Which one of the following movements has contributed to a split in the Indian National Congress resulting in the emergence of 'moderates' and 'extremists'?

The Moderate-Extremist dispute over the pace of the movement and techniques of struggle reached a deadlock at the Surat session of the Indian National Congress (1907) where the party split with serious consequences for the Swadeshi Movement.[1] The repressive measures adopted by The British Government gave rise to extremists within Congress like Bipin Chandra Pal, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, and Lala Lajpat Rai (Lal, Bal, Pal), and the Indian National Congress split into Extremist and Moderates.[2]

The Extremists wanted the 1907 session to be held in Nagpur with Tilak or Lajpat Rai as president along with a reiteration of swadeshi, boycott and national education resolutions, while the Moderates wanted the session at Surat to exclude Tilak from the presidency, preferred Rashbehari Ghosh as president and sought to drop the resolutions on swadeshi, boycott and national education. Both sides adopted rigid positions, leaving no room for compromise.[3] The moderates were against utilizing the campaign to start a full-scale passive resistance, while militant nationalists were in favor of extending the movement to other provinces and launching a full-fledged mass struggle.[4] This ideological divide during the Swadeshi Movement led to the historic split at Surat in 1907.

1. [1] Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 12: Era of Militant Nationalism (1905-1909) > The Congress's Position > p. 264
2. [2] https://www.iipa.org.in/upload/indian+national+movement.pdf
3. [3] Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 12: Era of Militant Nationalism (1905-1909) > Split Takes Place > p. 274
4. [4] History , class XII (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 2: Rise of Extremism and Swadeshi Movement > 2.2 Anti-Partition Movement > p. 19