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Q13 (IAS/2017) History & Culture › Modern India (Pre-1857) › Land revenue settlements Official Key

Who among the following was/were associated with the introduction of Ryotwari Settlement in India during the British rule ? 1. Lord Cornwallis 2. Alexander Read 3. Thomas Munro Select the correct answer using.the code given below :

Result
Your answer: —  ·  Correct: C
Explanation

The Ryotwari settlement was introduced by Thomas Munro and Alexander Reed in Bombay and Madras Presidencies in 1820.[2] Read established the ryotwari settlement in the districts of Baramahal and gradually extended it to other parts of the province of Madras.[3] Thomas Munro conceived the idea of Ryotwari Settlement[4] while working as a collector in various districts. In these areas, there were no zamindars and Land revenue settlement was made directly with the peasants called Ryots, thus no intermediaries were involved.[1]

Lord Cornwallis, on the other hand, was not associated with the Ryotwari system. Read was appointed by Lord Cornwallis as the in charge of Baramahal and Salem[5], but Cornwallis himself is famously associated with the Permanent Settlement (Zamindari system) in Bengal, not the Ryotwari Settlement. Therefore, only Alexander Read (statement 2) and Thomas Munro (statement 3) were associated with the introduction of Ryotwari Settlement, making option C correct.

Sources
  1. [1] Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 5: Land Reforms > Ryotwari Settlement: > p. 191
  2. [2] Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 5: Land Reforms > Ryotwari Settlement: > p. 191
  3. [4] History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 17: Effects of British Rule > 17.2 Land Tenures: Permanent Settlement and Ryotwari Settlement > p. 266
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Each bar shows the % of students who chose that option. Green bar = correct answer, blue outline = your choice.
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PROVENANCE & STUDY PATTERN
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Don’t just practise – reverse-engineer the question. This panel shows where this PYQ came from (books / web), how the examiner broke it into hidden statements, and which nearby micro-concepts you were supposed to learn from it. Treat it like an autopsy of the question: what might have triggered it, which exact lines in the book matter, and what linked ideas you should carry forward to future questions.
Q. Who among the following was/were associated with the introduction of Ryotwari Settlement in India during the British rule ? 1. Lord Cornw…
At a glance
Origin: Books + Current Affairs Fairness: Moderate fairness Books / CA: 6.7/10 · 3.3/10

This is a classic 'Sitter' question found in every standard Modern History textbook (Spectrum, NCERT). It tests the fundamental distinction between the three land revenue systems. If you get this wrong, you are losing marks that 90% of serious candidates will secure.

How this question is built

This question can be broken into the following sub-statements. Tap a statement sentence to jump into its detailed analysis.

Statement 1
Was Lord Cornwallis associated with the introduction of the Ryotwari Settlement in India during British rule?
Origin: Web / Current Affairs Fairness: CA heavy Web-answerable

Web source
Presence: 4/5
"when Read appointed by Lord Cornwallis as the in charge of Baramahal and Salem"
Why this source?
  • Explicitly names the appointment linking a person (Read) to Lord Cornwallis in the Baramahal/Salem area.
  • Establishes Cornwallis' direct administrative action (appointment) of the officer who later worked on revenue matters.
Web source
Presence: 4/5
"Read established the ryotwari settlement in the districts of Baramahal and gradually extended it to other parts of the province of Madras."
Why this source?
  • States that Read established the ryotwari settlement in Baramahal and extended it in Madras Presidency.
  • Connects the officer (Read) appointed earlier to the actual introduction/implementation of the Ryotwari system.
Web source
Presence: 3/5
"Lord Cornwallis discovered that the civil servants possessed no knowledge of the local languages ... He resolved to employ able military officers who possessed a competent knowledge of the local languages and experience in the management of revenue."
Why this source?
  • Describes Cornwallis' revenue-administration initiative to employ able officers with local knowledge for revenue management.
  • Provides context for why Cornwallis would appoint officers (like Read) who implemented revenue systems such as Ryotwari.

Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 5: Land Reforms > Lord Cornwallis, Governor General of Bengal (1786 – 1793) and the Permanent Settlement of Revenue Administration: > p. 190
Strength: 5/5
“Since the earlier system introduced by Hastings proved defective for the peasants and the Company both, Lord Cornwallis introduced the Permanent Settlement in Bengal, Bihar and Odisha in 1793 which continued in India till India achieved its freedom. Its chief aim was to impart stability to the revenue system. He did exhaustive survey of the past records and on the basis of past 10 years, he fixed how much revenue can be collected from the entire land and fixed the amount to be collected for future years.”
Why relevant

States that Lord Cornwallis introduced the Permanent Settlement in Bengal in 1793, linking Cornwallis specifically to a different major land-revenue system.

How to extend

A student could compare the geographical/administrative scope of the Permanent Settlement (Bengal, Bihar, Odisha) with regions where Ryotwari was used to see if Cornwallis' actions overlap with Ryotwari areas.

Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 5: Land Reforms > Ryotwari Settlement: > p. 191
Strength: 5/5
“The Ryotwari settlement was introduced by Thomas Munro and Alexander Reed in Bombay and Madras Presidencies in 1820. In these areas, there were no zamindars and Land revenue settlement was made directly with the peasants called Ryots, thus no intermediaries were involved.”
Why relevant

Explicitly attributes the Ryotwari settlement to Thomas Munro and Alexander Reed and dates its introduction in Bombay and Madras Presidencies (1820).

How to extend

Use the date and the named agents to check chronological and personal overlap with Cornwallis' tenure (1786–1793) to assess association plausibility.

History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 17: Effects of British Rule > 17.2 Land Tenures: Permanent Settlement and Ryotwari Settlement > p. 266
Strength: 4/5
“In districts where mirasi rights existed, the mirasdar was made responsible for the rent collections. In districts where the mirasi rights did not exist, an arrangement was made with the village headman. This system failed due to various reasons such as bad monsoons, low price of grains and the short period of lease. By 1814 the Court of Directors had decided to introduce the ryotwari system. This was a system formulated by Governor Thomas Munro. Under this system the ryot, an Anglicization by the British in India of the Arabic word ra'iyah, meaning a peasant or cultivator, was the proprietor and tax payer of the land.”
Why relevant

Notes that by 1814 the Court of Directors decided to introduce the ryotwari system and that it was formulated by Governor Thomas Munro, reinforcing a post-Cornwallis development and a clear originator.

How to extend

Combine this with Cornwallis' period as Governor-General to test whether Cornwallis could have initiated a system decided upon after his tenure.

Modern India ,Bipin Chandra, History class XII (NCERT 1982 ed.)[Old NCERT] > Chapter 5: The Structure of the Government and the Economic Policies of the British Empire in India, 1757—1857 > Land Revenue Policy > p. 104
Strength: 4/5
“Another group of landlords was created all over India when the Government started the practice of giving land to persons who had rendered faithful service to the foreign rulers. Ryotwari Settlement: The establishment of British rule in South and South-Western India brought new problems of land settlement. The officials believed that in these regions there were no zamindars with large estates with whom settlement of land revenue could be made, and that the introduction of the zamindari system would upset the existing state of affairs. Many Madras officials led by Reed and Munro recommended that settlement should therefore be made directly with the actual cultivators.”
Why relevant

Explains the rationale for Ryotwari in South and South-Western India where officials believed large zamindars did not exist, and that Reed and Munro recommended settlements directly with cultivators.

How to extend

Map the regional logic (Madras/Bombay vs Bengal) to see that the Ryotwari's target regions differ from Cornwallis' Permanent Settlement area, suggesting different administrators.

