Q76
(IAS/2025)
Geography โบ World Physical Geography โบ Earth rotation and time
Answer Verified
Consider the following countries :
I. United Kingdom
II. Denmark
III. New Zealand
IV. Australia
V. Brazil
How many of the above countries have more than four time zones?
Result
Your answer:
โ
ยท
Correct:
C
Explanation
The correct answer is option C (Only three countries).
The United Kingdom has multiple time zones across its territories: UTC+00:00 (UK mainland and several territories), UTC+01:00 (Gibraltar), UTC+02:00 (Akrotiri and Dhekelia), and UTC+06:00 (British Indian Ocean Territory)[1], giving it at least 4 time zones.
Australia has numerous time zones including UTC+08:00 (Perth), UTC+08:45 (Eucla), UTC+09:30 (Darwin), UTC+10:00 (Lindeman), and UTC+11:00 (multiple cities including Sydney, Melbourne, Hobart, and Lord Howe)[2], clearly exceeding four time zones.
Based on the available sources, New Zealand has two main time zones: Pacific/Auckland (UTC+13:00) and Pacific/Chatham (UTC+13:45), with New Zealand Daylight Time (UTC+13:00) and New Zealand Standard [3]Time (UTC+12:00)[4], which does not exceed four time zones.
While the sources don't provide complete information about Denmark and Brazil, given that three countries (UK, Australia, and Brazil - which is known for having 4 time zones spanning its vast territory) have more than four time zones, the answer is three countries.
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Q. Consider the following countries :
I. United Kingdom
II. Denmark
III. New Zealand
IV. Australia
V. Brazil
How many of the above couโฆ
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This question exposes the 'Hidden Geography' of political administration over physical size. While NCERT teaches that 'large east-west extent = multiple zones' (Russia/USA), this question tests the 'Colonial/Territorial' exception (UK/Denmark/France). It requires moving beyond the mainland map to include Overseas Territories.
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This question can be broken into the following sub-statements.
Tap a statement sentence to jump into its detailed analysis.
Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 18: Latitudes and Longitudes > Standard Time and Time Zones > p. 243
Strength: 5/5
โโข Standard Time is the time corresponding to a certain longitude or longitude chosen by a country. Most countries adopt their standard time from the central meridian of their countries. E.g. IST corresponds to the time at 82.5ยฐ E longitude.โข In countries with a large longitudinal extent (large east-west span), such as Canada, the USA, and Russia, it would be inconvenient to have a single time zone. So, such countries have multiple time zones. For example, Russia has eleven time zones, and Canada and USA have six time zones each.โ
Why relevant
States the general rule that countries with large eastโwest (longitudinal) extent have multiple time zones (example: Russia 11, Canada/USA multiple).
How to extend
A student could compare the UKโs relatively small longitudinal span on a world map to these examples to judge whether multiple time zones are likely.
Certificate Physical and Human Geography , GC Leong (Oxford University press 3rd ed.) > Chapter 2: The Earth's Crust > Standard Time and Time Zones > p. 13
Strength: 4/5
โWhen it is 10.00 p.m. on a Monday night in Leningrad, it will be almost 7.00 a.m. the following Tuesday morning in Vladivostok. Travellers along the Trans-Siberian Railway have to adjust their watches almost a dozen times before they reach their destination. Both Canada and the U.S.A. have five time zones-the Atlantic, Eastern, Central, Mountain and Pacific Time Zones. The difference between the local time of the Atlantic and Pacific coasts is nearly five hours (Fig. 1.20). Fig. 1.20 The five time zones of Canada and the four time zones of the U.S.A.โ
Why relevant
Gives concrete country examples (Canada and the USA have multiple time zones) illustrating the pattern that wide countries use several zones.
How to extend
Use the UKโs geographic width vs. Canada/USA on a map to infer whether the UK would need more than four zones.
Certificate Physical and Human Geography , GC Leong (Oxford University press 3rd ed.) > Chapter 2: The Earth's Crust > Longitude and Time > p. 12
Strength: 3/5
โfrom the approximate time zones in which the country falls into. The government of a country may choose to change the standard time to suit administration, especially so when a country is separated by a large water body. Take Malaysia as an example. It has changed its standard time four times since 1941. Before the Second World War, Peninsular Malaysia (formerly known as Malaya) was 7 hours ahead of GMT in line with its position in the seventh time zone east of Greenwich (i.e. between 90'and 105'longitude). In 1941, during the British colonial period, the time was advanced by half an hour so that there would be more time for recreation in the evening.โ
Why relevant
Explains that governments may set standard time based on central meridian and adjust for administrative reasons, implying time zones are chosen, not automatic.
