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Q12 (IAS/2025) History & Culture › National Movement (1857–1947) › Gandhian mass movements Answer Verified

Consider the following subjects with regard to Non-Cooperation Programme : I. Boycott of law-courts and foreign cloth II. Observance of strict non-violence III. Retention of titles and honours without using them in public IV. Establishment of Panchayats for settling disputes How many of the above were parts of Non-Cooperation Programme?

Result
Your answer: —  ·  Correct: C
Explanation

The Non-cooperation movement included boycott of schools, colleges, courts, government offices, legislatures, foreign goods, and return of government conferred titles and awards[3]. Alternatively, national schools and panchayats were to be set up and swadeshi goods manufactured and used[3].

Statement I is correct: An all-party conference in June 1920 approved a programme of boycott of law courts[4], and foreign cloth was burnt in huge bonfires[5].

Statement II is correct: Gandhi issued a manifesto in March 1920, announcing his doctrine of non-violent Non-Cooperation Movement[6], and the act of violence at Chauri Chaura prompted Gandhi to call off the movement altogether[7], demonstrating the strict adherence to non-violence.

Statement III is **incorrect**: The programme called for the **return** of titles and honours, not their retention.

Statement IV is correct: The programme included dispensation of justice through panchayats instead of boycotted law courts[9].

Therefore, three statements (I, II, and IV) were parts of the Non-Cooperation Programme.

Sources
  1. [1] History , class XII (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 4: Advent of Gandhi and Mass Mobilisation > c) Launch of Non-Cooperation Movement > p. 47
  2. [2] History , class XII (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 4: Advent of Gandhi and Mass Mobilisation > c) Launch of Non-Cooperation Movement > p. 47
  3. [3] History , class XII (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 4: Advent of Gandhi and Mass Mobilisation > c) Launch of Non-Cooperation Movement > p. 47
  4. [4] Modern India ,Bipin Chandra, History class XII (NCERT 1982 ed.)[Old NCERT] > Chapter 15: Struggle for Swaraj > THE KHILAFAT AND NON-COOPERATION MOVEMENT (1919-22) > p. 270
  5. [5] India and the Contemporary World – II. History-Class X . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 2: Nationalism in India > 2.1 The Movement in the Towns > p. 34
  6. [6] Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 39: After Nehru... > Non-cooperation Movement > p. 806
  7. [7] THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART III, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 11: MAHATMA GANDHI AND THE NATIONALIST MOVEMENT > 2. The Making and Unmaking of Non-cooperation > p. 291
  8. [8] Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 16: Non-Cooperation Movement and Khilafat Aandolan > p. 332
  9. [9] Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 16: Non-Cooperation Movement and Khilafat Aandolan > p. 332
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Don’t just practise – reverse-engineer the question. This panel shows where this PYQ came from (books / web), how the examiner broke it into hidden statements, and which nearby micro-concepts you were supposed to learn from it. Treat it like an autopsy of the question: what might have triggered it, which exact lines in the book matter, and what linked ideas you should carry forward to future questions.
Q. Consider the following subjects with regard to Non-Cooperation Programme : I. Boycott of law-courts and foreign cloth II. Observance of…
At a glance
Origin: Books + Current Affairs Fairness: High fairness Books / CA: 8/10 · 2/10

A classic 'Core History' question with a single 'Truth-Inversion' trap. Statements I, II, and IV are verbatim from standard texts (Spectrum/NCERT). Statement III ('Retention of titles') contradicts the famous 'Surrender of titles' (e.g., Gandhi's Kaiser-i-Hind). The strategy is simple: if an option claims the opposite of a headline event, it is the imposter.

How this question is built

This question can be broken into the following sub-statements. Tap a statement sentence to jump into its detailed analysis.

