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Q72 (IAS/2015) Geography › Indian Physical Geography › Indian forest types Official Key

Consider the following States : 1. Arunachal Pradesh 2. Himachal Pradesh 3. Mizoram In which of the above States do 'Tropical Wet Evergreen Forests' occur?

Result
Your answer: —  ·  Correct: C
Explanation

Tropical Wet Evergreen Forests are found along the Western Ghats, the Nicobar and Andaman Islands, and all along the north-eastern region.[2] These forests occur in North-East India, parts of Western Ghats, the Andaman and Nicobar, upper Assam, lower slopes of Eastern Himalayas, Odisha, along the foot-hills of Himalayas, Bhabhar and Tarai regions.[4]

Both **Arunachal Pradesh** and **Mizoram** are part of the north-eastern region of India, where these forests naturally occur. Tropical Evergreen forests are mainly found in areas recording over 150 cm of average annual rainfall where the temperature varies between 20°C to 27°C.[4]

**Himachal Pradesh**, located in the western Himalayas, does not have the climatic conditions suitable for Tropical Wet Evergreen Forests. Instead, it features temperate and alpine vegetation types due to its higher altitude and cooler climate. The warm and humid conditions with high rainfall required for tropical wet evergreen forests are absent in Himachal Pradesh.

Therefore, among the given states, only Arunachal Pradesh (1) and Mizoram (3) have Tropical Wet Evergreen Forests, making option C the correct answer.

Sources
  1. [1] Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 10: Indian Forest > Ro.R.R. Tropical Wet Evergreen Forests > p. 161
  2. [2] Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 10: Indian Forest > Ro.R.R. Tropical Wet Evergreen Forests > p. 161
  3. [3] Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 5: Natural Vegetation and National Parks > Table 5.5 > p. 14
  4. [4] Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 5: Natural Vegetation and National Parks > Table 5.5 > p. 14
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Don’t just practise – reverse-engineer the question. This panel shows where this PYQ came from (books / web), how the examiner broke it into hidden statements, and which nearby micro-concepts you were supposed to learn from it. Treat it like an autopsy of the question: what might have triggered it, which exact lines in the book matter, and what linked ideas you should carry forward to future questions.
Q. Consider the following States : 1. Arunachal Pradesh 2. Himachal Pradesh 3. Mizoram In which of the above States do 'Tropical Wet Eve…
At a glance
Origin: Mixed / unclear origin Fairness: Moderate fairness Books / CA: 6.7/10 · 0/10

This is a classic 'Climatic Logic' question sourced directly from NCERT Class XI (India Physical Environment). It tests if you can distinguish between the 'Tropical' foothills of the North East and the 'Temperate' high-altitude belts of the Western Himalayas.

How this question is built

This question can be broken into the following sub-statements. Tap a statement sentence to jump into its detailed analysis.

Statement 1
Do Tropical Wet Evergreen Forests occur in Arunachal Pradesh, India?
Origin: Direct from books Fairness: Straightforward Book-answerable
From standard books
Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 10: Indian Forest > Ro.R.R. Tropical Wet Evergreen Forests > p. 161
Presence: 4/5
“ro.r.r. Tropical Wet evergreen forests \ Wet evergreen forests are found along the Western Ghats, the Nicobar and Andaman Islands, and all along the north-eastern region. It is characterized by tall, straight evergreen trees. The more common trees that are found here are the jackfruit, betel nut palm, jamun, mango, and hollock. The trees in this forest form a tier pattern; shrubs are found over the layer closer to the ground, followed by the short structured trees and then the tall variety.”
Why this source?
  • Explicitly states wet evergreen forests occur 'all along the north-eastern region', indicating presence in the northeastern states.
  • Describes typical species and structure for wet evergreen forests found in that region, supporting the forest-type occurrence there.
Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 5: Natural Vegetation and National Parks > Table 5.5 > p. 14
Presence: 5/5
“The Indian forests were also classified by H.G. Champion (1936) into eleven categories. The main categories according to this classification are as under: 1. Tropical Evergreen: These forests are mainly found in the areas recording over 150 cm of average annual rainfall where the temperature varies between 20oC to 27oC. North-East India, parts of Western Ghats, the Andaman and Nicobar, upper Assam, lower slopes of Eastern Himalayas, Odisha, along the foot-hills of Himalayas, Bhabhar and Tarai regions”
Why this source?
  • Classifies 'Tropical Evergreen' forests and lists 'North-East India' as a primary location for this forest type.
  • Provides a direct linkage between the forest type (tropical evergreen) and the broader northeastern region of India.
Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 10: Indian Forest > rb.1.1r. Montane Wet temperate forests > p. 163
Presence: 3/5
“In the North, Montane wet temperate forests are found in the region to the east of Nepal into Arunachal Pradesh, receiving a minimum rainfall of eooo mm. In the North, there are three layers of forests: higher layer has n-rainiy coniferous, the middle layer has deciduous trees such as the oak and the lowest layer is covered by rhododendron and champa. In the South, it is found in parts of the Niligiri Hills, the higher reaches of Keraia. The forests in the northern region are denser than in the South. Rhododendrons and a variety of ground flora can be found here.”
Why this source?
  • Names Arunachal Pradesh explicitly in the context of Himalayan forest zones, locating the state within northern/northeastern forest regions.
  • Helps connect the general 'north-eastern region' references in other snippets to Arunachal Pradesh specifically (geographic placement).
Statement 2
Do Tropical Wet Evergreen Forests occur in Himachal Pradesh, India?
Origin: Weak / unclear Fairness: Borderline / guessy
Indirect textbook clues
Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 10: Indian Forest > Ro.R.R. Tropical Wet Evergreen Forests > p. 161
Strength: 5/5
“ro.r.r. Tropical Wet evergreen forests \ Wet evergreen forests are found along the Western Ghats, the Nicobar and Andaman Islands, and all along the north-eastern region. It is characterized by tall, straight evergreen trees. The more common trees that are found here are the jackfruit, betel nut palm, jamun, mango, and hollock. The trees in this forest form a tier pattern; shrubs are found over the layer closer to the ground, followed by the short structured trees and then the tall variety.”
Why relevant