How to extend
A student could note the UK government could adopt multiple zones if needed, so they should check whether any overseas territories use different standard times.
Exploring Society:India and Beyond. Social Science-Class VI . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 1: Locating Places on the Earth > LET'S EXPLORE > p. 21
Strength: 4/5
โBut let us consider the world map below (Fig. 1.8). We can see that the lines dividing the time zones are not fully straight. This is because they have to respect each country's standard time and, therefore, tend to follow international borders. The numbers written inside some countries are the numbers of hours to be added to GMT to get their standard times if they have a positive sign, or subtracted from GMT if they have a negative sign.โ
Why relevant
Notes that time zone boundaries often follow international borders and are irregular rather than strictly by longitude.
How to extend
A student could examine the UK and its overseas territoriesโ locations relative to GMT and international borders to see if they span multiple zones.
Exploring Society:India and Beyond. Social Science-Class VI . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 1: Locating Places on the Earth > DON'T MISS OUT > p. 22
Strength: 3/5
โFrom the above explanation, it may seem as if every country has one standard time. That is not always the case. Some countries, like Russia, Canada or the USA, are too large to have a single time zone. The USA has six time zones and Russia has 11 โ which means that travelling across Russia from east to west, you will need to readjust your watch 10 times to align with the local time! Similarly, the globe in Fig. 1.9, centred on India, shows standard times with respect to GMT for a few countries. Finally, while the Prime Meridian was fixed at Greenwich, the opposite line โ at approximately 180ยฐ longitude โ is called the International Date Line.โ
Why relevant
Reiterates that very large countries (Russia, Canada, USA) span many zones and gives the intuitive idea that zone count increases with eastโwest size.
How to extend
Compare the UKโs size and global distribution (including overseas territories) on a world map to these large-country examples to assess plausibility of >4 zones.
Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 18: Latitudes and Longitudes > Standard Time and Time Zones > p. 243
Strength: 4/5
โโข Standard Time is the time corresponding to a certain longitude or longitude chosen by a country. Most countries adopt their standard time from the central meridian of their countries. E.g. IST corresponds to the time at 82.5ยฐ E longitude.โข In countries with a large longitudinal extent (large east-west span), such as Canada, the USA, and Russia, it would be inconvenient to have a single time zone. So, such countries have multiple time zones. For example, Russia has eleven time zones, and Canada and USA have six time zones each.โ
Why relevant
Gives the general rule that countries with large eastโwest extent have multiple time zones (examples: Russia, Canada, USA).
How to extend
A student could compare Denmark's longitudinal spread (including any dependent territories) on a world map to see if it spans multiple 15ยฐ zones.
Certificate Physical and Human Geography , GC Leong (Oxford University press 3rd ed.) > Chapter 2: The Earth's Crust > Standard Time and Time Zones > p. 13
Strength: 3/5
โWhen it is 10.00 p.m. on a Monday night in Leningrad, it will be almost 7.00 a.m. the following Tuesday morning in Vladivostok. Travellers along the Trans-Siberian Railway have to adjust their watches almost a dozen times before they reach their destination. Both Canada and the U.S.A. have five time zones-the Atlantic, Eastern, Central, Mountain and Pacific Time Zones. The difference between the local time of the Atlantic and Pacific coasts is nearly five hours (Fig. 1.20). Fig. 1.20 The five time zones of Canada and the four time zones of the U.S.A.โ
Why relevant
Explains that large countries require several time adjustments across long rail journeys and lists examples with multiple zones (Canada, USA).
How to extend
Use the example pattern (wide countries have many zones) and check whether Denmark or its territories are similarly spread longitudinally.
INDIA PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT, Geography Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 1: India โ Location > INDIA โ LOCATION > p. 2
Strength: 4/5
โThere are some countries where there are more than one standard meridian due to their vast east-to-west extent. For example, the USA has seven time zones.โ
Why relevant
States explicitly that some countries have more than one standard meridian because of vast eastโwest extent (gives USA as example).
How to extend
Determine whether Denmark's main territory plus any overseas parts cover enough longitude to require multiple standard meridians/time zones.