History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 17: Effects of British Rule > To acquaint oneself with the knowledge of > p. 264
Strength: 4/5
“• British East India Company's emergence as a territorial power • Failure of dual government established by Robert Clive and assumption of direct responsibility of the Company under Regulating Act of 1773 • Cornwallis' Permanent Settlement in Bengal and Thomas Munro's Ryotwari System in Madras Presidency • Wellesley's Subsidiary Alliance and Dalhousie's Doctrine of Lapse leading to annexation of ▄ more number of Indian territories without war • The Company government's relationship with Drain of Wealth theory of Dadabhai Naoroji”
Why relevant

Presents a concise list pairing 'Cornwallis' Permanent Settlement in Bengal' and 'Thomas Munro's Ryotwari System in Madras Presidency', treating them as distinct reforms by different persons.

How to extend

Use this contrasted listing as a quick heuristic: if textbooks attribute Ryotwari to Munro and Permanent Settlement to Cornwallis, then attribution of Ryotwari to Cornwallis is unlikely and can be checked further.

Statement 2
Was Alexander Read associated with the introduction of the Ryotwari Settlement in India during British rule?
Origin: Direct from books Fairness: Straightforward Book-answerable
From standard books
Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 5: Land Reforms > Ryotwari Settlement: > p. 191
Presence: 5/5
“The Ryotwari settlement was introduced by Thomas Munro and Alexander Reed in Bombay and Madras Presidencies in 1820. In these areas, there were no zamindars and Land revenue settlement was made directly with the peasants called Ryots, thus no intermediaries were involved.”
Why this source?
  • Explicitly states the Ryotwari settlement was introduced by Thomas Munro and Alexander Reed in Bombay and Madras in 1820.
  • Names Alexander Reed alongside Munro as co-introducers, directly linking him to the system's introduction.
Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 10: Land Reforms in India > II. Ryotwari System > p. 337
Presence: 5/5
“• In 1820, Sir Thomas Munro and Captain Alexander Reed introduced the Ryotwari System.• Scientific Rent theory of Ricardo was the fundamental basis of Ryotwari System.• This system had many features of the revenue system of Mughals in which the revenue ô was directly collected by the British from the peasants (also called Raiyats).• Under the Ryotwari System, rate of revenue imposed was 50 per cent for dry lands and 60 per cent for irrigated lands”
Why this source?
  • Specifies the year 1820 and identifies 'Sir Thomas Munro and Captain Alexander Reed' as those who introduced the Ryotwari System.
  • Reinforces the direct attribution of introduction to Alexander Reed (with Munro).
Modern India ,Bipin Chandra, History class XII (NCERT 1982 ed.)[Old NCERT] > Chapter 5: The Structure of the Government and the Economic Policies of the British Empire in India, 1757—1857 > Land Revenue Policy > p. 104
Presence: 4/5
“Another group of landlords was created all over India when the Government started the practice of giving land to persons who had rendered faithful service to the foreign rulers. Ryotwari Settlement: The establishment of British rule in South and South-Western India brought new problems of land settlement. The officials believed that in these regions there were no zamindars with large estates with whom settlement of land revenue could be made, and that the introduction of the zamindari system would upset the existing state of affairs. Many Madras officials led by Reed and Munro recommended that settlement should therefore be made directly with the actual cultivators.”
Why this source?
  • Describes Madras officials 'led by Reed and Munro' recommending settlements directly with cultivators, implying Reed's active role in formulating the Ryotwari approach.
  • Supports the association by showing Reed as a lead official in the policy's adoption in Madras.
Statement 3
Was Thomas Munro associated with the introduction of the Ryotwari Settlement in India during British rule?
Origin: Direct from books Fairness: Straightforward Book-answerable
