Question map
Not attempted Correct Incorrect Bookmarked
Loading…
Q96 (IAS/2016) Geography › Indian Economic Geography › Ports and shipping Official Key

Recently, which of the following States has explored the possibility of constructing an artificial inland port to be connected to sea by a long navigational channel?

Result
Your answer:  ·  Correct: D
Explanation

Rajasthan, despite being a landlocked state, has explored the concept of an artificial inland port.[1] This is a unique infrastructure initiative where a landlocked state considers building an inland port facility that would be connected to the sea through a long navigational channel. The concept aims to improve logistics and trade connectivity for landlocked regions by providing access to maritime transport routes without having a natural coastline.

Among the given options, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka already have natural sea coasts, making the concept of connecting to the sea via a "long navigational channel" less relevant for them. Chhattisgarh, while also landlocked, did not explore this particular concept. Rajasthan stands out as the state that explored this innovative possibility of an artificial inland port[1], demonstrating creative thinking in overcoming geographical limitations for trade and commerce enhancement.

Sources
How others answered
Each bar shows the % of students who chose that option. Green bar = correct answer, blue outline = your choice.
Community Performance
Out of everyone who attempted this question.
50%
got it right
PROVENANCE & STUDY PATTERN
Full view
Don’t just practise – reverse-engineer the question. This panel shows where this PYQ came from (books / web), how the examiner broke it into hidden statements, and which nearby micro-concepts you were supposed to learn from it. Treat it like an autopsy of the question: what might have triggered it, which exact lines in the book matter, and what linked ideas you should carry forward to future questions.
Q. Recently, which of the following States has explored the possibility of constructing an artificial inland port to be connected to sea by …
At a glance
Origin: Mostly Current Affairs Fairness: Low / Borderline fairness Books / CA: 0/10 · 10/10

This question is a classic 'Geographical Anomaly' test. It bridges Current Affairs (the 2015-16 proposal) with Static Geography (Canal systems). It rewards aspirants who spot 'counter-intuitive' infrastructure projects—specifically, a desert state attempting to become a maritime entity.

How this question is built

This question can be broken into the following sub-statements. Tap a statement sentence to jump into its detailed analysis.

Statement 1
In 2016, did the Government of Andhra Pradesh explore constructing an artificial inland port connected to the sea by a long navigational channel?
Origin: Web / Current Affairs Fairness: CA heavy Web-answerable

Web source
Presence: 5/5
"Ans: d Exp: Rajasthan, despite being a landlocked state, has explored the concept of an artificial inland port."
Why this source?
  • Contains the 2016 question exactly matching the claim and gives the official answer.
  • Explicitly names Rajasthan (not Andhra Pradesh) as the state that explored an artificial inland port.
Web source
Presence: 3/5
"State Government of Andhra Pradesh has awarded the work for conducting delineation survey and assessment of the land required for widening, construction of terminal etc., for developing the existing canal system for navigation on NW-4."
Why this source?
  • Describes Andhra Pradesh awarding work for surveys and development of existing canal system for navigation (NW-4).
  • Shows Andhra Pradesh pursued canal/navigation projects, but does not state it explored an artificial inland port connected by a long sea channel.

Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 12: Transport, Communications and Trade > Sagarmala Programme > p. 24
Strength: 4/5
“In order to harness the coastline, 14,500 km of potentially navigable waterways and strategic location on key international maritime trade routes, the Government of India has embarked this programme to promote port-led development in the country. The objectives of the programme include port modernisation, new port development, port connectivity, coastal community development, etc.”
Why relevant

Describes the Sagarmala programme which promotes new port development and port-led connectivity as a central government policy encouraging port projects.

How to extend

A student could check whether Andhra Pradesh proposals in 2016 were submitted or funded under Sagarmala or listed as new port/port-connectivity projects.

INDIA PEOPLE AND ECONOMY, TEXTBOOK IN GEOGRAPHY FOR CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 7: Transport and Communication > Inland Waterways > p. 81
Strength: 4/5
“For the development, maintenance and regulation of national waterways in the country, the Inland Waterways Authority was set up in 1986. In order to create wide waterways network and to promote inland water transport in the country as an economical, environment friendly supplementary mode of transport to rail and road, 111 inland waterways (including 5 national waterways declared earlier, Table 7.3) were declared as National Waterways (NWs) by the National Waterways Act, 2016. (Source: Annual Report, Ministry of Ports, Shipping & Waterways, Govt. of India, 2022-23) • Waterways: NW 1; Stretch: Prayagraj–Haldia stretch (1,620 km); Specification: It is one of the most important waterways in India, which is navigable by mechanical boats up to Patna and by ordinary boats up to Haridwar.”
Why relevant

Notes the 2016 National Waterways Act and a focus on creating a wide waterways network, showing 2016 was a year of formal national-level emphasis on inland waterways.

