Loose sediments are transformed into sedimentary rocks by the process of

Lithification is the geological process through which loose, unconsolidated sediments are converted into solid sedimentary rocks. This complex process involves two main stages: compaction and cementation. As more layers of sediment accumulate, the weight of the overlying material exerts pressure on the deeper layers, squeezing out fluids and reducing pore space (compaction). Subsequently, minerals such as silica, calcite, or iron oxide precipitate from groundwater into the remaining spaces, acting as a binding agent to glue the particles together (cementation).

• Weathering is the initial breakdown of rocks into smaller fragments or sediments.
• Mass wasting refers to the downward movement of soil and rock debris primarily due to gravity.
• Solifluction is a specific type of mass wasting involving the slow flow of water-saturated soil over an impermeable layer, often found in permafrost regions.