Statement 1
Was a boycott of law courts part of the Indian Non-Cooperation Programme (1920–1922)?
Origin: Direct from books Fairness: Straightforward Book-answerable
From standard books
History , class XII (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 4: Advent of Gandhi and Mass Mobilisation > c) Launch of Non-Cooperation Movement > p. 47
Presence: 5/5
“(c) Launch of Non-Cooperation Movement The Khilafat Conference, at the instance of Gandhi, decided to launch the non-cooperation movement from 31 August 1920. Earlier an all-party meet at Allahabad had decided on a programme of boycott of government educational institutions and their law courts. Non-cooperation movement included boycott of schools, colleges, courts, government offices, legislatures, foreign goods, return of government conferred titles and awards. Alternatively, national schools, panchayats were to be set up and swadeshi goods manufactured and used. The struggle at a later stage was to include no tax campaign and mass civil disobedience, etc. A regular Congress session held at Nagpur in 1920 endorsed the earlier resolutions.”
Why this source?
  • Explicitly records that an all-party meet at Allahabad decided on a programme including boycott of law courts.
  • Places boycott of law courts within the broader Non-Cooperation measures (boycott of schools, colleges, courts).
Modern India ,Bipin Chandra, History class XII (NCERT 1982 ed.)[Old NCERT] > Chapter 15: Struggle for Swaraj > THE KHILAFAT AND NON-COOPERATION MOVEMENT (1919-22) > p. 270
Presence: 5/5
“Meanwhile the Government had refused to annul the Rowlatt Act, make amends for the atrocities in the Punjab, or satisfy the nationalist urge for self-government. In June 1920, an all-party conference met at Allahabad and approved a programme of boycott of schools, colleges, and law courts. The Khilafat Committee launched a non-cooperation movement.”
Why this source?
  • States June 1920 all-party conference at Allahabad approved boycott of schools, colleges and law courts.
  • Directly links the approved boycott programme to the launching of the Khilafat/non-cooperation movement.
Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 16: Non-Cooperation Movement and Khilafat Aandolan > p. 332
Presence: 5/5
“August 31, 1920 The Khilafat Committee started a campaign of non-cooperation and the movement was formally launched. (Tilak had, incidentally, breathed his last on August 1, 1920.) September 1920 At a special session in Calcutta, the Congress approved a non-cooperation programme till the Punjab and Khilafat wrongs were removed and swaraj was established. The programme was to include— • boycott of government schools and colleges;• boycott of law courts and dispensation of justice through panchayats instead;• boycott of legislative councils; (there were some differences over this as some leaders like C.R.”
Why this source?
  • Lists boycott of law courts as a specific element of the non-cooperation programme and proposes dispensing justice through panchayats.
  • Places this item in the formal programme timeline (August–September 1920 launch and Congress approval).
Statement 2
Was a boycott of foreign cloth (promoting Swadeshi) part of the Indian Non-Cooperation Programme (1920–1922)?
Origin: Direct from books Fairness: Straightforward Book-answerable
From standard books
History , class XII (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 4: Advent of Gandhi and Mass Mobilisation > c) Launch of Non-Cooperation Movement > p. 47
Presence: 5/5
“(c) Launch of Non-Cooperation Movement The Khilafat Conference, at the instance of Gandhi, decided to launch the non-cooperation movement from 31 August 1920. Earlier an all-party meet at Allahabad had decided on a programme of boycott of government educational institutions and their law courts. Non-cooperation movement included boycott of schools, colleges, courts, government offices, legislatures, foreign goods, return of government conferred titles and awards. Alternatively, national schools, panchayats were to be set up and swadeshi goods manufactured and used. The struggle at a later stage was to include no tax campaign and mass civil disobedience, etc. A regular Congress session held at Nagpur in 1920 endorsed the earlier resolutions.”
Why this source?
  • Explicitly lists boycott of foreign goods as part of the Non-Cooperation Movement programme.
  • Pairs boycott with promotion of swadeshi goods and setting up national alternatives (schools, panchayats).
India and the Contemporary World – II. History-Class X . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 2: Nationalism in India > 2.1 The Movement in the Towns > p. 34
Presence: 5/5
“The movement started with middle-class participation in the cities. Thousands of students left government-controlled schools and colleges, headmasters and teachers resigned, and lawyers gave up their legal practices. The council elections were boycotted in most provinces except Madras, where the Justice Party, the party of the non-Brahmans, felt that entering the council was one way of gaining some power – something that usually only Brahmans had access to. The effects of non-cooperation on the economic front were more dramatic. Foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops picketed, and foreign cloth burnt in huge bonfires. The import of foreign cloth halved between 1921 and 1922, its value dropping from Rs 102 crore to Rs 57 crore.”