From standard books
Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 5: Land Reforms > Ryotwari Settlement: > p. 191
Presence: 5/5
“The Ryotwari settlement was introduced by Thomas Munro and Alexander Reed in Bombay and Madras Presidencies in 1820. In these areas, there were no zamindars and Land revenue settlement was made directly with the peasants called Ryots, thus no intermediaries were involved.”
Why this source?
  • Explicitly names Thomas Munro (with Alexander Reed) as introducers of the Ryotwari settlement.
  • Gives the region (Bombay and Madras Presidencies) and the year (1820), directly linking Munro to the reform.
Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 10: Land Reforms in India > II. Ryotwari System > p. 337
Presence: 5/5
“• In 1820, Sir Thomas Munro and Captain Alexander Reed introduced the Ryotwari System.• Scientific Rent theory of Ricardo was the fundamental basis of Ryotwari System.• This system had many features of the revenue system of Mughals in which the revenue ô was directly collected by the British from the peasants (also called Raiyats).• Under the Ryotwari System, rate of revenue imposed was 50 per cent for dry lands and 60 per cent for irrigated lands”
Why this source?
  • States that in 1820 Sir Thomas Munro and Captain Alexander Reed introduced the Ryotwari System.
  • Connects Munro's role to the core feature of Ryotwari—direct revenue collection from peasants.
History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 17: Effects of British Rule > 17.2 Land Tenures: Permanent Settlement and Ryotwari Settlement > p. 266
Presence: 4/5
“The government dealt with him directly without the intervention of any middlemen. The peasant was entitled to possession of land so long as he paid the land revenue. Thomas Munro: Munro arrived Madras in 1780. In the first 12 years he was engaged in Mysore War as soldier. He worked in the Baramahal (Salem district) from 1792-1799 and Kanara from 1799- Thomas Munro 1800. He was collector of Ceded Districts: Kadapa, Kurnool, Chittoor, Anantapur. It was during this period that he conceived the idea of Ryotwari Settlement. In 1820 he became Governor of Madras Presidency and served for seven years.”
Why this source?
  • Provides biographical and administrative context: Munro's service in Madras and his tenure as collector where he 'conceived the idea' of Ryotwari settlement.
  • Links Munro's local administrative experience to formulation and implementation of the settlement.
Pattern takeaway: UPSC frequently swaps 'Administrator' names across policies to create trap options. The pattern is predictable: they will pair a Bengal administrator with a Madras policy. Master the 'Who-Where-What' matrix for all colonial acts and reforms.
How you should have studied
  1. [THE VERDICT]: Sitter. Direct hit from Old NCERT (Bipin Chandra) or Spectrum (Chapter on Economic Impact of British Rule).
  2. [THE CONCEPTUAL TRIGGER]: British Land Revenue Policy > The 'Big Three' Systems (Zamindari, Ryotwari, Mahalwari).
  3. [THE HORIZONTAL EXPANSION]: Memorize the Triad: 1) Permanent Settlement (Cornwallis, John Shore, 1793, Bengal); 2) Ryotwari (Read in Baramahal, Munro in Madras/Bombay, 1820); 3) Mahalwari (Holt Mackenzie, R.M. Bird, William Bentinck, 1822/1833, NW Provinces).
  4. [THE STRATEGIC METACOGNITION]: Do not read history linearly. Create a comparative table: 'System Name | Administrator | Region | Key Feature'. The moment you see 'Cornwallis', your reflex should be 'Permanent Settlement', instantly eliminating him from Ryotwari.
Concept hooks from this question
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 Permanent Settlement vs Ryotwari Settlement
💡 The insight

The references distinguish Cornwallis' Permanent Settlement (Bengal, 1793) from the Ryotwari system introduced by Munro/Reed, directly bearing on who introduced which settlement.

High-yield for prelims and mains: questions often ask which administrator introduced which land-revenue system and their differences. Master this by tabulating each settlement's introducer, region, date, and key features to answer MCQs and analytical questions efficiently.

