Question map
Consider the following statements : 1. In India, the Himalayas are spread over five States only. 2. Western Ghats are spread over five States only. 3. Pulicat Lake is spread over two States only. Which of the statements given above is/are correct ?
Explanation
The correct answer is option B (statement 3 only).
**Statement 1 is incorrect**: The Indian states that share boundaries with China are Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim and Arunachal[1] Pradesh – these five states contain the Himalayas. However, the Himalayas also extend into other Indian states like West Bengal (Darjeeling region) and parts of the Northeast, making the total count more than five states.
**Statement 2 is incorrect**: The Western Ghats starts south of the Tapi river in Gujarat and runs about 1600 km through the six states of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala[2]. This clearly indicates six states, not five.
**Statement 3 is correct**: The Pulicat lake lies further south on the border of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu[3]. This confirms that Pulicat Lake is spread over exactly two states only.
Therefore, only statement 3 is correct, making option B the right answer.
Sources- [1] https://edustud.nic.in/edu/SupportMaterial202324/9/09_sst_english_sm_2024.pdf
- [2] Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 5: Natural Vegetation and National Parks > Western Ghats: A World Heritage Site > p. 55
- [3] Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 2: Physiography > The Eastern Coastal Plain > p. 66
PROVENANCE & STUDY PATTERN
Full viewThis question exposes the gap between 'reading' geography and 'visualizing' it. While books like Majid Husain explicitly list the Western Ghats states, the Himalayan count requires synthesizing multiple regional descriptions (Punjab, Kumaon, Assam Himalayas) onto a political map. The 'only' keyword is a specific trigger to check for small, easily missed states like Goa or West Bengal.
This question can be broken into the following sub-statements. Tap a statement sentence to jump into its detailed analysis.
- Statement 1: List all Indian states over which the Himalayas are spread and give the total number of such states.
- Statement 2: List all Indian states over which the Western Ghats are spread and give the total number of such states.
- Statement 3: List all Indian states over which Pulicat Lake is spread and give the total number of such states.
- Describes parts of the Himalayas by river valleys and gives regional names tied to Indian states/regions.
- Explicitly names Punjab (Punjab Himalaya), Kashmir, Himachal, Kumaon (Uttarakhand), and Assam Himalayas, and marks the Brahmaputra as the eastern boundary.
- Lists Indian states that share boundaries with China — these are the northern Himalayan states along India's Himalayan front.
- Specifically names Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh.
- Mentions Himalayan zones in specific regions (Darjiling and Sikkim) and names Arunachal Pradesh as part of the Himalayan orientation.
- Supports inclusion of West Bengal (Darjiling), Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh among Himalayan areas.
Gives a floristic division naming the Western Himalaya (sprawls over Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand) and notes a Trans‑Himalaya region in Ladakh.
A student can map these named regions onto current political units (and count Jammu & Kashmir / Ladakh appropriately) to start building the state list.
Describes the 'Himalayan Hotspot' covering Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan and the eastern states of India; separately identifies the Eastern Himalayas including the hill state of north‑east India including Sikkim and Bhutan.
Use this to infer that Sikkim and other north‑eastern hill states contact the Himalaya and check a political map to see which specific north‑eastern states meet the Himalayan range.
Defines regional Himalayan subunits (Kumaon Himalayas, Nepal Himalayas, Assam Himalayas) and states that the Brahmaputra marks the easternmost boundary and that the Purvachal (eastern hills) run through the north‑eastern states.
A student can trace these river boundaries on a map to determine which Indian states lie within those Himalayan subunits (e.g., Kumaon → Uttarakhand; Assam Himalayas → states in the northeast).
Mentions well‑known Himalayan valleys and hill stations in Jammu & Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh and notes the outermost Shiwaliks extend over a width (implying multiple states).
Combine this with an atlas to confirm which states contain the Shiwalik range and major Himalayan valleys (supporting inclusion of those states).
Explicitly prompts locating names of states in different parts of the Himalayas using physical and political maps.
Follow this exercise: use physical/political maps to list and count all states intersected by the Himalayan system.
- Directly states the Western Ghats runs through six states and lists them by name.
- Specifies the sequence from Gujarat to Kanyakumari, confirming geographic extent and terminal points.