How to extend

One could examine National Waterways declarations or state proposals from 2016 to see if Andhra Pradesh proposed an inland port/channel then.

Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 12: Transport, Communications and Trade > Adam's Bridge (Ram Sethu) > p. 25
Strength: 4/5
“The Adam's Bridge or Ram Sethu is a discontinuous chain of sandbars dotting 30 km stretch in the east-west direction between the southern tip of Rameswaram Island in India and Talaimannar in north-western Sri Lanka. It creates a geological divide between the Palk-Bay and the Gulf of Mannar which form part of the southern Kaveri Basin in the Bay of Bengal (Fig. 12.8). The 'Sethu-Samudram Ship Channel Project (SSCP)' of the Government of India envisages the dredging of the shallow ocean region in the Bay of Bengal to create an artificial 167 km long 300 m wide and 12 m deep channel like passage”
Why relevant

Describes the Sethu-Samudram Ship Channel Project: creation of a long artificial channel by dredging, providing an example of large-scale artificial maritime channels envisioned by government.

How to extend

Compare the technical scale (length/width/depth) and policy rationale of the Sethu project to any Andhra Pradesh proposal to judge feasibility and precedent.

Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 12: Transport, Communications and Trade > Adam's Bridge (Ram Sethu) > p. 26
Strength: 3/5
“Manmohan Singh. The Channel project, when developed and completed cut down steaming time and fuel costs, and galvanised traffic for 15 small, neglected seaports in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, and West Bengal. The fortunes of Tuticorin Port and town improved dramatically from the transshipment of containers that originated from or are destined for ports on the coast of India. Moreover, the Indian Navy needs a channel in India's own territorial waters.”
Why relevant

States that a Channel project would cut steaming time, fuel costs and boost traffic for small seaports including those in Andhra Pradesh, indicating such channel projects are proposed to benefit AP ports.

How to extend

Use this pattern to see if Andhra Pradesh specifically proposed an inland port/channel in 2016 to obtain similar economic benefits.

Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 12: Transport, Communications and Trade > Proposed Navigation Canal between Sanchore (Rajasthan) and Lakhpat (Gujarat) > p. 29
Strength: 4/5
“Planning of the navigation canal though in the initial phase but the officials claim that the project is economically viable and geographically sustainable. The length of the canal will be about 300 km between Lakhpat and the Sanchore town in Jalore District of Rajasthan. The navigation channel would be about 300 meter wide and about 25 meter deep. It would start from the tip of Lakhpat at Kori Creek in Arabian Sea, run through the Rann of Kachchh and joins Sanchore, about 135 km from the district headquarters of Jalore (Rajasthan). In the construction of the navigation canal, the government has to examine are geostrategic aspect also as the project is very close to international border.”
Why relevant

Gives a concrete example of a state planning a long navigation canal (Rajasthan-Lakhpat), showing Indian states do consider constructing long inland-sea navigation channels.

How to extend

A student could search state-level planning documents from 2016 to see if Andhra Pradesh had analogous canal/port proposals.

Statement 2
In 2016, did the Government of Chhattisgarh explore constructing an artificial inland port connected to the sea by a long navigational channel?
Origin: Web / Current Affairs Fairness: CA heavy Web-answerable

Web source
Presence: 5/5
"Ans: d Exp: Rajasthan, despite being a landlocked state, has explored the concept of an artificial inland port."
Why this source?
  • This passage is a 2016 UPSC question and answer identifying which state explored an artificial inland port connected by a long navigational channel.
  • The answer given names Rajasthan (not Chhattisgarh), thereby refuting that Chhattisgarh explored the idea in 2016.