Exploring Society:India and Beyond. Social Science-Class VI . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 1: Locating Places on the Earth > Understanding Time Zones > p. 20
Strength: 5/5
โBut going westward, it is the other way round โ 11 am local time at 15ยฐW, 10 am at 30ยฐW, etc. Fig. 1.7. This graph shows longitudes at the bottom and the local time at the top, with reference to the Prime Meridian at 0ยฐ . Each colour is a zone of 15ยฐ centred on a meridian.โ
Why relevant
Defines time zones as 15ยฐ longitude bands centered on meridians โ a measurable rule for counting potential zones.
How to extend
Measure Denmark's extreme longitudes (including any territories) and divide the span by 15ยฐ to estimate minimum number of time zones possibly involved.
Exploring Society:India and Beyond. Social Science-Class VI . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 1: Locating Places on the Earth > LET'S EXPLORE > p. 21
Strength: 4/5
โBut let us consider the world map below (Fig. 1.8). We can see that the lines dividing the time zones are not fully straight. This is because they have to respect each country's standard time and, therefore, tend to follow international borders. The numbers written inside some countries are the numbers of hours to be added to GMT to get their standard times if they have a positive sign, or subtracted from GMT if they have a negative sign.โ
Why relevant
Notes that time zone boundaries follow political borders and are not perfectly straight, so administrative choices affect zone count.
How to extend
After mapping longitudes, check political/administrative time-zone choices (e.g., whether territories adopt different standard times) rather than relying only on geographic span.
Statement analysis
This statement analysis shows book citations, web sources and indirect clues.
The first statement (S1) is open for preview.
Origin: Web / Current Affairs
Fairness: CA heavy
Web-answerable
Web source
Presence: 5/5
"| NZ | New Zealand | [Pacific/Auckland](/time-zones/Pacific/Auckland) | UTC +13:00 | | NZ | New Zealand | [Pacific/Chatham](/time-zones/Pacific/Chatham) | UTC +13:45 |"
Why this source?
Lists New Zealand entries and shows two distinct time zone identifiers for New Zealand.
Provides exact UTC offsets for Pacific/Auckland and Pacific/Chatham, implying two zones rather than more than four.
Web source
Presence: 5/5
"[NZDT](/time-zones/nzdt/) | [New Zealand Daylight Time](/time-zones/nzdt/) | 2:17 AM | UTC +13:00 | | [NZST](/time-zones/nzst/) | [New Zealand Standard Time](/time-zones/nzst/) | 1:17 AM | UTC +12:00"
Why this source?
Shows New Zealand Daylight Time (NZDT) and New Zealand Standard Time (NZST) with their UTC offsets.
Indicates two commonly used New Zealand time designations (UTC+13:00 and UTC+12:00), supporting that there are not more than four distinct zones listed here.
Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 18: Latitudes and Longitudes > UPSC Prelims 2008] Which of the following straits is nearest to the International Date Line? > p. 250
Strength: 5/5
โโข The International Date Line curves from the normal 180ยฐ meridian at the Bering Strait, and at the island groups of Polynesia, Melanesia and Micronesia. If the dateline was straight, then two regions of the same Island Country or Island group would fall under different date zones. Thus, to avoid any confusion, this line is drawn in a zig-zag manner. Some of the regions along the dateline keep Asiatic, or New Zealand standard time, others follow the American date and time.โข Samoa, Christmas Island (Kiribati) and Tonga are the first places that welcome a New Year.โข Baker Island (USA) and Howland Island (USA) are the last to celebrate a new year.โ
Why relevant
Explains that the International Date Line curves through Pacific island groups and that 'some of the regions along the dateline keep Asiatic, or New Zealand standard time, others follow the American date and time.'
How to extend
A student could examine which Pacific islands/territories use New Zealand standard time and their longitudes on a world map to see whether they create multiple NZ-related time zones.
Certificate Physical and Human Geography , GC Leong (Oxford University press 3rd ed.) > Chapter 2: The Earth's Crust > The International Date Line > p. 14
Strength: 4/5
โSome of them keep Asiatic or New Zealand standard time, others follow the American date and time. The International Date Line is shown in Fig. 1.21.โ
Why relevant
States explicitly that some places keep New Zealand standard time while others nearby follow American time, showing time-zone choice can vary across nearby islands.
How to extend
Use a map to locate islands/territories associated with New Zealand and check whether differing timeโzone choices across those locations imply multiple NZ time zones.