Why this source?
  • Describes mass actions during Non-Cooperation: foreign goods boycotted and foreign cloth burnt in bonfires.
  • Provides quantitative impact: import value of foreign cloth fell sharply between 1921 and 1922, linking boycott to concrete results.
Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 39: After Nehru... > Non-cooperation Movement > p. 806
Presence: 4/5
“M.K. Gandhi issued a manifesto in March 1920, announcing his doctrine of non-violent Non-Cooperation Movement. He was the main force behind the movement and urged the people to adopt swadeshi principles and habits including hand spinning, weaving and work for removal of untouchability. He addressed lakhs of people during his nation-wide tour in 1921. He suspended the movement after an outburst of violence at Chauri Chaura in UP in February 1922. C.R. Das moved the main resolution on non-cooperation in the annual session of the Congress in Nagpur in 1920 and played a major role in promoting the movement. A successful lawyer, he boycotted the law courts and gave up a lucrative practice.”
Why this source?
  • Records Gandhi urging adoption of swadeshi habits such as hand spinning and weaving during the Non-Cooperation campaign.
  • Connects leadership directive (Gandhi) to swadeshi practice within the movement.
Statement 3
Did the Indian Non-Cooperation Programme (1920–1922) require observance of strict non-violence?
Origin: Direct from books Fairness: Straightforward Book-answerable
From standard books
Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 39: After Nehru... > Non-cooperation Movement > p. 806
Presence: 5/5
“M.K. Gandhi issued a manifesto in March 1920, announcing his doctrine of non-violent Non-Cooperation Movement. He was the main force behind the movement and urged the people to adopt swadeshi principles and habits including hand spinning, weaving and work for removal of untouchability. He addressed lakhs of people during his nation-wide tour in 1921. He suspended the movement after an outburst of violence at Chauri Chaura in UP in February 1922. C.R. Das moved the main resolution on non-cooperation in the annual session of the Congress in Nagpur in 1920 and played a major role in promoting the movement. A successful lawyer, he boycotted the law courts and gave up a lucrative practice.”
Why this source?
  • Gandhi issued a manifesto announcing a doctrine of non-violent Non-Cooperation, identifying non-violence as the programme's guiding principle.
  • Gandhi's leadership linked the movement's tactics (swadeshi, boycott, court and office boycotts) with a non-violent approach and he suspended the movement after a violent outbreak.
Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 16: Non-Cooperation Movement and Khilafat Aandolan > Non-Cooperation Movement and Khilafat Aandolan > p. 328
Presence: 5/5
“During 1919-22, the British were opposed through two mass movements—the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation. Though the two movements emerged from separate issues, they adopted a common programme of action—that of non-violent noncooperation. The Khilafat issue was not directly linked to Indian politics but it provided the immediate background to the movement and gave an added advantage of cementing Hindu-Muslim unity against the British.”
Why this source?
  • The Non-Cooperation and Khilafat movements adopted a common programme described as 'non-violent noncooperation', explicitly framing non-violence as the mode of protest.
  • This framing shows the programme was designed around non-violent boycott and mass mobilisation rather than violent action.
THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART III, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 11: MAHATMA GANDHI AND THE NATIONALIST MOVEMENT > 2. The Making and Unmaking of Non-cooperation > p. 291
Presence: 4/5
“self-rule." As a consequence of the Non-Cooperation Movement the British Raj was shaken to its foundations for the first time since the Revolt of 1857. Then, in February 1922, a group of peasants attacked and torched a police station in the hamlet of Chauri Chaura, in the United Provinces (now, Uttar Pradesh and Uttaranchal). Several constables perished in the conflagration. This act of violence prompted Gandhiji to call off the movement altogether. "No provocation," he insisted, "can possibly justify (the) brutal murder of men who had been rendered defenceless and who had virtually thrown themselves on the mercy of the mob." During the Non-Cooperation Movement thousands of Indians were put in jail.”
Why this source?
  • Gandhi called off the movement after the Chauri Chaura violence, insisting no provocation could justify brutal murder, demonstrating enforcement of the non-violence requirement.
  • The leadership's decision to terminate the campaign following violence underlines that strict non-violence was a non-negotiable condition for the programme.
Statement 4
Did the Indian Non-Cooperation Programme (1920–1922) include retaining titles and honours while not using them in public?
Origin: Web / Current Affairs Fairness: CA heavy Web-answerable

