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Q73 (IAS/2025) History & Culture › National Movement (1857–1947) › Gandhian mass movements Answer Verified

Who provided legal defence to the people arrested in the aftermath of Chauri Chaura incident?

Result
Your answer: —  ·  Correct: B
Explanation

The correct answer is option B - Madan Mohan Malaviya and Krishna Kant provided legal defence to the people arrested in the aftermath of the Chauri Chaura incident.

The Chauri Chaura incident occurred on February 4, 1922, when a violent mob attacked and set fire to a police station in Chauri Chaura, Uttar Pradesh, killing 22 policemen. This tragic event led to Gandhi's suspension of the Non-Cooperation Movement. Following the incident, British authorities arrested hundreds of villagers and conducted mass trials.

Madan Mohan Malaviya, a prominent lawyer and nationalist leader, along with Krishna Kant Malaviya, took up the legal defence of those arrested. They worked tirelessly to defend the accused in court, though many were ultimately convicted. Madan Mohan Malaviya was among the lawyers who gave their full contribution to the non-cooperation movement[1], and his legal defence work in the Chauri Chaura case demonstrated his commitment to justice even when Gandhi had suspended the movement itself.

While C. R. Das was also a prominent lawyer in the nationalist movement, he did not provide legal defence in this particular case. The other options mentioned did not have documented involvement in defending the Chauri Chaura accused.

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Q. Who provided legal defence to the people arrested in the aftermath of Chauri Chaura incident? [A] C. R. Das [B] Madan Mohan Malaviya an…
At a glance
Origin: Mixed / unclear origin Fairness: Low / Borderline fairness Books / CA: 0/10 · 0/10
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This is a 'Depth' question. While standard texts (Spectrum/NCERT) cover the incident, they rarely detail the specific legal defence team. It rewards students who map 'Leaders to Regions' (Malaviya = UP/Allahabad) or those who study the 'Lawyer-Politician' nexus in landmark trials.

How this question is built

This question can be broken into the following sub-statements. Tap a statement sentence to jump into its detailed analysis.

Statement 1
Did C. R. Das provide legal defence to the people arrested in the aftermath of the 1922 Chauri Chaura incident?
Origin: Weak / unclear Fairness: Borderline / guessy
Indirect textbook clues
Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 17: Emergence of Swarajists, Socialist Ideas, Revolutionary Activities and Other New Forces > Action against the Revolutionaries > p. 351
Strength: 5/5
“Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru were tried in the Lahore conspiracy case. Many other revolutionaries were tried in a series of other cases. In jail, these revolutionaries protested against the horrible conditions through fasting, and demanded honourable and decent treatment as political prisoners. Jatin Das became the first martyr on the 64th day of his fast. The defence of these young revolutionaries was organised by Congress leaders. Bhagat Singh became a household name. Azad was involved in a bid to blow up Viceroy Irwin's train near Delhi in December 1929. During 1930 there were a series of violent actions in Punjab and towns of United Provinces (26 incidents in 1930 in Punjab alone).”
Why relevant

States that the defence of young revolutionaries was organised by Congress leaders — showing a pattern of prominent Congress figures arranging legal defence for political prisoners.

How to extend

A student could check whether C. R. Das, a leading Congress figure/lawyer, was among those who organised or personally defended the Chauri Chaura accused.

History , class XII (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 2: Rise of Extremism and Swadeshi Movement > Khudiram Bose Prafulla Chaki > p. 23
Strength: 4/5
“A conspiracy was hatched there to kill Douglas Kingsford, notorious for his cruel ways of dealing with the swadeshi agitators. Two young revolutionaries – 18-year-old Khudiram Bose and 19-year-old Prafulla Chaki – were entrusted with the task of carrying out the killing. On 30 April 1908, they mistakenly threw a bomb on a carriage, that, instead of killing Kingsford, killed two English women. Prafulla Chaki committed suicide and Khudiram Bose was arrested and hanged for the murder. Aurobindo Ghose, along with his brother Barinder Kumar Ghose and thirty-five other comrades, were arrested. Chittaranjan Das took up the case. It came to be known as the Alipore Bomb case.”
Why relevant

Gives an example where Chittaranjan Das (another eminent lawyer/Congress leader) 'took up the case' of accused revolutionaries (Alipore Bomb case), showing the established practice of prominent lawyers defending political trials.

How to extend

Use this precedent to investigate whether C. R. Das, similarly positioned, acted as defence counsel in the Chauri Chaura trials.

Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 39: After Nehru... > 15. Lord Reading 1921-1926 > p. 821
Strength: 3/5
“• (i) Chauri Chaura incident (February 5, 1922) and the subsequent withdrawal of Non-Cooperation Movement.• (ii) Moplah rebellion in Kerala (1921).• (iii) Repeal of the Press Act of 1910 and the Rowlatt Act of 1919.• (iv) Criminal Law Amendment Act and abolition of cotton excise.• (v) Communal riots in Multan, Amritsar, Delhi, Aligarh, Arvi and Calcutta.• (vi) Kakori train robbery (1925).• (vii) Murder of Swami Shraddhanand (1926).• (viii) Establishment of Swaraj Party by C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru (1922).• (ix) Decision to hold simultaneous examinations for the ICS both in Delhi and London, with effect from 1923.”
Why relevant

Notes that C. R. Das was a leading politician who helped found the Swaraj Party in 1922, indicating his prominent political/legal role at the time.

How to extend

Combine Das's prominence and legal background with the known repression after Chauri Chaura to assess the likelihood he would take up legal defence roles.

Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 39: After Nehru... > Non-cooperation Movement > p. 810
Strength: 4/5
“M.N. Roy, a communist leader, was the editor of the communist journal Vanguard. He condemned the sessions court's sentence to death to 172 of the 225 accused in the Chauri Chaura incident (later, 19 were hanged and the rest transported) as against 22 policemen killed. Bhagwan Ahir, an army pensioner in Gorakhpur village, was beaten up by the British police. The incident flared up nationalist sentiments in the village, which then led to the killing of 22 policemen in Chauri-Chaura, by the peasants.”
Why relevant

Describes the heavy sentences (death and transportation) given to many accused at Chauri Chaura, implying significant trials where legal defence would be relevant and possibly required from notable lawyers.

How to extend

A student could look for records of who provided defence in these high-profile capital trials, focusing on prominent lawyers like C. R. Das.

THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART III, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 11: MAHATMA GANDHI AND THE NATIONALIST MOVEMENT > 2. The Making and Unmaking of Non-cooperation > p. 291
Strength: 3/5
“self-rule." As a consequence of the Non-Cooperation Movement the British Raj was shaken to its foundations for the first time since the Revolt of 1857. Then, in February 1922, a group of peasants attacked and torched a police station in the hamlet of Chauri Chaura, in the United Provinces (now, Uttar Pradesh and Uttaranchal). Several constables perished in the conflagration. This act of violence prompted Gandhiji to call off the movement altogether. "No provocation," he insisted, "can possibly justify (the) brutal murder of men who had been rendered defenceless and who had virtually thrown themselves on the mercy of the mob." During the Non-Cooperation Movement thousands of Indians were put in jail.”
Why relevant

Explains that many Indians were jailed during the Non-Cooperation Movement and that incidents like Chauri Chaura led to legal action, reinforcing that political leaders and lawyers often became involved in such cases.

How to extend

Use this general pattern (political arrests → legal trials → involvement of political leaders/lawyers) to justify researching whether C. R. Das participated in the Chauri Chaura defence.

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Statement analysis

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