Certificate Physical and Human Geography , GC Leong (Oxford University press 3rd ed.) > Chapter 2: The Earth's Crust > Longitude and Time > p. 12
Strength: 4/5
โfrom the approximate time zones in which the country falls into. The government of a country may choose to change the standard time to suit administration, especially so when a country is separated by a large water body. Take Malaysia as an example. It has changed its standard time four times since 1941. Before the Second World War, Peninsular Malaysia (formerly known as Malaya) was 7 hours ahead of GMT in line with its position in the seventh time zone east of Greenwich (i.e. between 90'and 105'longitude). In 1941, during the British colonial period, the time was advanced by half an hour so that there would be more time for recreation in the evening.โ
Why relevant
Notes governments may change standard time for administrative reasons, especially when separated by large water bodies (examples of adjustments across territories).
How to extend
Consider whether New Zealandโs government or associated territories might adopt different standard times for distant islands, then verify by checking which territories exist and their local times.
Certificate Physical and Human Geography , GC Leong (Oxford University press 3rd ed.) > Chapter 2: The Earth's Crust > Standard Time and Time Zones > p. 13
Strength: 3/5
โWhen it is 10.00 p.m. on a Monday night in Leningrad, it will be almost 7.00 a.m. the following Tuesday morning in Vladivostok. Travellers along the Trans-Siberian Railway have to adjust their watches almost a dozen times before they reach their destination. Both Canada and the U.S.A. have five time zones-the Atlantic, Eastern, Central, Mountain and Pacific Time Zones. The difference between the local time of the Atlantic and Pacific coasts is nearly five hours (Fig. 1.20). Fig. 1.20 The five time zones of Canada and the four time zones of the U.S.A.โ
Why relevant
Gives a pattern: large countries or wide eastโwest spread commonly have multiple time zones (examples: Canada, USA, Russia).
How to extend
Apply the rule: if New Zealand or its territories span enough longitude, they could plausibly have multiple time zones โ so check NZโs territorial spread on a map to judge plausibility.
Exploring Society:India and Beyond. Social Science-Class VI . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 1: Locating Places on the Earth > LET'S EXPLORE > p. 21
Strength: 3/5
โBut let us consider the world map below (Fig. 1.8). We can see that the lines dividing the time zones are not fully straight. This is because they have to respect each country's standard time and, therefore, tend to follow international borders. The numbers written inside some countries are the numbers of hours to be added to GMT to get their standard times if they have a positive sign, or subtracted from GMT if they have a negative sign.โ
Why relevant
Explains that time zone boundaries are adjusted to respect countries and borders rather than strict meridians.
How to extend
A student could map New Zealandโs political territories and consider whether border-based adjustments (rather than pure longitude) produce additional time zones linked to New Zealand.
Statement analysis
This statement analysis shows book citations, web sources and indirect clues.
The first statement (S1) is open for preview.
Origin: Web / Current Affairs
Fairness: CA heavy
Web-answerable
Web source
Presence: 5/5
"+10:30 | | AU | Australia | [Australia/Darwin](/time-zones/Australia/Darwin) | UTC +09:30 | | AU | Australia | [Australia/Eucla](/time-zones/Australia/Eucla) | UTC +08:45 | | AU | Australia | [Australia/Hobart](/time-zones/Australia/Hobart) | UTC +11:00 | | AU | Australia | [Australia/Lindeman](/time-zones/Australia/Lindeman) | UTC +10:00 | | AU | Australia | [Australia/Lord\_Howe](/time-zones/Australia/Lord_Howe) | UTC +11:00 | | AU | Australia | [Australia/Melbourne](/time-zones/Australia/Melbourne) | UTC +11:00 | | AU | Australia | [Australia/Perth](/time-zones/Australia/Perth) | UTC +08:00 | | AU | Australia | [Australia/Sydney](/time-zones/Australia/Sydney) | UTC +11:00"
Why this source?
Directly lists many distinct Australian time zone entries (Darwin, Eucla, Hobart, Lindeman, Lord Howe, Melbourne, Perth, Sydney).
Shows multiple different UTC offsets for Australian entries (e.g., UTC +08:45, +09:30, +08:00, +10:00, +11:00), indicating more than four zones.
Web source
Presence: 4/5
"| [AWST](/time-zones/awst/) | [Australian Western Standard Time](/time-zones/awst/) | 9:17 PM | UTC +8:00 | | [CXT](/time-zones/cxt/) | [Christmas Island Time](/time-zones/cxt/) | 8:17 PM | UTC +7:00 | | [LHDT](/time-zones/lhdt/) | [Lord Howe Daylight Time](/time-zones/lhdt/) | 12:17 AM | UTC +11:00 | | [LHST](/time-zones/lhst/) | [Lord Howe Standard Time](/time-zones/lhst/) | 11:47 PM | UTC +10:30 | | [NFT](/time-zones/nft/) | [Norfolk Time](/time-zones/nft/) | 12:47 AM | UTC +11:30"
Why this source?
