Which of the following statements about volcanoes are correct? 1. The strength of a volcano is measured by the Volcanic Explosive Index. 2. Iceland and Philippines were created by volcanic activity. 3. Volcanic soils are rich, deep and fertile and allow intensive agriculture to take place. Select the correct answer using the code given below.

The Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) is a logarithmic scale ranging from 0 to 8 used to measure the strength and relative explosiveness of volcanic eruptions based on factors like ejected material volume and plume height. Iceland and the Philippines are prominent examples of landmasses created by volcanic activity; Iceland is formed by the Mid-Atlantic Ridge's volcanic processes, while the Philippines is an island arc resulting from subduction-related volcanism [2]. Volcanic soils, known as Andisols, are formed from the weathering of volcanic ash and rocks [1]. These soils are exceptionally rich, deep, and fertile, containing essential minerals that support intensive agriculture and high-yield farming, despite the physical challenges posed by steep volcanic slopes [4]. Consequently, all three statements are geographically and scientifically accurate.

Sources

1. [1] https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/info_activities/pdfs/PSA_volcanoes_and_climate_change.pdf
2. [2] https://www.science.gov/topicpages/h/hardened+volcanic+soils
3. [4] https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10610550/