What is/are unique about 'Kharai camel', a breed found in India? 1. It is capable of swimming up to three kilometres in seawater. 2. It survives by grazing on mangroves. 3. It lives in the wild and cannot be domesticated. Select the correct answer using the code given below.

Gives a general biological rule: animals have intrinsic abilities (including swimming) that determine their capacity to cross water barriers.

A student could use this rule to ask whether any camel breed has evolved intrinsic swimming ability and then seek geographic/ethnographic evidence that a coastal camel population might have such adaptation.

States that India contains a broad spectrum of native livestock breeds (including many camel breeds), implying local genetic diversity and possible local adaptations.

A student could combine this with knowledge of coastal environments in India to hypothesize that a camel breed living near the sea might have developed unusual behaviors (e.g., entering water).

Notes that arid areas include the Rann of Kachchh and the Thar Desert — places where camels live, some of which are close to sea/coastal regions (Rann of Kachchh is a coastal salt marsh).

A student could use a map to locate these coastal/near-coastal camel habitats and then investigate whether local camel populations interact with seawater.

Describes pastoral movements to coastal agricultural tracts (Konkan), showing pastoralists and their livestock operate in near-coastal zones.

A student might infer that pastoralists living/traveling near coasts could expose camels to seawater, prompting inquiry into behavioral adaptations like swimming.

Explains that some aquatic mammals are obligate to particular water types (marine vs freshwater), illustrating that affinity for water is a specific, specialized trait.

A student could use this pattern to reason that swimming long distances in seawater would be a specialized trait for a typically terrestrial mammal, so evidence of such behavior would require strong ecological or ethological support.

Describes camels (Raika) as animals that survive on dry, thorny bushes in arid/desert areas, implying a typical feeding ecology of camels.

A student could contrast this typical camel diet with mangrove plant types to judge whether mangrove vegetation is a likely camel food.

Lists camels among animals of thorn forests and scrubs in north-western India, reinforcing the association of camels with arid/thorny habitats rather than coastal mangroves.

Use a map to see if Kharai camel ranges overlap thorn-scrub vs. mangrove zones to assess plausibility of mangrove grazing.

Details mangrove occurrence on the west coast and names Gujarat (Gulf of Kachchh and Kori creek) as areas with mangroves, pointing to geographic locations where mangroves and some camel populations might be proximate.

A student could check whether Kharai camels live in Gujarat/Kutch (Gulf of Kachchh) and therefore could encounter mangrove stands.

States mangroves are salt-tolerant, intertidal forests with specific plant species and distribution, indicating mangrove vegetation is ecologically distinct from inland thorn scrub.

Compare mangrove plant types (salt-tolerant, often fleshy/prop-rooted) with the known diet and digestive adaptations of camels to evaluate eating feasibility.

Notes camels are a distinct livestock genetic resource in India, implying existence of local breeds adapted to local habitats (so breed-specific feeding specializations are plausible).

Investigate whether any local camel breeds (e.g., a Gujarat/Kutch breed) have documented adaptations to coastal/mangrove foraging versus typical desert browsing.

Discusses 'camels' among livestock genetic resources and lists native breeds, treating camels as part of farm/animal husbandry diversity.

A student could infer that named camel breeds are managed by people and check if Kharai is listed among livestock breeds (suggesting ownership rather than wild).

Shows Raika camels grazing with pastoralist groups, illustrating camels used in nomadic herding rather than being wild animals.

One could extend this pattern to ask whether Kharai camels are similarly associated with pastoralists in coastal/desert areas, implying domestication.

Describes nomadic pastoralists who move with herds of camels and cattle, establishing a general pattern of human ownership and movement of camel herds in India.

Use this rule to check whether Kharai camels occur where nomadic herding is practiced (if so, likely under human ownership).

States that arid areas like the Thar Desert are 'habitat for ... camels', which links camels to specific natural regions.

A student could combine this with maps of Kharai distribution (coastal Kachchh) to evaluate whether presence in a habitat implies wild populations or domesticated use.

Gives a general rule that animal distribution is tied to habitat (e.g., 'camels habitat is arid region'), useful for locating where camels live.

One could use this ecological rule plus local human land-use maps to judge if camels in that habitat are likely managed by people (pastoralism) or truly wild.

Lists camel among 'domesticated animals' and as part of India's livestock, giving a general rule that camels are treated as domestic livestock in these sources.

A student could check whether Kharai camels are mentioned in regional livestock records or look for local pastoral practices to see if this specific breed is kept by people.

Shows Raika camels grazing in the Thar desert as part of pastoral livelihoods, giving an example of camels being managed by human pastoralists in India.

Compare Raika pastoral practices with Kharai camel locations (e.g., coastal Kachchh) to assess whether similar human management could apply to Kharai camels.

Mentions camels among the broad spectrum of native breeds and livestock genetic resources in India, implying camels have recognized local breeds.

Use breed lists and genetic-resource notes to look up whether Kharai is listed as a native breed and whether it is characterized as wild or domestic.

Identifies habitat regions (Rann of Kachchh and Thar) for wild ass and camels, distinguishing natural habitats which can inform wild vs. domestic status.

Map Kharai camel distribution (Kachchh coast) against these habitat notes to judge whether they occupy wild habitats or are associated with human landscapes.

Discusses domestication in prehistoric India (sheep, goat, etc.), providing a broader pattern that many large mammals were domesticated historically while noting which were/weren't documented.

Use the pattern of documented domestications to investigate historical records for camels in the region and whether Kharai camels appear in ethnographic or archaeological sources.