INDIA PEOPLE AND ECONOMY, TEXTBOOK IN GEOGRAPHY FOR CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 7: Transport and Communication > Inland Waterways > p. 81
Strength: 5/5
“For the development, maintenance and regulation of national waterways in the country, the Inland Waterways Authority was set up in 1986. In order to create wide waterways network and to promote inland water transport in the country as an economical, environment friendly supplementary mode of transport to rail and road, 111 inland waterways (including 5 national waterways declared earlier, Table 7.3) were declared as National Waterways (NWs) by the National Waterways Act, 2016. (Source: Annual Report, Ministry of Ports, Shipping & Waterways, Govt. of India, 2022-23) • Waterways: NW 1; Stretch: Prayagraj–Haldia stretch (1,620 km); Specification: It is one of the most important waterways in India, which is navigable by mechanical boats up to Patna and by ordinary boats up to Haridwar.”
Why relevant

The National Waterways Act, 2016 declared 111 inland waterways as National Waterways, showing a 2016 policy environment encouraging inland water transport expansion.

How to extend

A student could use this to justify checking whether Chhattisgarh-related waterways or port proposals surfaced in 2016 under that national push (by comparing lists of NWs and state announcements).

INDIA PEOPLE AND ECONOMY, TEXTBOOK IN GEOGRAPHY FOR CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 8: International Trade > Can you find out the reasons for the variations in the location of ports along the two coasts? > p. 92
Strength: 4/5
“It handles bulk cargo like iron ore, coal, petroleum, petroleum products and fertilisers, jute, jute products, cotton and cotton yarn, etc. Paradwip Port is situated in the Mahanadi delta, about 100 km from Cuttack. It has the deepest harbour specially suited to handle very large vessels. It has been developed mainly to handle large-scale export of iron-ore. Odisha, Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand are the parts of its hinterland. Visakhapatnam Port in Andhra Pradesh is a land-locked harbour, connected to the sea by a channel cut through solid rock and sand. An outer harbour has been developed for handling iron-ore, petroleum and general cargo.”
Why relevant

Gives an example (Visakhapatnam) of a land‑locked harbour connected to the sea by an artificially cut channel, illustrating that artificial channels to connect inland ports to the sea are practiced in India.

How to extend

A student could compare Chhattisgarh’s inland location and distance to nearest coast (from a map) to assess whether a similar channel project would be geographically plausible.

Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 12: Transport, Communications and Trade > Proposed Navigation Canal between Sanchore (Rajasthan) and Lakhpat (Gujarat) > p. 29
Strength: 4/5
“Planning of the navigation canal though in the initial phase but the officials claim that the project is economically viable and geographically sustainable. The length of the canal will be about 300 km between Lakhpat and the Sanchore town in Jalore District of Rajasthan. The navigation channel would be about 300 meter wide and about 25 meter deep. It would start from the tip of Lakhpat at Kori Creek in Arabian Sea, run through the Rann of Kachchh and joins Sanchore, about 135 km from the district headquarters of Jalore (Rajasthan). In the construction of the navigation canal, the government has to examine are geostrategic aspect also as the project is very close to international border.”
Why relevant

Describes a proposed ~300 km navigation canal (Sanchore–Lakhpat) that would link inland desert areas to the Arabian Sea, showing precedent for very long artificial channels in Indian planning documents.

How to extend

Using this as a precedent, a student could estimate whether a canal of comparable length would be needed to link Chhattisgarh to the sea and thus whether authorities might plausibly explore such a scheme.

Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 12: Transport, Communications and Trade > Adam's Bridge (Ram Sethu) > p. 25
Strength: 3/5
“The Adam's Bridge or Ram Sethu is a discontinuous chain of sandbars dotting 30 km stretch in the east-west direction between the southern tip of Rameswaram Island in India and Talaimannar in north-western Sri Lanka. It creates a geological divide between the Palk-Bay and the Gulf of Mannar which form part of the southern Kaveri Basin in the Bay of Bengal (Fig. 12.8). The 'Sethu-Samudram Ship Channel Project (SSCP)' of the Government of India envisages the dredging of the shallow ocean region in the Bay of Bengal to create an artificial 167 km long 300 m wide and 12 m deep channel like passage”
Why relevant

Describes the Sethu‑Samudram Ship Channel Project’s plan to create a long (167 km) artificial sea channel, another example of large-scale artificial channel projects considered by the Indian government.

How to extend

A student could use the scale of this project as a benchmark to judge the technical and political feasibility of a Chhattisgarh-to-sea channel proposal in 2016.

Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 12: Transport, Communications and Trade > Inland Water Transport > p. 23
Strength: 4/5
“The Central Water Transport Corporation (CIWTC): Constituted in 1967, it has its headquarters at Kolkata. It is mainly engaged in the transportation of goods by inland waterways in the Ganga, Brahmaputra, Hugli, and Sundarban regions. It is operating regular cargo service between Kolkata and Karimganj (Assam), Kolkata and Bangladesh, and Haldia and Patna. Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI): The Inland Waterways Authority of India came into existence on 27 October, 1986 for the development and regulation of inland waterways for shipping and navigation. The Authority primarily undertakes projects for development and maintenance of IWT infrastructure on national waterways through grant received from the Ministry of Shipping, Road Transport and Highways.”
Why relevant

Explains the role of the Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI) in developing and regulating inland waterways, identifying the national agency that would be involved in any inland‑port/channel proposals.

How to extend

A student could search IWAI reports or 2016 ministry releases (guided by this snippet) to look for any mention of Chhattisgarh port/channel studies.

Statement 3
In 2016, did the Government of Karnataka explore constructing an artificial inland port connected to the sea by a long navigational channel?
Origin: Web / Current Affairs Fairness: CA heavy Web-answerable

Web source
Presence: 5/5
"Q.15) Recently, which of the following States has explored the possibility of constructing an artificial inland port to be connected to sea by a long navigational channel? (2016)... Ans: d Exp: Rajasthan, despite being a landlocked state, has explored the concept of an artificial inland port."
Why this source?
  • The passage contains the 2016 question about which state explored constructing an artificial inland port connected to the sea by a long navigational channel.
  • The answer given in the passage is 'Rajasthan', explicitly refuting Karnataka as the state that explored the idea.

Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 12: Transport, Communications and Trade > Proposed Navigation Canal between Sanchore (Rajasthan) and Lakhpat (Gujarat) > p. 28
Strength: 4/5
“The government of Rajasthan is planning to construct a navigation canal between Sanchore (Sirohi District-Rajasthan) and the Lakhpat town located at the head of Kori-Creek (Gujarat). If the proposed navigation canal is constructed, the Thar Desert of Rajasthan will become accessible by water transport to the Arabian Sea (Fig. 12.10-A).”
Why relevant

Gives a clear example of a state government (Rajasthan) planning a long navigation canal to connect inland desert areas to the Arabian Sea.

How to extend

A student could compare this planning pattern and technical specifications with Karnataka's geography and 2016 state government activities (news/government releases) to see if a similar proposal was plausible or reported.

Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 12: Transport, Communications and Trade > Proposed Navigation Canal between Sanchore (Rajasthan) and Lakhpat (Gujarat) > p. 29
Strength: 5/5
“Planning of the navigation canal though in the initial phase but the officials claim that the project is economically viable and geographically sustainable. The length of the canal will be about 300 km between Lakhpat and the Sanchore town in Jalore District of Rajasthan. The navigation channel would be about 300 meter wide and about 25 meter deep. It would start from the tip of Lakhpat at Kori Creek in Arabian Sea, run through the Rann of Kachchh and joins Sanchore, about 135 km from the district headquarters of Jalore (Rajasthan). In the construction of the navigation canal, the government has to examine are geostrategic aspect also as the project is very close to international border.”
Why relevant

Provides concrete technical details (length, width, depth, route, and geostrategic concerns) for a proposed 300 km navigation canal project in western India.

How to extend

Use these project parameters as a template to judge whether any Karnataka proposal (in 2016) would be technically similar and check contemporary maps/news for proposed channel alignments from inland Karnataka to the sea.

Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 12: Transport, Communications and Trade > Adam's Bridge (Ram Sethu) > p. 25
Strength: 4/5
“The Adam's Bridge or Ram Sethu is a discontinuous chain of sandbars dotting 30 km stretch in the east-west direction between the southern tip of Rameswaram Island in India and Talaimannar in north-western Sri Lanka. It creates a geological divide between the Palk-Bay and the Gulf of Mannar which form part of the southern Kaveri Basin in the Bay of Bengal (Fig. 12.8). The 'Sethu-Samudram Ship Channel Project (SSCP)' of the Government of India envisages the dredging of the shallow ocean region in the Bay of Bengal to create an artificial 167 km long 300 m wide and 12 m deep channel like passage”
Why relevant

Describes the central government's Sethu-Samudram Ship Channel Project concept of creating an artificial long channel by dredging shallow sea regions, showing precedent for large channel creation efforts.

