indicating UPI is a formal, operated retail payment rail.

A student could check whether NPCI has set up formal cross‑border arrangements or integrations with German PSPs/banks to enable UPI acceptance there.

Describes NPCI as the umbrella operator for retail payments (including UPI) and an institutional actor that can make partnerships.

One could look for NPCI partnership announcements or gateway integrations with European/ German payment networks enabling merchant acceptance.

Mentions types of payment operators including 'Cross Border Money Transfer' as a distinct category, implying cross‑border payment functionality typically requires special arrangements beyond domestic rails like UPI.

Use this pattern to infer that merchant acceptance in another country likely requires explicit cross‑border schemes or correspondent arrangements; check if such schemes were established for UPI→Germany.

India's participation in international digital‑payments initiatives (Better Than Cash Alliance) shows engagement in cross‑country digital payment dialogue and potential for cooperation.

A student could search for outcomes of that cooperation or bilateral fintech agreements with EU/German bodies that might enable UPI acceptance abroad.

Explains UPI's nature as a mobile-enabled bank-to-bank transfer system and its domestic utility, suggesting UPI was designed primarily for domestic transactions.

From this, infer that for UPI to be accepted by German merchants there must be either international acceptance of UPI QR/tokens or conversion intermediaries—so check for such technical/merchant integrations in Germany.

Lists UPI among key Indian retail payment systems and notes NPCI (operator) is a non-bank payments operator authorized by RBI.

A student could use this to focus enquiries on NPCI-led cross‑border arrangements (e.g., bilateral tie-ups) to see if UPI acceptance in Singapore resulted from such partnerships.

Identifies types of authorised payment system operators including 'Cross Border Money Transfer' and states NPCI operates retail payment systems under PSS Act.

One could check whether NPCI has implemented a cross‑border service or partnership (with Singapore payment networks) that extends UPI to foreign merchants.

Describes NPCI as the umbrella organisation operating retail payments and settlements in India (i.e., the institutional owner of UPI).

Use this to trace official NPCI announcements or MOUs with Singapore entities to infer whether UPI acceptance abroad (Singapore) was enabled.

Shows UPI is a platform powering other digital instruments (e-RUPI), demonstrating UPI's technical role beyond simple bank transfers.

A student might infer UPI's platform nature makes cross‑border extensions technically plausible and then check for concrete cross‑border deployments in Singapore.

India's membership of the UN Better Than Cash Alliance indicates engagement in international digital‑payments policy and peer learning.

This suggests searching international cooperation records (e.g., between India and Singapore) that could have led to UPI acceptance by Singapore merchants.

Defines UPI as a mobile-enabled payment system for transfers between bank accounts — establishes the technology and domestic use-case that would need to be extended for cross-border merchant payments.

A student could use this to ask whether Bangladesh merchants/banks have implemented compatible interfaces or bilateral arrangements to accept mobile-to-bank UPI transfers.

Lists types of payment operators authorised by the RBI and explicitly mentions 'Cross Border Money Transfer (UAE Exchange Centre)', implying India/NPCl systems can be used for some cross-border flows.

One could check whether similar NPCI/UPI cross‑border arrangements exist with Bangladesh (e.g., bilateral NPCI agreements or local operator integrations).

Shows UPI is one of the retail payment systems overseen in India under NPCI — indicates UPI is an institutionalised domestic rail administered by NPCI that would require formal extensions for international acceptance.

A student might investigate whether NPCI has signed interoperability or regulatory approvals with Bangladesh payment authorities or banks to enable merchant acceptance.

Describes NPCI as the umbrella organisation for retail payments in India — highlights that NPCI would be the actor to negotiate/operate any cross‑border UPI acceptance.

Use this to target searches for NPCI announcements or MOUs with Bangladeshi counterparts about UPI merchant acceptance.

Explains e-RUPI is powered by NPCI's UPI platform and is redeemable only at specific centres — illustrates that even NPCI-based instruments can be geographically restricted by redemption rules.

A student could infer that UPI-based payments may require explicit acceptance rules and check whether such redemption/acceptance zones have been expanded to include Bangladesh merchants.