Gives the canonical geographic distribution of Tropical Wet Evergreen Forests: Western Ghats, Andaman & Nicobar, and the north-eastern region.

How to extend

A student could compare this list to a map showing Himachal Pradesh's location (northern Himalaya) to judge if Himachal lies within those regions.

INDIA PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT, Geography Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 5: Natural Vegetation > Tropical Evergreen and Semi Evergreen Forests > p. 42
Strength: 5/5
“These forests are found in the western slope of the Western Ghats, hills of the northeastern region and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. They are found in warm and humid areas with an annual precipitation of over 200 cm and mean annual temperature above 22oC. Tropical evergreen forests are well stratified, with layers closer to the ground and are covered with shrubs and creepers, with short structured trees followed by tall variety of trees. In these forests, trees reach great heights up to 60 m or above. There is no definite time for trees to shed their leaves, flowering and fruition.”
Why relevant

Defines the climatic requirements: warm, humid areas with annual precipitation over 200 cm and mean annual temperature above 22°C for tropical evergreen forests.

How to extend

A student can check Himachal's climate (altitude-driven lower temperatures and rainfall patterns) to see if it meets these temperature and precipitation thresholds.

INDIA PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT, Geography Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 5: Natural Vegetation > Montane Forests > p. 45
Strength: 4/5
“The Himalayan ranges show a succession of vegetation from the tropical to the tundra, which change in with the altitude. Deciduous forests are found in the foothills of the Himalayas. It is succeeded by the wet temperate type of forests between an altitude of 1,000-2,000 m. In the higher hill ranges of northeastern India, hilly areas of West Bengal and Uttaranchal, evergreen broad leaf trees such as oak and chestnut are predominant. Between 1,500-1,750 m, pine forests are also well-developed in this zone, with Chir Pine as a very useful commercial tree. Deodar, a highly valued endemic species grows mainly in the western part of the Himalayan range.”
Why relevant

Describes the Himalayan altitudinal succession: tropical at foothills, then wet temperate (1,000–2,000 m) and higher montane zones — indicating different forest types with altitude in the Himalaya.

How to extend

A student could use Himachal's elevation profile to infer which altitudinal vegetation zones predominate there and whether lowland tropical evergreen conditions are present.

Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 5: Natural Vegetation and National Parks > Table 5.5 > p. 18
Strength: 4/5
“5.3). The wet temperate type is found in a belt where the altitude varies between 1000 and 2000 m. They occur largely as bands of crested dark green landscape of coniferous varieties. The important varieties are oak, chestnut, chir, sal, shrubs, and nutritious grasses.• 7. The Himalayan Dry Temperate Forests: These forests are found in Jammu and Kashmir, Lahul, Chamba, Kinnaur (Himachal Pradesh), and Sikkim (Fig. 5.3). These are predominantly coniferous forests with shrubs. The important varieties of trees are deodar, oak, chilgoza, ash, maple, olive, mulberry, willow, celtis, and parrotia.• 8. Montane Wet Temperate Forests: These forests are found in the entire Himalayas from Jammu and Kashmir to Arunachal Pradesh between the altitudes of 1500 m to 3500 m where the temperature varies between 12oC to 15oC, and the mean annual rainfall is between 100 to 250 cm.”
Why relevant

Lists Himalayan forest types found in Himachal (e.g., Himalayan Dry Temperate, montane wet temperate) and names coniferous/temperate species rather than tropical evergreen species.