How to extend

A student could treat this as a national-level precedent and search 2016 federal/state interactions or proposals to see if Karnataka considered an inland port/channel along similar engineering lines.

INDIA PEOPLE AND ECONOMY, TEXTBOOK IN GEOGRAPHY FOR CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 7: Transport and Communication > Inland Waterways > p. 81
Strength: 4/5
“For the development, maintenance and regulation of national waterways in the country, the Inland Waterways Authority was set up in 1986. In order to create wide waterways network and to promote inland water transport in the country as an economical, environment friendly supplementary mode of transport to rail and road, 111 inland waterways (including 5 national waterways declared earlier, Table 7.3) were declared as National Waterways (NWs) by the National Waterways Act, 2016. (Source: Annual Report, Ministry of Ports, Shipping & Waterways, Govt. of India, 2022-23) • Waterways: NW 1; Stretch: Prayagraj–Haldia stretch (1,620 km); Specification: It is one of the most important waterways in India, which is navigable by mechanical boats up to Patna and by ordinary boats up to Haridwar.”
Why relevant

Notes the National Waterways Act, 2016 and the declaration of many inland waterways, indicating 2016 was a year of central policy emphasis on inland navigation.

How to extend

Combine this policy context with Karnataka's state-level initiatives or media in 2016 to assess whether the state explored an artificial inland port tied to a new navigational channel.

INDIA PEOPLE AND ECONOMY, TEXTBOOK IN GEOGRAPHY FOR CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 8: International Trade > Can you find out the reasons for the variations in the location of ports along the two coasts? > p. 90
Strength: 3/5
“It is the largest container port in India. Marmagao Port, situated at the entrance of the Zuari estuary, is a natural harbour in Goa. It gained significance after its remodelling in 1961 to handle iron-ore exports to Japan. Construction of Konkan railway has considerably extended the hinterland of this port. Karnataka, Goa, Southern Maharashtra constitute its hinterland. New Mangalore Port is located in the state of Karnataka and caters to the needs of the export of iron-ore and iron-concentrates. It also handles fertilisers, petroleum products, edible 90 India : People and Economy”
Why relevant

Identifies New Mangalore Port as Karnataka's major port and notes hinterland considerations, implying state interest in improving port connectivity and hinterland access.

How to extend

A student could use this to reason that Karnataka might pursue alternative port/connectivity projects in 2016 and then check 2016 reports for proposals about artificial inland ports or long channels.

Statement 4
In 2016, did the Government of Rajasthan explore constructing an artificial inland port connected to the sea by a long navigational channel?
Origin: Web / Current Affairs Fairness: CA heavy Web-answerable

Web source
Presence: 5/5
"Ans: d Exp: Rajasthan, despite being a landlocked state, has explored the concept of an artificial inland port."
Why this source?
  • The passage explicitly answers a 2016 question about which state explored an artificial inland port.
  • It names Rajasthan and states the state explored the concept despite being landlocked.

Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 12: Transport, Communications and Trade > Proposed Navigation Canal between Sanchore (Rajasthan) and Lakhpat (Gujarat) > p. 29
Strength: 5/5
“Planning of the navigation canal though in the initial phase but the officials claim that the project is economically viable and geographically sustainable. The length of the canal will be about 300 km between Lakhpat and the Sanchore town in Jalore District of Rajasthan. The navigation channel would be about 300 meter wide and about 25 meter deep. It would start from the tip of Lakhpat at Kori Creek in Arabian Sea, run through the Rann of Kachchh and joins Sanchore, about 135 km from the district headquarters of Jalore (Rajasthan). In the construction of the navigation canal, the government has to examine are geostrategic aspect also as the project is very close to international border.”
Why relevant

Describes a proposed navigation canal between Lakhpat (Kori Creek, Arabian Sea) and Sanchore in Rajasthan, giving length, width, depth and that planning was in an initial phase with officials claiming viability.

How to extend

A student could combine this project description with a 2016 timeline (news/government releases) or map to check whether Rajasthan government exploration activity overlapped that year.

Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 12: Transport, Communications and Trade > Proposed Navigation Canal between Sanchore (Rajasthan) and Lakhpat (Gujarat) > p. 28
Strength: 5/5
“The government of Rajasthan is planning to construct a navigation canal between Sanchore (Sirohi District-Rajasthan) and the Lakhpat town located at the head of Kori-Creek (Gujarat). If the proposed navigation canal is constructed, the Thar Desert of Rajasthan will become accessible by water transport to the Arabian Sea (Fig. 12.10-A).”
Why relevant

States the Government of Rajasthan is planning a navigation canal making the Thar Desert accessible by water to the Arabian Sea.

How to extend

Use this claim plus official state documents or press reports from 2016 to look for announcements or feasibility studies by Rajasthan authorities.

Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 12: Transport, Communications and Trade > Sagarmala Programme > p. 24
Strength: 4/5
“In order to harness the coastline, 14,500 km of potentially navigable waterways and strategic location on key international maritime trade routes, the Government of India has embarked this programme to promote port-led development in the country. The objectives of the programme include port modernisation, new port development, port connectivity, coastal community development, etc.”
Why relevant

Presents the national 'Sagarmala' programme promoting new port development and port-led initiatives—a policy context that makes state-level port/canal proposals more plausible circa 2015–2016.

How to extend

Check whether Rajasthan proposals were framed as part of or timed with Sagarmala/central port-promoting policies in or around 2016.

Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 12: Transport, Communications and Trade > Adam's Bridge (Ram Sethu) > p. 25
Strength: 4/5
“The Adam's Bridge or Ram Sethu is a discontinuous chain of sandbars dotting 30 km stretch in the east-west direction between the southern tip of Rameswaram Island in India and Talaimannar in north-western Sri Lanka. It creates a geological divide between the Palk-Bay and the Gulf of Mannar which form part of the southern Kaveri Basin in the Bay of Bengal (Fig. 12.8). The 'Sethu-Samudram Ship Channel Project (SSCP)' of the Government of India envisages the dredging of the shallow ocean region in the Bay of Bengal to create an artificial 167 km long 300 m wide and 12 m deep channel like passage”
Why relevant

Gives a concrete precedent (Sethu Samudram Ship Channel Project) for creating long artificial channels (167 km) through dredging, showing such large-scale channel projects have been envisaged in India.

How to extend

Compare the Sethu Samudram project's scale and government involvement with the Rajasthan–Lakhpat proposal to assess feasibility and likelihood of exploration in 2016.

INDIA PEOPLE AND ECONOMY, TEXTBOOK IN GEOGRAPHY FOR CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 7: Transport and Communication > Inland Waterways > p. 81
Strength: 4/5
“For the development, maintenance and regulation of national waterways in the country, the Inland Waterways Authority was set up in 1986. In order to create wide waterways network and to promote inland water transport in the country as an economical, environment friendly supplementary mode of transport to rail and road, 111 inland waterways (including 5 national waterways declared earlier, Table 7.3) were declared as National Waterways (NWs) by the National Waterways Act, 2016. (Source: Annual Report, Ministry of Ports, Shipping & Waterways, Govt. of India, 2022-23) • Waterways: NW 1; Stretch: Prayagraj–Haldia stretch (1,620 km); Specification: It is one of the most important waterways in India, which is navigable by mechanical boats up to Patna and by ordinary boats up to Haridwar.”
Why relevant

Notes the National Waterways Act, 2016 declared many waterways as National Waterways, indicating 2016 was a year of policy emphasis on inland waterways development.

How to extend

Use this policy milestone to search 2016 government records for related state initiatives or feasibility studies from Rajasthan proposing new inland waterways or port links.

Pattern takeaway: UPSC loves 'Geographical Ironies'. When a state proposes a project that contradicts its natural geography (e.g., Rajasthan wanting a seaport), it becomes a high-priority fact. Look for infrastructure that changes the 'status' of a region (Landlocked -> Maritime).
How you should have studied
  1. [THE VERDICT]: Current Affairs Sitter / Static Bouncer. Source: Widespread news in 2015-16; now covered in Majid Husain (Chapter: Transport).
  2. [THE CONCEPTUAL TRIGGER]: Inland Waterways & Port-led Development (Sagarmala). The trigger is the 'Geographical Irony'—a landlocked state seeking direct sea access.
  3. [THE HORIZONTAL EXPANSION]: Memorize major proposed/operational water projects: 1) Kalpasar Project (Gulf of Khambhat dam), 2) Sethu Samudram (Palk Strait dredging), 3) NW-1 (Ganga: Haldia-Prayagraj), 4) NW-4 (Krishna-Godavari: Kakinada-Puducherry), 5) Ken-Betwa Link (MP-UP).
  4. [THE STRATEGIC METACOGNITION]: Filter news for 'First of its kind' or 'Engineering Marvels'. If a project claims to turn a desert into a port or link two massive rivers, it is potential UPSC fodder. Do not ignore state-level mega-projects if they alter national geography.
Concept hooks from this question
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 National Waterways Act, 2016 and inland waterways expansion
💡 The insight