Web source
Presence: 5/5
"Retention of titles and honours without using them in public"
Why this source?
  • The passage explicitly lists 'Retention of titles and honours without using them in public' as an action.
  • That wording directly matches the statement's claim about retaining but not publicly using titles/honours.

History , class XII (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 4: Advent of Gandhi and Mass Mobilisation > c) Launch of Non-Cooperation Movement > p. 47
Strength: 5/5
“(c) Launch of Non-Cooperation Movement The Khilafat Conference, at the instance of Gandhi, decided to launch the non-cooperation movement from 31 August 1920. Earlier an all-party meet at Allahabad had decided on a programme of boycott of government educational institutions and their law courts. Non-cooperation movement included boycott of schools, colleges, courts, government offices, legislatures, foreign goods, return of government conferred titles and awards. Alternatively, national schools, panchayats were to be set up and swadeshi goods manufactured and used. The struggle at a later stage was to include no tax campaign and mass civil disobedience, etc. A regular Congress session held at Nagpur in 1920 endorsed the earlier resolutions.”
Why relevant

Explicit list of the non-cooperation programme includes 'return of government conferred titles and awards', indicating active renunciation of honours was part of the programme.

How to extend

A student could infer that the programme tended toward returning or renouncing honours rather than merely keeping them privately, and check contemporary accounts or orders to confirm practice.

Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 16: Non-Cooperation Movement and Khilafat Aandolan > p. 332
Strength: 4/5
“August 31, 1920 The Khilafat Committee started a campaign of non-cooperation and the movement was formally launched. (Tilak had, incidentally, breathed his last on August 1, 1920.) September 1920 At a special session in Calcutta, the Congress approved a non-cooperation programme till the Punjab and Khilafat wrongs were removed and swaraj was established. The programme was to include— • boycott of government schools and colleges;• boycott of law courts and dispensation of justice through panchayats instead;• boycott of legislative councils; (there were some differences over this as some leaders like C.R.”
Why relevant

Detailed programme items (boycott of schools, law courts, councils) show a pattern of open, public withdrawal from British institutions rather than private or symbolic non-use.

How to extend

Use this pattern to argue the movement favored public acts of boycott; compare with the specific case of titles to see whether public return fits the pattern.

Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 16: Non-Cooperation Movement and Khilafat Aandolan > p. 333
Strength: 4/5
“ward committees was organised; and entry fee was reduced to four annas. (iv) Gandhi declared that if the non-cooperation programme was implemented completely, swaraj would be ushered in within a year. Many groups of revolutionary terrorists, especially those from Bengal, also pledged support to the Congress programme. At this stage, some leaders like Mohammad Ali Jinnah, Annie Besant, G.S. Kharpade and B.C. Pal left the Congress as they believed in a constitutional and lawful struggle while some others like Surendranath Banerjea founded the Indian National Liberal Federation and played a minor role in national politics henceforward. The adoption by the Congress of the non-cooperation movement initiated earlier by the Khilafat Committee gave it a new energy, and the years 1921 and 1922 saw an unprecedented popular upsurge.”
Why relevant

Notes that Congress adopted an active non-cooperation programme and that many groups pledged support, suggesting coordinated, public steps rather than private retention of symbols.

How to extend

Infer that Congress-endorsed measures were meant for public implementation; check lists of actions leaders recommended about honours/titles in period newspapers or resolutions.

Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 39: After Nehru... > Non-cooperation Movement > p. 806
Strength: 3/5
“M.K. Gandhi issued a manifesto in March 1920, announcing his doctrine of non-violent Non-Cooperation Movement. He was the main force behind the movement and urged the people to adopt swadeshi principles and habits including hand spinning, weaving and work for removal of untouchability. He addressed lakhs of people during his nation-wide tour in 1921. He suspended the movement after an outburst of violence at Chauri Chaura in UP in February 1922. C.R. Das moved the main resolution on non-cooperation in the annual session of the Congress in Nagpur in 1920 and played a major role in promoting the movement. A successful lawyer, he boycotted the law courts and gave up a lucrative practice.”
Why relevant

Example of leaders' personal actions: C.R. Das boycotted law courts and gave up lucrative practice—shows leaders made concrete, public sacrifices consistent with returning honours.

How to extend

Extend this pattern of public sacrifice to hypothesize that retaining titles privately would contradict the ethos; verify by examining leaders' guidance on titles.

India and the Contemporary World – II. History-Class X . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 2: Nationalism in India > 1.3 Why Non-cooperation? > p. 33
Strength: 3/5
“Many within the Congress were, however, concerned about the proposals. They were reluctant to boycott the council elections scheduled for November 1920, and they feared that the movement might lead to popular violence. In the months between September and December there was an intense tussle within the Congress. For a while there seemed no meeting point between the supporters and the opponents of the movement. Finally, at the Congress session at Nagpur in December 1920, a compromise was worked out and the Non-Cooperation programme was adopted. How did the movement unfold? Who participated in it? How did different social groups conceive of the idea of Non-Cooperation?”
Why relevant

Describes internal Congress debates and a compromise leading to an adopted programme, indicating the movement had a formal, agreed list of actions (so practices about titles would be definable and recorded).