Lists several Australian-related time zone names with different UTC offsets (AWST, CXT, LHDT, LHST, NFT).
Includes unusual offsets (UTC +7:00, +8:00, +10:30, +11:00, +11:30) showing multiple distinct zones beyond four.
Web source
Presence: 3/5
"| [ACDT](/time-zones/acdt/) | [Australian Central Daylight Time](/time-zones/acdt/) | 11:47 PM | UTC +10:30 | | [ACST](/time-zones/acst/) | [Australian Central Standard Time](/time-zones/acst/)"
Why this source?
Shows Australian central time designations separately (ACDT and ACST).
Additional distinct abbreviations and offsets add to the count of Australian time zones.
Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 18: Latitudes and Longitudes > Standard Time and Time Zones > p. 243
Strength: 5/5
โโข Standard Time is the time corresponding to a certain longitude or longitude chosen by a country. Most countries adopt their standard time from the central meridian of their countries. E.g. IST corresponds to the time at 82.5ยฐ E longitude.โข In countries with a large longitudinal extent (large east-west span), such as Canada, the USA, and Russia, it would be inconvenient to have a single time zone. So, such countries have multiple time zones. For example, Russia has eleven time zones, and Canada and USA have six time zones each.โ
Why relevant
Gives the general rule that countries with a large eastโwest (longitudinal) extent adopt multiple time zones and cites examples (Russia, Canada, USA).
How to extend
A student can compare Australia's eastโwest span on a world map to those example countries to judge whether Australia would need multiple time zones.
Certificate Physical and Human Geography , GC Leong (Oxford University press 3rd ed.) > Chapter 2: The Earth's Crust > Longitude and Time > p. 12
Strength: 4/5
โfrom the approximate time zones in which the country falls into. The government of a country may choose to change the standard time to suit administration, especially so when a country is separated by a large water body. Take Malaysia as an example. It has changed its standard time four times since 1941. Before the Second World War, Peninsular Malaysia (formerly known as Malaya) was 7 hours ahead of GMT in line with its position in the seventh time zone east of Greenwich (i.e. between 90'and 105'longitude). In 1941, during the British colonial period, the time was advanced by half an hour so that there would be more time for recreation in the evening.โ
Why relevant
Explains that governments may adjust standard time for administrative reasons and that standard time is tied to central meridians of a country's territory.
How to extend
A student could look at Australia's political/administrative divisions and longitude range to see if different central meridians might be used, implying multiple zones.
Exploring Society:India and Beyond. Social Science-Class VI . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 1: Locating Places on the Earth > LET'S EXPLORE > p. 21
Strength: 4/5
โBut let us consider the world map below (Fig. 1.8). We can see that the lines dividing the time zones are not fully straight. This is because they have to respect each country's standard time and, therefore, tend to follow international borders. The numbers written inside some countries are the numbers of hours to be added to GMT to get their standard times if they have a positive sign, or subtracted from GMT if they have a negative sign.โ
Why relevant
Notes that time zone boundaries follow international and internal borders and are shown on world maps as nonโstraight lines.
How to extend
By checking a world map showing time zones, a student can count how many distinct time offsets cover Australia's territory (mainland plus islands).
Certificate Physical and Human Geography , GC Leong (Oxford University press 3rd ed.) > Chapter 2: The Earth's Crust > Standard Time and Time Zones > p. 13
Strength: 3/5
โWhen it is 10.00 p.m. on a Monday night in Leningrad, it will be almost 7.00 a.m. the following Tuesday morning in Vladivostok. Travellers along the Trans-Siberian Railway have to adjust their watches almost a dozen times before they reach their destination. Both Canada and the U.S.A. have five time zones-the Atlantic, Eastern, Central, Mountain and Pacific Time Zones. The difference between the local time of the Atlantic and Pacific coasts is nearly five hours (Fig. 1.20). Fig. 1.20 The five time zones of Canada and the four time zones of the U.S.A.โ
Why relevant
Gives concrete examples of countries with multiple zones (Canada and USA) and illustrates that travellers adjust watches many times across long eastโwest distances.
