UPSC Mains 2022 GS3 Q17 — Climate Change
Discuss global warming and mention its effects on the global climate. Explain the control measures to bring down the level of greenhouse gases which cause global warming, in the light of the Kyoto Protocol, 1997. (Answer in 250 words)
Question Decoded — examiner's intent
- Directive verbs
- DiscussmentionExplain
- Scope keywords
- global warmingeffects on the global climatecontrol measureslevel of greenhouse gasesKyoto Protocol, 1997
- Implicit sub-parts
- Definition and scientific mechanism of global warming (the greenhouse effect).
- Specific climatic shifts beyond just 'temperature rise' (e.g., Albedo changes, jet stream alterations).
- The specific 'Flexible Mechanisms' introduced by Kyoto (CDM, Joint Implementation, Emissions Trading).
- The concept of Common But Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR) as a driver for these measures.
- A brief critique or transition from Kyoto to the Paris Agreement to provide contemporary relevance.
- Common pitfalls
- Spending too much time defining global warming (a basic concept) and leaving no space for the technicalities of the Kyoto Protocol.
- Failing to mention the specific Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) targeted by the protocol (the 'basket of six' gases).
- Vaguely listing general green habits (like planting trees) instead of the institutional control measures mandated by the 1997 treaty.
- Ignoring the distinction between Annex I and Non-Annex I countries which is central to the Kyoto framework.
- Dimensions required
- Scientific/EnvironmentalGeopolitical/International LawEconomic (Carbon Markets)Historical (Evolution of Climate Governance)
- Marks allocation hint
Allocate 50 words to the definition and climate effects. Dedicate the bulk of the answer (150 words) to the Kyoto Protocol's mechanisms like Clean Development Mechanism and Carbon Trading as they are the core 'control measures' requested. Use the final 50 words to evaluate the protocol's legacy or transition into the current regime to show depth.
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