The references note the 2016 declaration of 111 National Waterways and the role of IWAI in promoting inland navigation, which frames any 2016 proposals for inland-port/channel projects.

High-yield for UPSC geography/infrastructure: understanding the 2016 legal push for inland waterways explains policy momentum for new ports/canals and links to questions on transport modal shift, intermodal connectivity and national infrastructure schemes. Study official acts, IWAI functions and examples of waterways to answer policy and map-based questions.

📚 Reading List :
  • INDIA PEOPLE AND ECONOMY, TEXTBOOK IN GEOGRAPHY FOR CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 7: Transport and Communication > Inland Waterways > p. 81
  • Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 15: Infrastructure > Inland Water Transport > p. 459
🔗 Anchor: "In 2016, did the Government of Andhra Pradesh explore constructing an artificial..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 Dredging and long navigational channel projects (e.g., Sethu Samudram/SSCP)
💡 The insight

References describe the SSCP concept of creating an artificial long channel by dredging shallow ocean regions — directly relevant to the idea of artificial ports linked by long navigation channels.

Important for questions on maritime engineering, strategic maritime routes and regional port development; it connects coastal geomorphology, environmental concerns and defence/geopolitics. Learn case studies (SSCP), technical aims (length/width/depth) and pros/cons to handle policy and environment-related subquestions.

📚 Reading List :
  • Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 12: Transport, Communications and Trade > Adam's Bridge (Ram Sethu) > p. 25
  • Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 12: Transport, Communications and Trade > Adam's Bridge (Ram Sethu) > p. 26
🔗 Anchor: "In 2016, did the Government of Andhra Pradesh explore constructing an artificial..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 Proposed inland/navigation canals and geostrategic considerations
💡 The insight

Examples of proposed long navigation canals (e.g., Sanchore–Lakhpat) highlight planning, feasibility, and geostrategic issues that accompany proposals for new navigational channels or inland ports.

Useful for answering questions that test assessment of infrastructure projects: viability, environmental/geopolitical constraints, and economic impacts. Compare multiple canal proposals, examine feasibility criteria, and practice framing pros/cons for UPSC mains answers.

📚 Reading List :
  • Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 12: Transport, Communications and Trade > Proposed Navigation Canal between Sanchore (Rajasthan) and Lakhpat (Gujarat) > p. 29
  • Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 12: Transport, Communications and Trade > Proposed Navigation Canal between Sanchore (Rajasthan) and Lakhpat (Gujarat) > p. 28
🔗 Anchor: "In 2016, did the Government of Andhra Pradesh explore constructing an artificial..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 National Waterways Act, 2016 & inland waterways expansion
💡 The insight

The statement refers to 2016 and an inland-port/sea-connection idea; the references include the National Waterways Act, 2016 which expanded declared waterways and is central to inland water transport policy.

Understanding the 2016 Act is high-yield for transport and infrastructure questions: it signals central policy direction on inland waterways, links to ministries (Ports, Shipping & Waterways) and programs (Sagarmala), and helps answer questions on national-level interventions versus state-led projects. Master by studying the Act's objectives, major declared waterways, and institutional roles (IWAI).

📚 Reading List :
  • INDIA PEOPLE AND ECONOMY, TEXTBOOK IN GEOGRAPHY FOR CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 7: Transport and Communication > Inland Waterways > p. 81
  • Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 12: Transport, Communications and Trade > Sagarmala Programme > p. 24
🔗 Anchor: "In 2016, did the Government of Chhattisgarh explore constructing an artificial i..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 Port hinterlands and land-locked ports connected by channels
💡 The insight

The idea of an inland port connected to the sea by a long navigational channel is conceptually similar to land-locked or artificially connected ports discussed in the references (e.g., Visakhapatnam, Paradwip and their hinterlands including Chhattisgarh).