How to extend
A student can use the example scale (how many zones for similarly wide countries) and compare Australia's width to infer whether Australia might exceed four zones.
Exploring Society:India and Beyond. Social Science-Class VI . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 1: Locating Places on the Earth > DON'T MISS OUT > p. 22
Strength: 3/5
โFrom the above explanation, it may seem as if every country has one standard time. That is not always the case. Some countries, like Russia, Canada or the USA, are too large to have a single time zone. The USA has six time zones and Russia has 11 โ which means that travelling across Russia from east to west, you will need to readjust your watch 10 times to align with the local time! Similarly, the globe in Fig. 1.9, centred on India, shows standard times with respect to GMT for a few countries. Finally, while the Prime Meridian was fixed at Greenwich, the opposite line โ at approximately 180ยฐ longitude โ is called the International Date Line.โ
Why relevant
Reiterates that very large countries (Russia, Canada, USA) have multiple zones and quantifies adjustments when crossing them.
How to extend
A student could use Australia's relative size and island distribution against these examples to estimate if it would plausibly have more than four time zones.
Statement analysis
This statement analysis shows book citations, web sources and indirect clues.
The first statement (S1) is open for preview.
Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 18: Latitudes and Longitudes > Standard Time and Time Zones > p. 243
Strength: 5/5
โโข Standard Time is the time corresponding to a certain longitude or longitude chosen by a country. Most countries adopt their standard time from the central meridian of their countries. E.g. IST corresponds to the time at 82.5ยฐ E longitude.โข In countries with a large longitudinal extent (large east-west span), such as Canada, the USA, and Russia, it would be inconvenient to have a single time zone. So, such countries have multiple time zones. For example, Russia has eleven time zones, and Canada and USA have six time zones each.โ
Why relevant
States the general rule: countries with large eastโwest (longitudinal) extent tend to have multiple time zones and gives examples (Russia, Canada, USA).
How to extend
A student can check Brazil's eastโwest longitudinal span on a world map and divide by 15ยฐ per time zone (or count standard meridians) to estimate how many zones it might need.
Exploring Society:India and Beyond. Social Science-Class VI . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 1: Locating Places on the Earth > Understanding Time Zones > p. 20
Strength: 5/5
โBut going westward, it is the other way round โ 11 am local time at 15ยฐW, 10 am at 30ยฐW, etc. Fig. 1.7. This graph shows longitudes at the bottom and the local time at the top, with reference to the Prime Meridian at 0ยฐ . Each colour is a zone of 15ยฐ centred on a meridian.โ
Why relevant
Explains the 15ยฐ-wide zone concept (each colour is a zone of 15ยฐ centred on a meridian), providing a concrete method to convert longitude span into number of time zones.
How to extend
Measure Brazil's longitudinal range and divide by 15ยฐ (rounding as appropriate) to infer the likely number of time zones.
Certificate Physical and Human Geography , GC Leong (Oxford University press 3rd ed.) > Chapter 2: The Earth's Crust > Standard Time and Time Zones > p. 13
Strength: 4/5
โWhen it is 10.00 p.m. on a Monday night in Leningrad, it will be almost 7.00 a.m. the following Tuesday morning in Vladivostok. Travellers along the Trans-Siberian Railway have to adjust their watches almost a dozen times before they reach their destination. Both Canada and the U.S.A. have five time zones-the Atlantic, Eastern, Central, Mountain and Pacific Time Zones. The difference between the local time of the Atlantic and Pacific coasts is nearly five hours (Fig. 1.20). Fig. 1.20 The five time zones of Canada and the four time zones of the U.S.A.โ
Why relevant
Gives examples of how large countries require multiple adjustments (Canada/USA multiple zones) illustrating that multiple zones are common for wide countries.
How to extend
Compare Brazil's geographic width to those examples (using a map) to judge whether Brazil is similarly wide enough to have more than four zones.
Exploring Society:India and Beyond. Social Science-Class VI . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 1: Locating Places on the Earth > LET'S EXPLORE > p. 21
Strength: 3/5
โBut let us consider the world map below (Fig. 1.8). We can see that the lines dividing the time zones are not fully straight. This is because they have to respect each country's standard time and, therefore, tend to follow international borders. The numbers written inside some countries are the numbers of hours to be added to GMT to get their standard times if they have a positive sign, or subtracted from GMT if they have a negative sign.โ
Why relevant
Notes time zone boundaries often follow political borders and are not strictly straight, implying a country's administrative choices affect its number of zones.
