Consider the following subjects under the Constitution of India : I. List I-Union List, in the Seventh Schedule II. Extent of the executive power of a State III. Conditions of the Governor's office For a constitutional amendment with respect to which of the above, ratification by the Legislatures of not less than one-half of the States is required before presenting the bill to the President of India for assent?

Article 368 prescribes that amendments affecting the federal structure need ratification by at least one-half of state legislatures.

High-yield for constitutional law and federalism questions: mastering this clarifies which amendments need only Parliament and which require state consent; connects to landmark amendment cases and questions on centre–state relations; enables answering queries about amendment thresholds and procedures.

Certain constitutional changes demand the consent of not less than one-half of state legislatures, with simple majority within each legislature.

Directly relevant for questions on rigidity vs flexibility of the Indian Constitution and for analysing federal safeguards; helps differentiate amendment types and predict when states play a role in constitutional change.

The Seventh Schedule divides legislative subjects into three lists (Union, State, Concurrent); entries in these lists have been the subject of constitutional amendments.

Essential for topics on distribution of legislative powers and federal balance; understanding the lists helps evaluate whether an amendment alters federal structure and thus whether state ratification is required.

Amendments that affect the federal structure require ratification by not less than one-half of the state legislatures.

High-yield for UPSC constitutional law questions: it clarifies when state consent is constitutionally mandatory and distinguishes between purely parliamentary amendments and those invoking federal safeguards. Links to federalism, Centre–State relations, and Article 368; useful for questions on amendment validity and judicial review.

Most constitutional amendments must be passed by a special majority (two-thirds of members present and voting and a majority of total membership) in each House of Parliament.

Core procedural concept for amendment-related questions; it helps answer which amendments need only Parliament and which need additional steps. Connects to topics on constitutional rigidity/flexibility and comparative constitutions.

Article 368(2) identifies specific categories of provisions where amendments require ratification by at least half the state legislatures.

Essential for doctrinal clarity and case-based questions (e.g., validity challenges). Mastering this enables handling of fact-pattern questions about whether a particular amendment needed state ratification and about landmark judgments invoking Article 368(2).

Certain constitutional amendments must be ratified by not less than one-half of the state legislatures under Article 368.

High-yield for constitutional law questions: understanding Article 368's separate procedure distinguishes amendments requiring only Parliament's special majority from those needing state-level consent. This concept links to federalism, Centre–State relations, and landmark amendment litigation.