With reference to the Agreement at the UNFCCC Meeting in Paris in 2015, which of the following statements is/are correct? 1. The Agreement was signed by all the member countries of the UN and it will go into effect in 2017. 2. The Agreement aims to limit the greenhouse gas emissions so that the rise in average global temperature by the end of this century does not exceed 2 ℃ or even 1.5 ℃ above pre-industrial levels. 3. Developed countries acknowledged their historical responsibility in global warming and committed to donate $ 1000 billion a year from 2020 to help developing countries to cope with climate change. Select the correct answer using the code given below.

States the Paris Agreement entered into force on 4 Nov 2016 and had been ratified by countries representing more than three‑fourths of global emissions, implying ratification depended on emission‑share thresholds rather than simply 'all countries'.

A student could compare required ratification conditions (e.g., emission share thresholds) with a list of UN members to see if all members were needed for entry into force and thus judge unanimity claims.

Notes disagreement (Australia, Brazil and few others) on a specific Paris rule (double counting), showing some parties did not agree on all provisions.

One could check whether named holdouts were UN members and whether such disagreements imply non‑signature or later reservations, helping assess if every UN member signed immediately.

Gives an example (Cancún Agreement) that was 'signed by 193 nations' — providing a concrete benchmark (193) often associated with near‑universal UN member participation.

Using the known count of UN member states (commonly 193), a student can compare reported Paris signatories/ratifications against that benchmark to test the 'all UN members' claim.

Explains that all countries that signed the UNFCCC were asked to submit INDCs, distinguishing 'those who signed UNFCCC' from 'all UN members' and highlighting different lists of participants.

A student could list UNFCCC signatories versus total UN membership (using external lists) to determine whether Paris signatories would necessarily include all UN members.

Gives a specific entry-into-force date for the Paris Agreement (4 November 2016) and mentions the Marrakech meetings immediately after that date.

A student could compare this date to 2017 and conclude that entry into force in 2017 is unlikely, or check official UNFCCC records for confirmation.

States that at Paris parties anticipated the Agreement 'would not be in force for several years' and planned an early stocktake accordingly.

A student could use this as a pattern of expectations (that entry might be delayed) and cross-check actual entry date against that expectation.

Notes the Agreement was adopted in 2015 (Paris) and refers to later implementation status (as of 2025 world not on track), establishing the timeline anchor of 2015 adoption.

Using the 2015 adoption date as a baseline, a student could examine typical ratification/entry timelines (months/years) to judge plausibility of a 2017 entry date.

Refers to a post-2020 implementation phase of the Paris Agreement, implying timelines and milestones related to the Agreement's operational period.

A student could use this to infer that key implementation milestones are framed around 2020, and then check when the agreement actually became legally operative (before or after 2017).

Mentions an UN Secretary‑General Climate Action Summit timed relative to when countries must enhance pledges under the Paris Agreement, implying scheduled timing of post‑Agreement actions.

A student could relate such scheduling references to the Agreement's operational start to see if major follow-up events align with a 2017 entry into force.

Mentions the Agreement 'talks about reaching the global peaking of emissions by the second half of the century', which shows the Paris text uses century-scale timelines.

A student could check the Paris Agreement language for other timeline phrases (e.g., 'by the end of the century' vs 'by the second half of the century') to judge whether temperature limits are anchored to end-of-century.

Refers to 'mid-century strategies' and 'long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategies', indicating Parties plan using mid- and long‑century horizons (e.g., mid-century = ~2050).

One could use the presence of mid-century planning to infer the Agreement emphasizes mid-century peaking/reductions rather than exclusively end-of-century targets and then verify exact phrasing in the Agreement.

Uses the phrase 'this century' when discussing projected temperature rise, showing that climate discussions and reports commonly frame outcomes over the century.

Knowing 'this century' is a common framing, a student could compare how the Paris Agreement frames its temperature goal (which often appears without an explicit 'end of century' qualifier) against such century-wide projections.

Explicitly states that under UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement climate actions of developing countries are to be supported by finance flows from developed to developing countries (establishes duty of support).

A student could check the Paris Agreement text to see whether it specifies an exact annual dollar amount (e.g., compare general obligation language here with any numeric figure in the treaty).

Mentions a concrete numeric target actually discussed among parties: the $100 billion annual climate finance target and that rich nations failed to meet it for 2023.

Compare this known $100 billion target with the $1,000 billion claim to judge plausibility and search official COP/Paris documents for whether $1,000 billion appears as a commitment.

Explains the principle of 'common but differentiated responsibilities' and that developed countries bear historical responsibility and greater technological/financial capacity.

Use this principle to infer that developed countries are expected to provide finance, then consult Paris/UNFCCC operational text to see if the expectation was translated into a specific annual dollar amount.

Notes that financial flows were central to national climate action plans under the Paris Agreement and that summits produced finance commitments.

Use the emphasis on finance to motivate checking summit/country pledges and the Paris Agreement's operative paragraphs for any defined financing targets or mechanisms at the $1,000 billion level.

References establishment of funds (Loss and Damage fund) and calls for higher levels of climate finance—shows finance scale was an ongoing negotiation item, not necessarily a fixed $1,000bn commitment.

Treat this as evidence finance levels were negotiated and evolving; a student could trace COP decisions and the Paris text to see whether they settled on $1,000 billion per year.

States that the Paris Agreement requires developed countries to provide biennial reports on financial support and projected future support, indicating the Agreement contains obligations and timing-related reporting for finance.

A student could check whether 'biennial reports' or 'projected levels' language is linked in the Agreement or decisions to a 2020 start date for commitments.

Notes the Agreement entered into force in 2016 and that detailed operational rules (the 'Paris rulebook') needed adoption afterwards, implying start-dates for finance might be set in the Agreement text or subsequent decisions.

Compare the 2015 Agreement text with later CMA/COP decisions (rulebook) to see if a 2020 start for finance commitments was specified or deferred to implementing decisions.

Says governments agreed to work towards a universal agreement 'which will come into effect from 2020', suggesting some Paris-related implementation timelines reference 2020 as an operational date.

Use the known 2020 effectiveness note to check whether finance commitments are among the provisions tied to the 2020 operational date in the Agreement text or annexes.

States that, as mandated in the UNFCCC and its Paris Agreement, developing countries' climate actions require support by finance flows from developed countries, showing the Agreement assigns finance as a core obligation.

Given finance is a core obligation, a student could inspect the Agreement for specific temporal language (e.g., 'from 2020') tied to that obligation or find if timing is left to subsequent decisions.

References the $100 billion annual climate finance target and COP26's urging to meet it 'through to 2025', indicating ongoing negotiation over timelines and targets for finance beyond initial Agreement text.

A student could trace the $100bn target's origin and timeline (often linked to 2020 in UNFCCC discussions) to see if the Paris Agreement itself or later COP decisions set a 2020 start.