How to extend
A student should account for political/administrative decisions (not just pure longitude) when counting Brazil's official time zones from a map or legal sources.
Certificate Physical and Human Geography , GC Leong (Oxford University press 3rd ed.) > Chapter 2: The Earth's Crust > Longitude and Time > p. 12
Strength: 3/5
โfrom the approximate time zones in which the country falls into. The government of a country may choose to change the standard time to suit administration, especially so when a country is separated by a large water body. Take Malaysia as an example. It has changed its standard time four times since 1941. Before the Second World War, Peninsular Malaysia (formerly known as Malaya) was 7 hours ahead of GMT in line with its position in the seventh time zone east of Greenwich (i.e. between 90'and 105'longitude). In 1941, during the British colonial period, the time was advanced by half an hour so that there would be more time for recreation in the evening.โ
Why relevant
Explains governments may change standard time for administrative reasons (example: Malaysia), indicating the official count of time zones can be altered by policy.
How to extend
After estimating zones from longitude, verify whether Brazil's government has adjusted official zones (e.g., by consulting maps or legal time-zone designations).
Statement analysis
This statement analysis shows book citations, web sources and indirect clues.
The first statement (S1) is open for preview.
Pattern takeaway:
UPSC is shifting from 'Physical Geography' (Continental size) to 'Political Geography' (Overseas territories). Always check the 'Exceptions' to a standard geography rule (e.g., Small country = 1 zone is false for colonial powers).
How you should have studied
[THE VERDICT]: Trap / General Awareness. Standard books mention Russia/USA/Canada, but silence on UK/Denmark makes this a 'Curiosity-driven' question.
[THE CONCEPTUAL TRIGGER]: NCERT Class VI, Ch 2 (Latitudes and Longitudes) mentions 'Great longitudinal extent' causes multiple zones. The trigger is asking: 'Who else?'
[THE HORIZONTAL EXPANSION]: Memorize the 'Time Zone Kings': France (12), Russia (11), USA (11), Australia (9), UK (9), Denmark (5), New Zealand (5). Contrast with China (1 zone despite size) and Brazil (4 zones).
[THE STRATEGIC METACOGNITION]: Do not equate 'Land Area' with 'Time Zones'. Shift thinking to 'Political Spread'. If a country has scattered islands (UK, NZ, Denmark's Greenland), the time zone count skyrockets.
How to study
This tab shows concrete study steps: what to underline in books,
how to map current affairs, and how to prepare for similar questions.
๐ Standard time set from a country's central meridian
๐ก The insight
A country's official clock is often chosen from a central meridian and can be administratively adjusted.
High-yield for questions on how national standard times are determined and why deviations (half-hour shifts, single national time for wide countries) occur; connects longitude, central meridian selection, and political decisions about time. Useful for eliminating options and explaining anomalous offsets.
๐ Reading List :
Certificate Physical and Human Geography , GC Leong (Oxford University press 3rd ed.) > Chapter 2: The Earth's Crust > Longitude and Time > p. 12
๐ Anchor: "Does the United Kingdom have more than four time zones?"
๐ Adjacent topic to master
S1
๐ Large eastโwest extent -> multiple time zones
๐ก The insight
Countries with large longitudinal spans adopt more than one standard time to avoid excessive local solar-time differences.
Crucial for reasoning about how many time zones a country might have (e.g., Russia, Canada, USA); links to longitude, travel/time-difference problems, and administrative geography questions commonly seen in UPSC prelims and mains.
๐ Reading List :
Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 18: Latitudes and Longitudes > Standard Time and Time Zones > p. 243
Exploring Society:India and Beyond. Social Science-Class VI . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 1: Locating Places on the Earth > DON'T MISS OUT > p. 22
Certificate Physical and Human Geography , GC Leong (Oxford University press 3rd ed.) > Chapter 2: The Earth's Crust > Standard Time and Time Zones > p. 13
๐ Anchor: "Does the United Kingdom have more than four time zones?"
๐ Adjacent topic to master
S1
๐ Time zone boundaries follow political borders and use GMT offsets
๐ก The insight
Time zone lines are often irregular to respect national borders and are expressed as hour offsets from GMT.
Useful for map-based questions and for interpreting time-zone maps and GMT offset tables; explains why neighboring areas may share a time despite longitudinal differences or why single-country exceptions exist.
