Consider the following : The arrival of Babur into India led to the 1. introduction of gunpowder in the subcontinent 2. introduction of the arch and dome in the region's architecture 3. establishment of Timurid dynasty in the region Select the correct answer using the code given below.

States Babur's victory at Panipat (1526) 'relied heavily on gunpowder, field artillery, and matchlock guns' and notes these had 'recently been introduced in warfare in India'.

A student could check chronologies of battles and weapon mentions to see whether gunpowder weapons appear in Indian sources shortly before or only around 1526 to judge if Babur's arrival coincides with their introduction.

Describes Babur's effective use of artillery at Panipat and gives a brief origin note that gunpowder was invented in China and reached Europe by the 13th century.

Compare dates of the spread of gunpowder technology westwards (China→Central Asia→Europe) with Babur's movements from Central Asia into India to assess plausible transmission routes.

Explicitly frames Babur's Panipat victory as won 'with the effective use of ... Artillery' in a summary question — reinforcing the association of Babur with artillery use in India.

Use this pedagogical emphasis as a cue to consult primary battle accounts (e.g., Baburnama) and earlier Indian military records to test whether artillery was new at that point.

Says Europeans adopted new methods of warfare in India and that 'Gunpowder and superior artillery played a significant role' in European conquests.

Notes European firearms (muskets and cannons) were superior and that Indian rulers later imported European arms and trainers, suggesting an additional or later source of gunpowder weapons diffusion.

A student could contrast technical descriptions and dates of European vs. Central Asian artillery to determine which source likely brought specific types of gunpowder weapons into Indian armies.

States that arch, dome, vaults and Saracenic features were introduced in India and that with arrival of West Asian artisans the arch and dome began to show up with precision.

A student could note this attributes the introduction to earlier Turkic/West Asian contacts and artisans (not necessarily to Babur), then check chronology of Turkic rule vs. Babur's arrival to see who brought these elements first.

Says the arch on gateways and dome over gates are regarded as typical features of architecture introduced by the Turkish Sultans (Indo-Islamic style).

A student could compare the period of the Turkish Sultans (Delhi Sultanate) with Babur's date of entry to judge whether these features predate Babur.

Notes Mughal buildings are landmarks but specifically states mosques built during Babur and Humayun are not of much architectural significance, while earlier/later rulers produced notable monuments.

A student could use this to infer Babur's own architectural impact was limited and check if arch/dome traditions were already established before him.

Places Babur historically as the founder of the Mughal Empire who defeated the Delhi Sultanate in 1526.

A student can use this chronological marker to compare with evidence of arch/dome introduction linked to the Delhi Sultanate and West Asian artisans to see which came earlier.

Describes the development of Indo-Saracenic/Indo-Islamic styles by Sultanate-era polities (Bahmanis) and lists major Islamic monuments, implying a broader pre-Mughal tradition.

A student could map these Sultanate-period monuments geographically and temporally to argue that arch/dome features were part of an existing tradition before Babur.