How to extend

Use this to motivate searching for the specific compromise text or Nagpur resolutions to see whether any nuanced instruction (e.g., retain but not use) was allowed.

Statement 5
Did the Indian Non-Cooperation Programme (1920–1922) include the establishment of panchayats to settle disputes?
Origin: Direct from books Fairness: Straightforward Book-answerable
From standard books
Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 16: Non-Cooperation Movement and Khilafat Aandolan > p. 332
Presence: 5/5
“August 31, 1920 The Khilafat Committee started a campaign of non-cooperation and the movement was formally launched. (Tilak had, incidentally, breathed his last on August 1, 1920.) September 1920 At a special session in Calcutta, the Congress approved a non-cooperation programme till the Punjab and Khilafat wrongs were removed and swaraj was established. The programme was to include— • boycott of government schools and colleges;• boycott of law courts and dispensation of justice through panchayats instead;• boycott of legislative councils; (there were some differences over this as some leaders like C.R.”
Why this source?
  • Specifically lists boycott of law courts and dispensing of justice through panchayats as part of the programme.
  • Directly links the Non-Cooperation programme's objectives to substitution of formal courts with panchayats.
History , class XII (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 4: Advent of Gandhi and Mass Mobilisation > c) Launch of Non-Cooperation Movement > p. 47
Presence: 4/5
“(c) Launch of Non-Cooperation Movement The Khilafat Conference, at the instance of Gandhi, decided to launch the non-cooperation movement from 31 August 1920. Earlier an all-party meet at Allahabad had decided on a programme of boycott of government educational institutions and their law courts. Non-cooperation movement included boycott of schools, colleges, courts, government offices, legislatures, foreign goods, return of government conferred titles and awards. Alternatively, national schools, panchayats were to be set up and swadeshi goods manufactured and used. The struggle at a later stage was to include no tax campaign and mass civil disobedience, etc. A regular Congress session held at Nagpur in 1920 endorsed the earlier resolutions.”
Why this source?
  • States that national schools and panchayats were to be set up as alternatives during the Non-Cooperation Movement.
  • Places panchayat establishment alongside other boycott measures, implying an intended formal role.
India and the Contemporary World – II. History-Class X . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 2: Nationalism in India > Activity > p. 35
Presence: 3/5
“In many places nai – dhobi bandhs were organised by panchayats to deprive landlords of the services of even barbers and washermen. In June 1920, Jawaharlal Nehru began going around the villages in Awadh, talking to the villagers, and trying to understand their grievances. By October, the Oudh Kisan Sabha was set up headed by Jawaharlal Nehru, Baba Ramchandra and a few others. Within a month, over 300 branches had been set up in the villages around the region. So when the Non-Cooperation Movement began the following year, the effort of the Congress was to integrate the Awadh peasant struggle into the wider struggle.”
Why this source?
  • Describes active use of panchayats in 1920 (e.g., organising nai–dhobi bandhs), showing panchayats functioned as local institutions during the movement.
  • Provides practical example of panchayats operating in mobilisation and local dispute/action contexts.
Pattern takeaway: UPSC History traps often involve taking a standard list (Boycott A, B, C) and subtly reversing one item (Keep D instead of Boycott D). Trust the 'Headline' facts (Gandhi returning his medal) to eliminate nuanced-sounding but false statements.
How you should have studied
  1. [THE VERDICT]: Sitter. Statement III is a direct contradiction of the famous 'Surrender of Titles' fact found in every history primer.
  2. [THE CONCEPTUAL TRIGGER]: The 'Negative' (Boycott) vs. 'Positive' (Constructive) programmes of the Non-Cooperation Movement (NCM).
  3. [THE HORIZONTAL EXPANSION]: Memorize the NCM Institution List: 1) National Schools founded (Jamia Millia, Kashi/Gujarat/Bihar Vidyapiths); 2) Lawyers who quit (Motilal Nehru, C.R. Das, C. Rajagopalachari, Vallabhbhai Patel); 3) The '4-Anna' Congress membership fee introduced at Nagpur (1920); 4) The shift in goal from 'Constitutional means' to 'Peaceful and legitimate means'.
  4. [THE STRATEGIC METACOGNITION]: Do not just memorize lists; visualize the 'Direction of Action'. NCM was about 'Withdrawal' of support. 'Retention' (even without use) implies continued association, which violates the core philosophy of Non-Cooperation. Always test statements against the movement's moral ethos.
Concept hooks from this question
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 Boycott of colonial institutions (schools, courts, councils)
💡 The insight

The Non-Cooperation programme explicitly targeted colonial institutions through organised boycotts of schools, colleges and law courts.