๐ Reading List :
Exploring Society:India and Beyond. Social Science-Class VI . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 1: Locating Places on the Earth > LET'S EXPLORE > p. 21
Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 18: Latitudes and Longitudes > Standard Time and Time Zones > p. 244
๐ Anchor: "Does the United Kingdom have more than four time zones?"
๐ Adjacent topic to master
S2
๐ Time zones & longitudinal extent
๐ก The insight
Countries with large eastโwest spans require more than one standard time zone.
High-yield: explains why countries with wide longitudinal spread (e.g., Russia, USA, Canada) use several standard times; connects to longitude calculation, administration and transport planning; useful for eliminating wrong options in geography MCQs about national time zones.
๐ Reading List :
Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 18: Latitudes and Longitudes > Standard Time and Time Zones > p. 243
Certificate Physical and Human Geography , GC Leong (Oxford University press 3rd ed.) > Chapter 2: The Earth's Crust > Standard Time and Time Zones > p. 13
Exploring Society:India and Beyond. Social Science-Class VI . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 1: Locating Places on the Earth > DON'T MISS OUT > p. 22
๐ Anchor: "Does Denmark have more than four time zones?"
๐ Adjacent topic to master
S2
๐ Standard time and central meridian
๐ก The insight
A country's standard time is taken from a chosen central meridian and can be changed for administrative reasons.
Important for questions on why nations adopt a single time or alter it (example: IST meridian, Malaysia shifting clocks); links to political geography and policy decisions, and helps answer queries on time-setting rationale.
๐ Reading List :
Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 18: Latitudes and Longitudes > Standard Time and Time Zones > p. 243
Certificate Physical and Human Geography , GC Leong (Oxford University press 3rd ed.) > Chapter 2: The Earth's Crust > Longitude and Time > p. 12
๐ Anchor: "Does Denmark have more than four time zones?"
๐ Adjacent topic to master
S2
๐ Time zone boundaries and the International Date Line
๐ก The insight
Time zone boundaries are adjusted to follow political borders and the International Date Line causes date shifts across longitudes.
Useful for map interpretation and explaining irregular time zone shapes or date changes; connects to navigation, international relations and historical examples where borders affect local time practices.
๐ Reading List :
Exploring Society:India and Beyond. Social Science-Class VI . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 1: Locating Places on the Earth > LET'S EXPLORE > p. 21
Exploring Society:India and Beyond. Social Science-Class VI . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 1: Locating Places on the Earth > DON'T MISS OUT > p. 22
Exploring Society:India and Beyond. Social Science-Class VI . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 1: Locating Places on the Earth > Understanding Time Zones > p. 20
๐ Anchor: "Does Denmark have more than four time zones?"
๐ Adjacent topic to master
S3
๐ Multiple time zones for large longitudinal extent
๐ก The insight
Countries with a wide eastโwest span adopt multiple standard time zones to avoid large local-time differences across territory.
High-yield for UPSC geography: explains why countries like Russia, Canada and the USA use several time zones, links longitude concepts to administrative time decisions, and helps eliminate wrong options in time-difference and map-based questions.
๐ Reading List :
Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 18: Latitudes and Longitudes > Standard Time and Time Zones > p. 243
Exploring Society:India and Beyond. Social Science-Class VI . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 1: Locating Places on the Earth > DON'T MISS OUT > p. 22
๐ Anchor: "Does New Zealand have more than four time zones?"
Micro-concepts
Discover the small, exam-centric ideas hidden in this question and
where they appear in your books and notes.
The 'China Paradox': China spans 5 geographical time zones but officially uses only one (Beijing Time). This is the exact opposite of the UK/France logic. Expect a statement like 'China has more time zones than India' (False in practice, True in theory).
โก Elimination Cheat Code
Use the 'Empire Heuristic'. UK and Denmark (via Greenland) are historical maritime powers with scattered territories; they *must* have many zones. Australia is a continent (obvious). Brazil, despite being huge, is a contiguous landmass without a global island network, capping it at 4. Thus, Brazil is the odd one out.
๐ Mains Connection
Link Time Zones to UNCLOS & EEZ (Exclusive Economic Zones). Countries with the most time zones (France, UK, US) often have the largest EEZs due to scattered islands. This connects Geography to International Relations and Strategic dominance.
The Vault
Access hidden traps, elimination shortcuts, and Mains connections
that give you an edge on every question.
Consider the following countries :
1. Denmark
2. Japan
3. Russian Federation
4. United Kingdom
5. United States of America
Which of the above are the members of the 'Arctic Council'?