Consider the following pairs : Terms sometimes seen in the news Their origin 1. Annex-I Countries : Cartagena Protocol 2. Certified Emissions Reductions : Nagoya Protocol 3. Clean Development Mechanism : Kyoto Protocol Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?

Explicitly describes the Cartagena Protocol as an international treaty under the CBD governing LMOs, establishing it as the kind of agreement that could use annexes or country lists.

A student could check other CBD-based instruments for whether they list country categories (e.g., 'Annex' lists) and then inspect the Protocol text for similarly named annexes or country lists.

Mentions the Nagoya–Kuala Lumpur Supplementary Protocol as reinforcing the Cartagena Protocol, implying there are multiple related instruments (sometimes with annexes) in this treaty family.

A student could examine the Supplementary Protocol and related instruments to see if they use 'Annex I countries' or similar annex-based classifications, suggesting whether the Cartagena Protocol itself follows that practice.

Shows that in other international environmental treaties (Kyoto Protocol) 'Annex I' is used as a formal category for countries with specific obligations, indicating 'Annex I' is a common device to classify parties.

Knowing Annex I is frequently used to list countries with special status, a student could look up the Cartagena Protocol text to see if it similarly defines an 'Annex I' category.

Demonstrates that 'Annex I' is used in the Basel Convention to list regulated items (hazardous wastes), illustrating that 'Annex' labels are routinely used to attach lists/definitions in environmental agreements.

Use the pattern that annexes hold lists/definitions to inspect the Cartagena Protocol's annexes (if any) for a country-category labeled 'Annex I'.

Summarizes the Cartagena Protocol's objective and procedural role under the CBD, reinforcing that it is a substantive treaty where formal categories (including annexes) might be expected.

Because the Protocol sets procedures for LMOs, a student could reasonably expect and then check whether procedural country categories like 'Annex I countries' appear in its provisions or annexes.

States that CERs are a Kyoto Protocol unit issued for emission reductions from CDM project activities (including tCERs and lCERs for afforestation/reforestation).

A student could note CERs are tied to the Kyoto Protocol/CDM and thus check whether the Nagoya Protocol (a different agreement) deals with those mechanisms.

Explains Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) under Article 12 of the Kyoto Protocol generates tradable Certified Emission Reduction credits (one tonne CO2 each).

Use this to infer CERs are instruments of the UNFCCC/Kyoto framework and then compare the Nagoya Protocol's scope to see if it overlaps with CDM instruments.

Defines the Nagoya Protocol as a supplementary agreement to the Convention on Biological Diversity focused on access to genetic resources and benefit-sharing.

Combine this with the fact that CERs relate to climate/greenhouse gas mechanisms to judge that Nagoya (biodiversity/ABS) likely does not define CERs.

Describes Nagoya's purpose: legal framework for access to genetic resources and ensuring benefit sharing—topics in biodiversity governance.

A student could contrast the subject matter (genetic resources/benefit-sharing) with CERs' climate-focused definition to suspect the Nagoya Protocol does not establish CERs.

States the Kyoto Protocol contains binding quantitative commitments and market mechanisms (CDM, JI, IET) that continue into subsequent periods.

Use this to reinforce that market instruments like CERs are embedded in the Kyoto/UNFCCC architecture rather than in biodiversity instruments such as Nagoya.