📚 Reading List :
  • Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 5: Land Reforms > Lord Cornwallis, Governor General of Bengal (1786 – 1793) and the Permanent Settlement of Revenue Administration: > p. 190
  • Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 5: Land Reforms > Ryotwari Settlement: > p. 191
  • History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 17: Effects of British Rule > 17.2 Land Tenures: Permanent Settlement and Ryotwari Settlement > p. 266
🔗 Anchor: "Was Lord Cornwallis associated with the introduction of the Ryotwari Settlement ..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 Key administrators and their contributions (Cornwallis vs Thomas Munro)
💡 The insight

Evidence links Lord Cornwallis to the Permanent Settlement and Thomas Munro (with Reed) to the Ryotwari system, clarifying attribution of colonial land-revenue reforms.

Frequently tested: knowing which Governor-General or official implemented major reforms is essential for factual questions and for writing balanced answers in mains. Prepare by memorizing key names, roles, and reforms across presidencies.

📚 Reading List :
  • Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 5: Land Reforms > Lord Cornwallis, Governor General of Bengal (1786 – 1793) and the Permanent Settlement of Revenue Administration: > p. 190
  • Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 5: Land Reforms > Ryotwari Settlement: > p. 191
  • Modern India ,Bipin Chandra, History class XII (NCERT 1982 ed.)[Old NCERT] > Chapter 5: The Structure of the Government and the Economic Policies of the British Empire in India, 1757—1857 > Land Revenue Policy > p. 104
🔗 Anchor: "Was Lord Cornwallis associated with the introduction of the Ryotwari Settlement ..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 Regional application and chronology of land-revenue settlements
💡 The insight

References specify regions and dates—Permanent Settlement in Bengal (1793) and Ryotwari in Madras/Bombay (early 19th century)—which show these were separate, region-specific reforms.

Useful for linking economic policy to regional administrative practice in essays and ethics/case studies. Study with a timeline-map approach to recall which system applied where and when.

📚 Reading List :
  • Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 5: Land Reforms > Lord Cornwallis, Governor General of Bengal (1786 – 1793) and the Permanent Settlement of Revenue Administration: > p. 190
  • Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 5: Land Reforms > Ryotwari Settlement: > p. 191
  • Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 39: After Nehru... > 2. Lord Cornwallis 1786-1793 > p. 816
🔗 Anchor: "Was Lord Cornwallis associated with the introduction of the Ryotwari Settlement ..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 Ryotwari system vs Zamindari (direct settlement with ryots)
💡 The insight

The references describe Ryotwari as direct revenue settlement with peasants (ryots) where there were no zamindars — central to understanding why the system was introduced.

High-yield for UPSC history/economic policy: questions often ask differences between land revenue systems and their regional application. Mastering this helps answer comparative questions on colonial agrarian policies and linkages to economic impact.

📚 Reading List :
  • Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 5: Land Reforms > Ryotwari Settlement: > p. 191
  • Modern India ,Bipin Chandra, History class XII (NCERT 1982 ed.)[Old NCERT] > Chapter 5: The Structure of the Government and the Economic Policies of the British Empire in India, 1757—1857 > Land Revenue Policy > p. 104
  • Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 10: Land Reforms in India > II. Ryotwari System > p. 337
🔗 Anchor: "Was Alexander Read associated with the introduction of the Ryotwari Settlement i..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 Key administrators associated with Madras reforms (Munro & Alexander Reed)
💡 The insight

Multiple references name Thomas Munro and Alexander (Reed) as principal figures behind the Ryotwari settlement in Madras.

UPS C frequently tests specific reformers and governors linked to major policies. Knowing which administrators implemented which revenue systems aids chronological and cause-effect questions; revise governor tenures and associated reforms together.

📚 Reading List :
  • Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 5: Land Reforms > Ryotwari Settlement: > p. 191
  • Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 10: Land Reforms in India > II. Ryotwari System > p. 337
  • History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 17: Effects of British Rule > To acquaint oneself with the knowledge of > p. 264
🔗 Anchor: "Was Alexander Read associated with the introduction of the Ryotwari Settlement i..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 Chronology of Ryotwari introduction (c.1820–1822)
💡 The insight

References provide specific years (1820 introduction; 1822 enforcement in Madras) useful for timeline-based questions.

