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Q82 (IAS/2025) Economy › Industry, Infrastructure & Investment › Transport infrastructure Answer Verified

Consider the following statements : I. Indian Railways have prepared a National Rail Plan (NRP) to create a 'future ready' railway system by 2028. II. 'Kavach' is an Automatic Train Protection system developed in collaboration with Germany. III. 'Kavach' system consists of RFID tags fitted on track in station section. Which of the statements given above are not correct?

Result
Your answer: —  Âˇ  Correct: A
Explanation

The correct answer is option A because statements I and II are incorrect.

**Statement I is incorrect:** The National Rail Plan lays down the road map for capacity expansion of the railway network by 2030 to cater to growth up to 2050.[1] The rail budget envisages a future-ready green Indian Railways by 2030.[2] The target year is 2030, not 2028 as mentioned in the statement.

**Statement II is incorrect:** Kavach is an Automatic Train Protection (ATP) system which has been indigenously developed by Research Design and Standards Organisation (RDSO) in collaboration with Indian industry[3], not in collaboration with Germany. It is a completely indigenous system.

**Statement III is correct:** Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags are placed throughout the entire track length to enable the Kavach system to track train positions[4], which includes station sections. Therefore, statements I and II are not correct, making option A the right answer.

Sources
  1. [1] https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/budget2022-23/economicsurvey/doc/echapter.pdf
  2. [2] https://www.niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/2025-03/Efficiency%20and%20competitiveness%20of%20Indian%20Railways.pdf
  3. [3] https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/specificdocs/documents/2022/mar/doc202231424701.pdf
  4. [4] https://www.pib.gov.in/PressNoteDetails.aspx?NoteId=153556&ModuleId=3
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PROVENANCE & STUDY PATTERN
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Don’t just practise – reverse-engineer the question. This panel shows where this PYQ came from (books / web), how the examiner broke it into hidden statements, and which nearby micro-concepts you were supposed to learn from it. Treat it like an autopsy of the question: what might have triggered it, which exact lines in the book matter, and what linked ideas you should carry forward to future questions.
Q. Consider the following statements : I. Indian Railways have prepared a National Rail Plan (NRP) to create a 'future ready' railway syste…
At a glance
Origin: Mostly Current Affairs Fairness: Low / Borderline fairness Books / CA: 0/10 ¡ 10/10
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This is a classic 'Metadata Swap' trap. The examiner took real current affairs (NRP, Kavach) and swapped the 'Target Year' (2030 → 2028) and the 'Origin' (Indigenous → Germany). Standard books discuss rail problems generally, but only specific PIB tracking of flagship schemes solves this.

How this question is built

This question can be broken into the following sub-statements. Tap a statement sentence to jump into its detailed analysis.

Statement 1
Did Indian Railways prepare a National Rail Plan (NRP) that aims to create a "future ready" railway system by 2028?
Origin: Web / Current Affairs Fairness: CA heavy Web-answerable

Web source
Presence: 5/5
"The National Rail Plan lays down the road map for capacity expansion of the railway network by 2030 to cater to growth up to 2050. It envisages the creation of a future ready railway system"
Why this source?
  • Directly names the National Rail Plan and uses the phrase 'future ready' for the railway system.
  • Specifies the roadmap timeframe as 'by 2030', which does not match the 2028 date in the statement.
Web source
Presence: 5/5
"The rail budget envisages a future-ready green Indian Railways by 2030."
Why this source?
  • Refers to a 'future-ready' Indian Railways in official planning context.
  • Sets the target year as 2030 ('future-ready green Indian Railways by 2030'), not 2028.

Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 14: Infrastructure and Investment Models > 14.5.2 High Speed Rail (HSR)/ Bullet Trains in India > p. 413
Strength: 5/5
“The Indian Railways' vision 2020 envisages a two-pronged approach to bring high speed rail in the country. • The first strategy involves using conventional technology to increase the speed on segregated existing passenger corridors on trunk/ main routes, from the existing 80- 100km/hr to 160-200 km/hr. (Train 18 is one of the examples)• The second approach involves identifying viable intercity routes to build new advanced high-speed corridors for speeds up to 350 km/hr (HSR).”
Why relevant

Mentions an explicit long‑range 'vision 2020' for Indian Railways with concrete technical strategies — shows Indian Railways produces named strategic/vision documents with target horizons.

