Question map
Consider the following pairs : Terms sometimes seen in the news Their origin 1. Annex-I Countries : Cartagena Protocol 2. Certified Emissions Reductions : Nagoya Protocol 3. Clean Development Mechanism : Kyoto Protocol Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?
Explanation
The correct answer is option C because only pair 3 is correctly matched.
**Pair 1 is incorrect:** The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (2000) is a protocol to the Convention on Biological[1] Diversity, dealing with biosafety and genetically modified organisms. "Annex-I Countries" is a term associated with climate change conventions (UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol), not the Cartagena Protocol.
**Pair 2 is incorrect:** The Nagoya Protocol deals with Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization to the Convention on Biological[2] Diversity. In contrast, Certified Emission Reduction (CER) credits are generated through projects under the Clean Development Mechanism, where each credit is equivalent to one tonne of CO2 and can be counted towards meeting Kyoto targets[3].
**Pair 3 is correct:** The Clean Development Mechanism is defined in Article 12 of the Kyoto Protocol[3]. The CDM allows a country with an emission-reduction or emission-limitation commitment under the Kyoto Protocol (Annex B Party) to implement an emission-reduction project in developing countries[4].
Sources- [1] https://ozone.unep.org/system/files/documents/IMPCOM-63-6E.pdf
- [2] https://moef.gov.in/uploads/2023/05/Annual-Report-English-2023-24.pdf
- [3] Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 21: Sustainable Development and Climate Change > SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS > p. 599
- [4] Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 24: Climate Change Organizations > Clean Development mechanism: > p. 325
PROVENANCE & STUDY PATTERN
Guest previewThis is a classic 'Bucket Sorting' question. The examiner simply took keywords from the Climate Change bucket (UNFCCC) and swapped them with the Biodiversity bucket (CBD). It is a high-fairness, static question solvable by any standard Environment text (Shankar/PMF IAS).
This question can be broken into the following sub-statements. Tap a statement sentence to jump into its detailed analysis.
- Statement 1: In international environmental agreements, does the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety define or use the category "Annex I countries"?
- Statement 2: In international environmental agreements, does the Nagoya Protocol establish or define "Certified Emissions Reductions (CERs)"?
- Statement 3: In international climate agreements, is the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) established under the Kyoto Protocol?
- Mentions the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety by name among international environmental agreements.
- Shows how the protocol is referred to in these documents without any mention of an "Annex I countries" category.
- Refers repeatedly to "Parties" and decisions of the Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Cartagena Protocol.
- Uses the term "Parties" rather than any "Annex I countries" classification in describing obligations and reports.
- Describes counts of "parties" to the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (e.g., 163 parties) and meeting arrangements.
- This usage indicates the protocol treats countries as "Parties" rather than by an "Annex I countries" category in these documents.
Explicitly describes the Cartagena Protocol as an international treaty under the CBD governing LMOs, establishing it as the kind of agreement that could use annexes or country lists.
A student could check other CBD-based instruments for whether they list country categories (e.g., 'Annex' lists) and then inspect the Protocol text for similarly named annexes or country lists.
Mentions the Nagoya–Kuala Lumpur Supplementary Protocol as reinforcing the Cartagena Protocol, implying there are multiple related instruments (sometimes with annexes) in this treaty family.
A student could examine the Supplementary Protocol and related instruments to see if they use 'Annex I countries' or similar annex-based classifications, suggesting whether the Cartagena Protocol itself follows that practice.
Shows that in other international environmental treaties (Kyoto Protocol) 'Annex I' is used as a formal category for countries with specific obligations, indicating 'Annex I' is a common device to classify parties.
Knowing Annex I is frequently used to list countries with special status, a student could look up the Cartagena Protocol text to see if it similarly defines an 'Annex I' category.
Demonstrates that 'Annex I' is used in the Basel Convention to list regulated items (hazardous wastes), illustrating that 'Annex' labels are routinely used to attach lists/definitions in environmental agreements.
Use the pattern that annexes hold lists/definitions to inspect the Cartagena Protocol's annexes (if any) for a country-category labeled 'Annex I'.
Summarizes the Cartagena Protocol's objective and procedural role under the CBD, reinforcing that it is a substantive treaty where formal categories (including annexes) might be expected.
Because the Protocol sets procedures for LMOs, a student could reasonably expect and then check whether procedural country categories like 'Annex I countries' appear in its provisions or annexes.
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