This concept helps in questions on port location, hinterland economics, and engineering solutions (artificial channels). It connects physical geography (coasts, deltas) with economic geography (trade flows, hinterlands). Prepare by mapping major ports, their hinterlands, and examples of engineered sea-connections.

📚 Reading List :
  • INDIA PEOPLE AND ECONOMY, TEXTBOOK IN GEOGRAPHY FOR CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 8: International Trade > Can you find out the reasons for the variations in the location of ports along the two coasts? > p. 92
  • Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 12: Transport, Communications and Trade > Ports > p. 21
🔗 Anchor: "In 2016, did the Government of Chhattisgarh explore constructing an artificial i..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 Proposed navigation canal projects (regional & national examples)
💡 The insight

References cite proposed large navigation canals (Sanchore–Lakhpat) and major dredging proposals (Sethu Samudram), which are the same class of projects as an artificial inland port connected by a long channel.

Knowledge of landmark proposed canal projects is useful for questions on feasibility, geopolitical/geostrategic implications, and environmental concerns of waterway engineering. Study project details, routes, stated motivations, and controversies to answer policy-evaluation questions.

📚 Reading List :
  • Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 12: Transport, Communications and Trade > Proposed Navigation Canal between Sanchore (Rajasthan) and Lakhpat (Gujarat) > p. 28
  • Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 12: Transport, Communications and Trade > Proposed Navigation Canal between Sanchore (Rajasthan) and Lakhpat (Gujarat) > p. 29
  • Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 12: Transport, Communications and Trade > Adam's Bridge (Ram Sethu) > p. 25
🔗 Anchor: "In 2016, did the Government of Chhattisgarh explore constructing an artificial i..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S3
👉 National Waterways Act, 2016 & Inland Water Transport
💡 The insight

The Act (2016) declared many national waterways and is directly relevant to any proposal for inland ports or long navigational channels.

High-yield for GS and Geography: understanding the 2016 expansion of national waterways explains legal/administrative enabling for inland water infrastructure. Connects to transport policy, logistics, and state/central roles (IWAI). Prepare by studying the Act, the list of National Waterways, and examples of operational stretches.

📚 Reading List :
  • INDIA PEOPLE AND ECONOMY, TEXTBOOK IN GEOGRAPHY FOR CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 7: Transport and Communication > Inland Waterways > p. 81
  • Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 15: Infrastructure > Inland Water Transport > p. 459
🔗 Anchor: "In 2016, did the Government of Karnataka explore constructing an artificial inla..."
🌑 The Hidden Trap

The 'Kalpasar Project' (Gujarat). Often discussed in the same regional planning documents, it envisages a 30km dam across the Gulf of Khambhat to create a freshwater reservoir and tidal power. It is the logical 'next' mega-project question for Western India.

⚡ Elimination Cheat Code

Use 'Geographical Redundancy'. Andhra Pradesh (A) and Karnataka (C) are coastal states; they build direct seaports, not 'artificial inland ports connected by long channels' (which implies overcoming a land barrier). This leaves Chhattisgarh (B) and Rajasthan (D). Chhattisgarh is rugged plateau/hilly terrain (expensive digging). Rajasthan is flat desert/salt flats (Rann of Kutch) where canal digging is historically proven (Indira Gandhi Canal). D is the only geographically viable candidate.

🔗 Mains Connection

Mains GS-3 (Infrastructure & Logistics): Use this as a case study for 'Modal Shift'. Moving cargo via canal is 60% cheaper than road. Also links to GS-2 (Federalism): Rajasthan needs Gujarat's territory/cooperation to access the Arabian Sea, highlighting inter-state water governance.

✓ Thank you! We'll review this.

SIMILAR QUESTIONS

IAS · 2009 · Q138 Relevance score: 1.87

In which one of the following States has India's largest private sector sea port been commissioned recently ?

CDS-II · 2018 · Q23 Relevance score: -3.00

Which one of the following States has more than two major ports?

NDA-II · 2015 · Q10 Relevance score: -3.32

Which one of the following is not a sea port?

CDS-I · 2017 · Q55 Relevance score: -3.37

India signed an agreement in 2016 to develop a strategic port in one of its neighbouring countries. What is the name of the port?

IAS · 2018 · Q77 Relevance score: -3.67

Which one of the following is an artificial lake ?