High-yield for questions on methods of the freedom movement: explains tactical shift from petitions to mass non-cooperation and links to emergence of parallel institutions (panchayats, national schools). Helps answer questions on forms of protest, programme elements, and impacts on colonial administration.

📚 Reading List :
  • History , class XII (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 4: Advent of Gandhi and Mass Mobilisation > c) Launch of Non-Cooperation Movement > p. 47
  • Modern India ,Bipin Chandra, History class XII (NCERT 1982 ed.)[Old NCERT] > Chapter 15: Struggle for Swaraj > THE KHILAFAT AND NON-COOPERATION MOVEMENT (1919-22) > p. 270
  • Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 16: Non-Cooperation Movement and Khilafat Aandolan > p. 332
🔗 Anchor: "Was a boycott of law courts part of the Indian Non-Cooperation Programme (1920–1..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 All‑party conference at Allahabad (June 1920) as programme origin
💡 The insight

The June 1920 Allahabad conference approved the boycott programme that became central to the Non‑Cooperation Movement.

Knowing key meetings and resolutions is exam-relevant for chronology and causation questions; it connects movement origins to subsequent Congress endorsement (Nagpur) and the Khilafat link, enabling answers on how and when strategies were adopted.

📚 Reading List :
  • Modern India ,Bipin Chandra, History class XII (NCERT 1982 ed.)[Old NCERT] > Chapter 15: Struggle for Swaraj > THE KHILAFAT AND NON-COOPERATION MOVEMENT (1919-22) > p. 270
  • Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 16: Non-Cooperation Movement and Khilafat Aandolan > The Non-Cooperation Khilafat Movement > p. 331
  • History , class XII (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 4: Advent of Gandhi and Mass Mobilisation > c) Launch of Non-Cooperation Movement > p. 47
🔗 Anchor: "Was a boycott of law courts part of the Indian Non-Cooperation Programme (1920–1..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 Lawyers' withdrawal and symbolic sacrifices
💡 The insight

Prominent lawyers abandoned legal practice as part of the boycott of law courts, demonstrating elite participation and sacrifice.

Useful for questions on social composition and impact of the movement: shows role of professionals, effects on judiciary/administration, and helps explain political consequences (e.g., rise of Swaraj Party).

📚 Reading List :
  • Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 39: After Nehru... > Appendices ✫ 807 > p. 807
  • Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 39: After Nehru... > Non-cooperation Movement > p. 806
🔗 Anchor: "Was a boycott of law courts part of the Indian Non-Cooperation Programme (1920–1..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 Swadeshi as organized boycott of foreign goods
💡 The insight

Swadeshi involved deliberate refusal of foreign cloth and goods while promoting indigenous production as a political and economic tactic.

High-yield for UPSC because it links political strategy to economic nationalism; useful for questions on methods of mass mobilisation, impact on colonial trade, and policy responses. It connects to topics on economic nationalism, industrial policy, and civil disobedience tactics.

📚 Reading List :
  • History , class XII (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 4: Advent of Gandhi and Mass Mobilisation > c) Launch of Non-Cooperation Movement > p. 47
  • India and the Contemporary World – II. History-Class X . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 2: Nationalism in India > 2.1 The Movement in the Towns > p. 34
  • Modern India ,Bipin Chandra, History class XII (NCERT 1982 ed.)[Old NCERT] > Chapter 12: Growth of New India—The Nationalist Movement 1858—1905 > Economic Reforms > p. 210
🔗 Anchor: "Was a boycott of foreign cloth (promoting Swadeshi) part of the Indian Non-Coope..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 Non-Cooperation movement tactics
💡 The insight

The Non-Cooperation programme combined institutional boycotts (schools, courts, legislatures) with economic boycotts and promotion of swadeshi.