How to extend

A student could infer that similar strategic plans (like an NRP) with a target year are consistent with this institutional practice and then look for an NRP document or announcement with a 2028 horizon.

Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 15: Infrastructure > Government Measures Undertaken to Improve Road Transport > p. 455
Strength: 4/5
“• Setu Bharatam Launched in 2016, the scheme aimed to make all national highways free of railway crossings by 2019. The scheme involved a plan for replacement of level crossings on national highways by railway over bridges (ROBs)/road under bridges (RUBs).”
Why relevant

Describes 'Setu Bharatam' as a government scheme with a specified completion year (2019) — example of government transport programmes setting explicit deadlines.

How to extend

Use the pattern that ministries set target years for infrastructure programmes to judge plausibility of an NRP targeting 2028 and then search official releases for a 2028 target.

Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 14: Infrastructure and Investment Models > 14.5.4 Railway Platform Modernization > p. 415
Strength: 4/5
“Indian Railways has adopted three models for station redevelopment. • One is the Public Private Partnership (PPP) model, under which a project is planned, statutory clearances obtained and a developer is chosen to upgrade a facility. Habibganj, in the suburbs of Bhopal, is the country's first railway station to be redeveloped as a PPP project.• The second is collaboration with foreign governments to develop stations.• The third model is the Swiss Challenge method, where bidders have the freedom to design and develop a project on their own. Under this method, the company whose project plan is accepted is given the opportunity to work on the project at the price quoted by the lowest bidder.”
Why relevant

Describes structured modernization models (PPP, foreign collaboration, Swiss Challenge) for station redevelopment — evidence of organized, programmatic modernization efforts.

How to extend

A student could treat 'future ready' as modernization and expect an overarching plan (NRP) coordinating such models; then check for a national plan that integrates these approaches with a timeline to 2028.

Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 14: Infrastructure and Investment Models > 100% FDI is allowed under automatic route in railway infrastructure but not in train operations and safety. > p. 411
Strength: 3/5
“Railways are a capital intensive (i.e., huge amount of funds are required for development) sector and its growth depends heavily on availability of funds for investment in rail infrastructure. Currently, internal revenue sources (profit generated from Indian railway) and government funding through budget are insufficient to meet the capital requirement of the cash strapped rail sector. Increased foreign investment cap of 100% in building and maintenance of rail infrastructure will help in bringing the required capital for the highly congested rail infrastructure.”
Why relevant

Explains policy changes (100% FDI in rail infrastructure) to meet capital needs — indicates recent policy-level initiatives to reform and invest in rail infrastructure.

How to extend

Combine this with the idea of a national plan: if policy reforms aim to attract investment, an NRP could plausibly set a target year (2028) for implementation; student should verify via official policy documents or the Railway Ministry.

Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 14: Infrastructure and Investment Models > 14.5.2 High Speed Rail (HSR)/ Bullet Trains in India > p. 412
Strength: 3/5
“Introduction: The High-Speed Rail (HSR) System comprises of the infrastructure system, rolling stock (locomotives, wagons used on a railway) and operating conditions. Globally high-speed trains differ in their technology, infrastructure, rolling stock and achievable speeds. Currently, high speed rails can achieve speeds ranging from 200 kmph to 350 kmph depending on the technology and infrastructure. Ministry of Railway, Govt. of India has planned to build the following HSR corridors: - • Golden Quadrilateral• Delhi-Chandigarh-Amritsar• Delhi-Chennai• Chennai-Bangalore-Mysore• Mumbai-Ahmedabad”
Why relevant

Lists planned high‑speed rail corridors and discusses building new corridors — shows planning of major rail projects with corridor‑level timelines.

How to extend

A student could infer that corridor planning fits within broader national rail planning and thus search those project announcements or the consolidated NRP to see if they reference a 2028 'future ready' goal.

Statement analysis

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Statement analysis

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