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Consider the following statements about the Monthly Per Capita Expenditure (MPCE) in India :
Statement-I :
It is often criticised for being an incomplete criterion for measuring poverty.
Statement-II :
It does not differentiate between the very poor and the other poor (transient poor).
Statement-III :
It takes expenditure on food and a few select items as proxy for income.
Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?
Explanation
Statement-I is correct. MPCE is frequently criticized for being a unidimensional (monetary) measure that fails to capture the multidimensional nature of poverty, such as access to healthcare, education, and basic infrastructure.
Statement-II is correct. The MPCE-based headcount ratio treats everyone below the poverty line as a single homogenous group. It does not account for the depth of poverty, failing to distinguish between the chronically/very poor and the transient poor who may occasionally slip below the line.
Statement-III is correct. In India, consumption expenditure is used as a proxy for income because income data is difficult to collect accurately in the large informal sector. The poverty line basket specifically selects food and certain non-food items (like clothing and fuel) to determine this proxy.
Both Statement-II and Statement-III are direct reasons why the MPCE is viewed as an incomplete criterion (Statement-I), as they highlight its failure to measure poverty depth and its reliance on a proxy rather than comprehensive welfare indicators.