Important for understanding the breadth of Gandhian mass movements and for answering questions on forms of protest, alliance-building (e.g., Khilafat), and movement outcomes. Helps compare methods across different phases of the freedom struggle.

📚 Reading List :
  • History , class XII (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 4: Advent of Gandhi and Mass Mobilisation > c) Launch of Non-Cooperation Movement > p. 47
  • Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 39: After Nehru... > Non-cooperation Movement > p. 806
  • India and the Contemporary World – II. History-Class X . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 2: Nationalism in India > 2.1 The Movement in the Towns > p. 34
🔗 Anchor: "Was a boycott of foreign cloth (promoting Swadeshi) part of the Indian Non-Coope..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 Measurable economic impact of boycotts
💡 The insight

Boycotts during Non-Cooperation produced quantifiable results such as a sharp fall in imports of foreign cloth in 1921–22.

Useful for framing arguments on effectiveness of non-violent economic action in essays and prelims/GS papers; links political mobilization to economic indicators and colonial trade patterns.

📚 Reading List :
  • India and the Contemporary World – II. History-Class X . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 2: Nationalism in India > 2.1 The Movement in the Towns > p. 34
  • India and the Contemporary World – II. History-Class X . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 4: The Age of Industrialisation > 5 The Peculiarities of Industrial Growth > p. 97
🔗 Anchor: "Was a boycott of foreign cloth (promoting Swadeshi) part of the Indian Non-Coope..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S3
👉 Gandhian non-violence (ahimsa) as organisational principle
💡 The insight

Non-violence was the declared doctrine of the Non-Cooperation Programme and structured its tactics and leadership choices.

High-yield for questions on methods of the freedom struggle and ideological foundations of mass movements; links to civil disobedience, swadeshi, and leadership ethics. Mastering this helps answer causation and comparative questions about why movements succeeded or were withdrawn.

📚 Reading List :
  • Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 39: After Nehru... > Non-cooperation Movement > p. 806
  • Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 16: Non-Cooperation Movement and Khilafat Aandolan > Non-Cooperation Movement and Khilafat Aandolan > p. 328
  • THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART III, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 11: MAHATMA GANDHI AND THE NATIONALIST MOVEMENT > 2. The Making and Unmaking of Non-cooperation > p. 291
🔗 Anchor: "Did the Indian Non-Cooperation Programme (1920–1922) require observance of stric..."
🌑 The Hidden Trap

The 'No-Tax Campaign' (Bardoli). It was approved as the *final* stage of NCM but was never launched due to the Chauri Chaura incident. A future question may ask: 'Was non-payment of taxes implemented on a mass scale during NCM?' (Answer: No, unlike Civil Disobedience).

⚡ Elimination Cheat Code

The 'Gandhian Transparency' Hack. Gandhi's Satyagraha was based on open, bold defiance, not secretive or passive measures. 'Retaining titles without using them in public' sounds like a sneaky, face-saving compromise. Gandhi demanded public renunciation. If an option sounds hypocritical or secretive, it is likely not Gandhian.

🔗 Mains Connection

Polity (Article 18 & Fundamental Duties). The NCM's 'Surrender of Titles' is the historical ancestor of Article 18 (Abolition of Titles) and links to the Fundamental Duty 'to cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for freedom'.

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SIMILAR QUESTIONS

CDS-I · 2024 · Q63 Relevance score: -0.15

Which one among the following was not a part of the action programme of the Non-Cooperation Movement? (a) The Congress organisation was to reach down to the village and the Mohalla level (b) Boycott of government affiliated schools and colleges (c) Taking control of the law and order machinery of the State by the Congress Working Committee (d) Surrender of titles and honours given by the government

CAPF · 2010 · Q107 Relevance score: -0.38

Which one among the following was not a programme adopted by the Congress while launching the non-cooperation movement ?

CAPF · 2010 · Q103 Relevance score: -0.89

Consider the following passage : It urged people to resign from government offices, shun the British law-courts, withdraw from schools and colleges and boycott the elections. On the other hand, (here was a campaign for using indigenous goods, especially khadi or homespun cloth. Which movement does the above passage relate to ?

IAS · 1996 · Q14 Relevance score: -1.98

Consider the following statements : The Non-Cooperation Movement led to the I. Congress becoming a mass movement for the first time. II. growth of Hindu-Muslim unity. III. removal of fear of the British ‘might’ from the minds of the people. IV. British government’s willingness to grant political concessions to Indians. Of these statements