Chronology questions are common in prelims and mains essays; being able to place reforms in exact years helps in framing arguments about phases of British policy. Build timelines linking reforms, administrators, and regional implementations.

📚 Reading List :
  • Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 5: Land Reforms > Ryotwari Settlement: > p. 191
  • Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 10: Land Reforms in India > II. Ryotwari System > p. 337
  • History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 17: Effects of British Rule > 17.2 Land Tenures: Permanent Settlement and Ryotwari Settlement > p. 266
🔗 Anchor: "Was Alexander Read associated with the introduction of the Ryotwari Settlement i..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S3
👉 Ryotwari Settlement — direct settlement with ryots
💡 The insight

Multiple references identify the Ryotwari system as revenue settlement made directly with cultivators (ryots), introduced in Madras/Bombay under Munro and Reed.

High-yield for UPSC: revenue systems are frequently tested in history and polity. Understanding the defining feature (direct settlement with peasants) helps differentiate Ryotwari from Permanent and Mahalwari systems, and supports answers on economic impact and administrative rationale. Prepare by comparing features, regions, timelines, and implications for agrarian relations.

📚 Reading List :
  • Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 5: Land Reforms > Ryotwari Settlement: > p. 191
  • Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 10: Land Reforms in India > II. Ryotwari System > p. 337
  • Modern India ,Bipin Chandra, History class XII (NCERT 1982 ed.)[Old NCERT] > Chapter 5: The Structure of the Government and the Economic Policies of the British Empire in India, 1757—1857 > Land Revenue Policy > p. 104
🔗 Anchor: "Was Thomas Munro associated with the introduction of the Ryotwari Settlement in ..."
🌑 The Hidden Trap

The logical sibling is the Mahalwari System. While Ryotwari is Munro/Read, Mahalwari is linked to Holt Mackenzie (1822) and later reformed by R.M. Bird and James Thomason under William Bentinck (Regulation IX, 1833). Expect a question on the 'Bird's Plan' or the specific regions (Gangetic Valley, Punjab).

⚡ Elimination Cheat Code

Use the 'Ideological Profile' hack. Lord Cornwallis was a British aristocrat who believed in creating a 'landed gentry' (Zamindars) similar to England. Thomas Munro was a paternalist military officer who trusted the 'yeoman peasant'. Their philosophies were opposites. If you know Cornwallis = Zamindari, Statement 1 is false. Options A, B, and D are eliminated instantly. Answer is C.

🔗 Mains Connection

Mains Link (GS1 & GS3): The Ryotwari system removed intermediaries but exposed individual farmers directly to the rigid state demand, leading to the rise of moneylenders. This historical structure correlates with modern agrarian distress regions (e.g., Vidarbha, Telangana) which were historically Ryotwari areas, unlike the Zamindari belt.

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SIMILAR QUESTIONS

CDS-I · 2006 · Q74 Relevance score: 1.73

Who among the following is associated with the introduction of the principle of local selfgovernment in India ?

CAPF · 2010 · Q112 Relevance score: 1.25

Which one among the following was not correct about Permanent Settlement in India ?

CDS-II · 2010 · Q84 Relevance score: 1.05

Which of the following statements about Ryotwari settlement is/are correct? 1. It recognized the cultivators as the owner of land. 2. It was a temporary settlement. 3. It was introduced later than the permanent settlement. Select the correct answer using the code given below :

NDA-I · 2018 · Q79 Relevance score: 0.99

Who among the following introduced the Permanent Settlement of Bengal in 1793 ?

CAPF · 2021 · Q88 Relevance score: 0.64

Which of the following pairs is/are correctly matched? 1. Permanent Settlement : Lord Cornwallis 2. Ryotwari Settlement : Thomas Munro 3. Mahalwari Settlement : Holt Mackenzie Select the correct answer using the code given below.