In the context of food and nutritional security of India, enhancing the 'Seed Replacement Rates' of various crops helps in achieving the food production targets of the future. But what is/are the constraint/constraints in its wider/greater implementation? 1. There is no National Seeds Policy in place. 2. There is no participation of private sector seed companies in the supply of quality seeds of vegetables and planting materials of horticultural crops. 3. There is a demand-supply gap regarding quality seeds in case of low value and high volume crops. Select the correct answer using the code given below.

This exam-style snippet lists 'There is no National Seeds Policy in place' as a stated constraint affecting seed replacement rates, indicating that the absence of a national policy was considered a possible problem in this context.

A student could take this claim as a lead to check contemporary government documents or policy timelines (circa 2013–2015) to verify whether an official National Seeds Policy existed then.

Describes the Seeds Act, 1966 as the legal framework for seed certification, showing that seed governance relied on older legislation rather than citing a newer national policy.

One could contrast the presence of the 1966 Act with the absence of mention of a National Seeds Policy in these texts to infer the likely policy environment and then verify with external policy records from ~2014.

Notes attempts to amend the 1966 Act (Seeds Bill 2004 did not materialise; Draft Seeds Bill, 2019 later), implying ongoing reform efforts and no settled new legislative/policy regime during the intervening years.

A student could infer that if major legislative reforms were unresolved through 2019, a distinct, formally adopted National Seeds Policy around 2014 was less likely and should be checked against official archives or ministry releases from 2014.

Provides data on low usage of certified and hybrid seeds and defines Seed Replacement Ratio, highlighting recognized problems that a National Seeds Policy might address.

One could use these performance indicators as reason to expect either an existing national policy addressing them or policy discussions; checking policy documents or official strategies from 2014 would clarify which was true.

Gives the low incidence of certified/hybrid seed use (9.4% certified, 9.8% hybrid) and defines Seed Replacement Ratio, linking SRR to how much area uses certified seed versus farm-saved seed.

A student could combine the low certified-seed share with the large area under low-value, high-volume crops (known from external sources) to infer potential shortfall in formal quality-seed supply for those crops.

Lists seed-sector problems: availability of inappropriate quality seeds, untimely supply and inadequate quantity—directly describing supply-side constraints for quality seed.

A student could apply this pattern to low-value, high-volume crops (which need large, timely seed deliveries) to judge whether these constraints would produce a demand–supply gap.

Raises as a constraint the (claimed) absence of private sector participation in supplying quality seeds of vegetables and planting materials—implying limited suppliers for certain seed types.

A student could check whether low-value, high-volume crops relied on private seed firms in 2014; lack of such participation would suggest weaker supply capacity relative to demand.

Notes poor supply chain linkages, fragmented primary processing, storage and distribution—factors that can impede timely and adequate delivery of quality agricultural inputs including seed.

Combine this with the need for timely seed distribution for large-area crops to infer increased risk of demand–supply mismatches for quality seed of high-volume crops.

Points out small landholdings and low farmer awareness lead to limited standardized, bulk volumes of crop varieties—hindering economies of scale for seed production/supply.

A student could reason that low standardization and fragmented demand make it harder for formal seed suppliers to meet large, uniform demand for low-value, high-volume seeds, suggesting a possible gap.