How to extend

Compare species and forest types listed for Himachal with species typical of tropical wet evergreen forests to evaluate overlap or absence.

Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 4: BIODIVERSITY > social relevance of forests > p. 21
Strength: 4/5
“• Col1: 1.; Types of Forest: Tropical Wet-evergreen Forests; States/Union Territories: Andaman & Nicobar Islands and Western Ghats; Species of vegetation: Betel-nut-palm, fern, hillock, jack-fruit, rubber, cincona, rose-wood, iron wood, orchids, etc. • Col1: 2.; Types of Forest: Tropical Semi-evergreen Forests; States/Union Territories: Andaman and Nicobar, Eastern Himalayas and Western Ghats; Species of vegetation: Mixture of wet and dry evergreen trees • Col1: 3.; Types of Forest: Tropical Moist Deciduous Forests; States/Union Territories: Western Ghats, Eastern Ghats, North Eastern Hills of India,; Species of vegetation: Tall trees, thick trunks, thick bark, long branches with butts, trees drop their leaves in dry season, teak, sal, shisum, bamboo, etc. • Col1: 4.; Types of Forest: Tropical Dry Deciduous Forest; States/Union Territories: Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Northeast Hilly States; Species of vegetation: Acacia, bamboo, Mahuva, sal, teak, etc. • Col1: 5.; Types of Forest: Tropical Torn Forests; States/Union Territories: Black earth region, North-west and Peninsular India; Species of vegetation: Caper, cactus, spurge, stunted fat topped trees (less than ten meters in height) • Col1: 6.; Types of Forest: Tropical Dry Evergreen Forests; States/Union Territories: Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Telangana; Species of vegetation: Hard leaved evergreen trees with fragrant fowers mixed with a few decidu ous trees • Col1: 7.; Types of Forest: Subtropical Broad-leaved Forest; States/Union Territories: Eastern Himalayas, Western Ghats, Silent Valley; Species of vegetation: Cinnamon, fragrant grasses, poonspar, rhodo dendron.”
Why relevant

Provides another authoritative enumeration of states/UTs where Tropical Wet-evergreen Forests occur (Andaman & Nicobar and Western Ghats) and lists characteristic species.

How to extend

A student could check whether those characteristic species (e.g., betel-nut palm, jackfruit) are native or reported from Himachal; absence would argue against tropical evergreen presence.

Statement 3
Do Tropical Wet Evergreen Forests occur in Mizoram, India?
Origin: Direct from books Fairness: Straightforward Book-answerable
From standard books
Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 10: Indian Forest > Ro.R.R. Tropical Wet Evergreen Forests > p. 161
Presence: 4/5
“ro.r.r. Tropical Wet evergreen forests \ Wet evergreen forests are found along the Western Ghats, the Nicobar and Andaman Islands, and all along the north-eastern region. It is characterized by tall, straight evergreen trees. The more common trees that are found here are the jackfruit, betel nut palm, jamun, mango, and hollock. The trees in this forest form a tier pattern; shrubs are found over the layer closer to the ground, followed by the short structured trees and then the tall variety.”
Why this source?
  • Explicitly states "Wet evergreen forests... all along the north-eastern region."
  • If wet evergreen forests occur all along the north-eastern region, that supports their presence in states of that region (including Mizoram).
INDIA PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT, Geography Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 5: Natural Vegetation > Tropical Evergreen and Semi Evergreen Forests > p. 42
Presence: 4/5
“These forests are found in the western slope of the Western Ghats, hills of the northeastern region and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. They are found in warm and humid areas with an annual precipitation of over 200 cm and mean annual temperature above 22oC. Tropical evergreen forests are well stratified, with layers closer to the ground and are covered with shrubs and creepers, with short structured trees followed by tall variety of trees. In these forests, trees reach great heights up to 60 m or above. There is no definite time for trees to shed their leaves, flowering and fruition.”
Why this source?
  • Says these forests are found in the "hills of the northeastern region."
  • Hills of the NE region are the typical terrain of many north-eastern states, consistent with occurrence in Mizoram.
Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 5: Natural Vegetation and National Parks > Table 5.5 > p. 14
Presence: 4/5
“The Indian forests were also classified by H.G. Champion (1936) into eleven categories. The main categories according to this classification are as under: 1. Tropical Evergreen: These forests are mainly found in the areas recording over 150 cm of average annual rainfall where the temperature varies between 20oC to 27oC. North-East India, parts of Western Ghats, the Andaman and Nicobar, upper Assam, lower slopes of Eastern Himalayas, Odisha, along the foot-hills of Himalayas, Bhabhar and Tarai regions”
Why this source?
  • Lists "North-East India" among areas where tropical evergreen forests are found.
  • Inclusion of North-East India as a distribution area reinforces that north-eastern states (such as Mizoram) are within the range.
Pattern takeaway: UPSC creates options by mixing 'Biomes' with 'Political Boundaries'. They test if you know that a single state (like Arunachal) can host Tropical forests at the bottom and Alpine at the top, whereas Himachal (further North) loses the 'Tropical Wet' character entirely.
How you should have studied
  1. [THE VERDICT]: Sitter. Directly solvable from NCERT Class XI, Chapter 5 (Natural Vegetation).
  2. [THE CONCEPTUAL TRIGGER]: The link between 'Latitude + Altitude' and Vegetation. You must map the 200cm+ rainfall isohyets to state boundaries.
  3. [THE HORIZONTAL EXPANSION]: Memorize the specific locations of: 1) Tropical Dry Evergreen (Tamil Nadu Coast - Winter Rain), 2) Shola Forests (Nilgiris/Anamalais - Temperate in Tropics), 3) Montane Wet Temperate (Eastern Himalayas vs Western Himalayas), and 4) The 'Sal' vs 'Teak' dividing line in Central India.
  4. [THE STRATEGIC METACOGNITION]: Do not just memorize 'North East = Evergreen'. Differentiate between the 'Tropical' foothills (Arunachal/Assam) and the 'Temperate' upper reaches. The keyword 'Tropical' eliminates high-latitude/high-altitude states like Himachal immediately.
Concept hooks from this question
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 Distribution of Tropical Evergreen Forests in India
💡 The insight

Several references map tropical wet/evergreen forests to the Western Ghats, Andaman & Nicobar and the north-eastern region — the core issue behind the statement.

High-yield for physical geography and environment questions; knowing regional distributions helps answer location-based and conservation questions. Connects to biodiversity, climatic controls on vegetation, and state-level forest profiles. Study by comparing lists/maps in standard sources and practicing location-identification questions.

📚 Reading List :
  • Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 10: Indian Forest > Ro.R.R. Tropical Wet Evergreen Forests > p. 161
  • INDIA PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT, Geography Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 5: Natural Vegetation > Tropical Evergreen and Semi Evergreen Forests > p. 42
  • Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 5: Natural Vegetation and National Parks > Table 5.5 > p. 14
🔗 Anchor: "Do Tropical Wet Evergreen Forests occur in Arunachal Pradesh, India?"
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 Forest-type classification (evergreen, semi-evergreen, moist deciduous)
💡 The insight

References contrast tropical evergreen with semi-evergreen and moist deciduous types and list their typical states and species.

Frequently tested in UPSC (definitions, distinguishing features, state-wise occurrence). Helps in map-based and concept questions on vegetation and climate. Prepare by memorizing key features, species examples, and regional occurrences; use comparative tables.

📚 Reading List :
  • Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 4: BIODIVERSITY > social relevance of forests > p. 21
  • INDIA PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT, Geography Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 5: Natural Vegetation > Tropical Evergreen and Semi Evergreen Forests > p. 42
  • Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 5: Natural Vegetation and National Parks > Table 5.5 > p. 15
🔗 Anchor: "Do Tropical Wet Evergreen Forests occur in Arunachal Pradesh, India?"
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 Himalayan montane forest zones and regional placement (Arunachal Pradesh)
💡 The insight

References place Arunachal Pradesh in Himalayan montane forest contexts (montane wet temperate), useful to link the state to broader north-eastern forest distributions.

Important for questions linking physiography, altitude belts, and forest types in the Himalaya. It enables reasoning about which forest types can occur in which states. Study altitude–vegetation relationships and state examples; use sketch maps to cement spatial links.

📚 Reading List :
  • Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 10: Indian Forest > rb.1.1r. Montane Wet temperate forests > p. 163
  • Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 5: Natural Vegetation and National Parks > Table 5.5 > p. 18
🔗 Anchor: "Do Tropical Wet Evergreen Forests occur in Arunachal Pradesh, India?"
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 Geographic distribution of Tropical Wet Evergreen Forests
💡 The insight

Several references specify the locations where tropical wet evergreen forests occur (Western Ghats, Andaman & Nicobar, north-eastern region).

High-yield for UPSC geography: knowing the precise regional distribution of major forest types helps answer location-based and ecosystem questions. It connects to climate, rainfall patterns and regional biogeography. Prepare by memorizing forest-type maps and cross-linking with rainfall/temperature requirements.

📚 Reading List :
  • Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 10: Indian Forest > Ro.R.R. Tropical Wet Evergreen Forests > p. 161
  • Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 4: BIODIVERSITY > social relevance of forests > p. 21
  • INDIA PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT, Geography Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 5: Natural Vegetation > Tropical Evergreen and Semi Evergreen Forests > p. 42
🔗 Anchor: "Do Tropical Wet Evergreen Forests occur in Himachal Pradesh, India?"
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 Distinguishing tropical evergreen vs montane (wet temperate) forests
💡 The insight

References contrast tropical evergreen forest characteristics and locations with montane/wet temperate forest belts in the Himalayas.

Useful for questions comparing forest types and for eliminating options (e.g., confusing Himalayan montane forests with tropical evergreen). It links vegetation to altitude and climate; revise definitions, climatic thresholds, and typical species to answer comparative and applied questions.

📚 Reading List :
  • INDIA PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT, Geography Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 5: Natural Vegetation > Tropical Evergreen and Semi Evergreen Forests > p. 42
  • INDIA PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT, Geography Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 5: Natural Vegetation > Montane Forests > p. 45
🔗 Anchor: "Do Tropical Wet Evergreen Forests occur in Himachal Pradesh, India?"
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 Altitudinal vegetation zonation in the Himalayas
💡 The insight

Evidence describes succession of vegetation from tropical/foothill deciduous to wet temperate and dry temperate types in Himalayan states (including Himachal Pradesh).

Frequently tested in UPSC for Himalayan ecology and state-wise vegetation patterns. Master zoning by altitude, associated forest types and representative states to tackle map-based and descriptive questions; use diagrams and state examples for retention.

📚 Reading List :
  • INDIA PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT, Geography Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 5: Natural Vegetation > Montane Forests > p. 45
  • Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 5: Natural Vegetation and National Parks > Table 5.5 > p. 18
🔗 Anchor: "Do Tropical Wet Evergreen Forests occur in Himachal Pradesh, India?"
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S3
👉 Geographic distribution of Tropical Wet (Evergreen) Forests in India
💡 The insight

Multiple references specify the Western Ghats, Andaman & Nicobar and the north-eastern region as core areas for tropical wet evergreen forests.

High-yield for UPSC geography: questions often ask where different forest types occur. Mastering regional distribution helps in map questions, environment essays and prelim MCQs. Study strategy: memorize region lists from NCERTs and practice locating them on maps.

📚 Reading List :
  • Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 10: Indian Forest > Ro.R.R. Tropical Wet Evergreen Forests > p. 161
  • INDIA PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT, Geography Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 5: Natural Vegetation > Tropical Evergreen and Semi Evergreen Forests > p. 42
  • Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 5: Natural Vegetation and National Parks > Table 5.5 > p. 14
🔗 Anchor: "Do Tropical Wet Evergreen Forests occur in Mizoram, India?"
🌑 The Hidden Trap

The 'Tropical Dry Evergreen Forest'. It is the only forest type found on the Coromandel Coast (Tamil Nadu/Andhra) due to the North-East Monsoon. UPSC often flips the question to ask which forest type is unique to the East Coast.

⚡ Elimination Cheat Code

Apply the 'Latitude Filter'. Himachal Pradesh lies between 30°N and 33°N. 'Tropical' forests generally require conditions found between 0° and 23.5°N (Tropic of Cancer). While 'Sub-tropical' forests exist in Himachal, 'Tropical Wet Evergreen' (Rainforests) are climatically impossible there due to cold winters. Eliminate Option 2.

🔗 Mains Connection

Mains GS-3 (Disaster Management): The replacement of 'Wet Evergreen' broad-leaved species with 'Chir Pine' (coniferous) in the Himalayas is a major reason for increased Forest Fires and lower soil moisture retention, linking vegetation types to disaster vulnerability.

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SIMILAR QUESTIONS

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