- Names Gujarat as the start point and enumerates Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu as the states traversed.
- Describes the ~1600 km length corroborating the span across multiple states.
- Gives local names (Sahyadri, Nilgiri, Anaimalai, Cardamom) tied to specific states (Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala), supporting presence in those states.
- Reinforces southern-state distribution of the range.
- Explicitly states Pulicat Lake lies on the border of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.
- Identifies Pulicat as one of the lagoons on the eastern coastal plain, locating it between those two states.
- Places Pulicat 60 km north of Chennai, corroborating its location in the Tamil Nadu coastal region.
- Provides geographic context linking Pulicat to the Chennai/Tamil Nadu area (supports the Tamil Nadu part of the border claim).
- Lists Pulicat among notable Indian lakes, supporting its recognition as a named lake in standard geography listings.
- While not giving state names, it corroborates Pulicat's inclusion in lake inventories used alongside state-based references.
- [THE VERDICT]: Map-based Trap. Solvable via Majid Husain (Western Ghats) + Atlas work (Himalayas). The trap lies in excluding 'marginal' states like West Bengal (Himalayas) or Goa (Western Ghats).
- [THE CONCEPTUAL TRIGGER]: Physiography of India > Extent of Mountain Ranges and Coastal Water Bodies.
- [THE HORIZONTAL EXPANSION]: Map the state spread of: Aravallis (Guj, Raj, Har, Delhi); Eastern Ghats (Odisha, AP, TG, KA, TN); Satpuras (Guj, MH, MP, CG); and Mahanadi Basin (CG, Odisha, MH, JH).
- [THE STRATEGIC METACOGNITION]: Never read physical geography in isolation. When a text says 'from Tapi to Kanyakumari', immediately convert that physical span into a political checklist: Gujarat -> Maharashtra -> Goa -> Karnataka -> Kerala -> Tamil Nadu.
The references explicitly divide the Himalayas into Western, Trans-Himalaya and Eastern/Floral regions and associate specific states/areas with these divisions.
High-yield for UPSC geography: mastering these divisions helps link physical regions to specific states (e.g., Western Himalaya → Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand; Trans-Himalaya → Ladakh). This concept connects physical geography with biodiversity, climate and state-level location questions and aids map-based answers.
- Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 4: BIODIVERSITY > Biogeographic zones of India > p. 25
References use rivers to demarcate regional Himalayan sectors (Kumaon between Satluj and Kali; Nepal Himalaya demarcated by Kali and Teesta; Assam Himalaya between Teesta and Dihang; Brahmaputra as eastern-most boundary).
Rivers as boundary markers are crucial for locating sub-regions of the Himalayas on maps — a frequent UPSC requirement. Knowing these river demarcations helps deduce which states contain particular Himalayan segments and supports reasoning in multi-part map or regional questions.
- CONTEMPORARY INDIA-I ,Geography, Class IX . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 2: Physical Features of India > MAJOR PHYSIOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS > p. 10
Evidence identifies an Eastern Himalayan hotspot spreading over 'eastern states of India' and describes the Eastern Himalayas as including north-east hill states such as Sikkim.
Understanding the Eastern Himalaya and its biodiversity hotspot status links physical geography with ecology and international geography (borders with Bhutan, Myanmar, China). This aids answers on biodiversity, conservation priorities and the geography of north-eastern Indian states.
- Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 4: BIODIVERSITY > Himalayas and east and south east Asia > p. 8
The references explicitly list the states and one reference gives the total number (six), directly answering the statement.
High-yield for UPSC geography: many questions ask for the extent and state-wise distribution of major mountain ranges. Mastering lists with counts helps answer both direct factual questions and map-based problems. Connects to conservation, biodiversity and state-level geography questions.
- Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 5: Natural Vegetation and National Parks > Western Ghats: A World Heritage Site > p. 55
- Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 4: BIODIVERSITY > Western ghats as a World Heritage site > p. 57
References mention regional/local names (Sahyadri, Nilgiri, Anaimalai, Cardamom) linked to particular states, highlighting how the range is referred to in different areas.
Useful for matching physiographic names to states/regions in UPSC prelims and mains. Helps in questions requiring identification of sub-ranges or hill stations and shows interconnection with cultural and regional geography.
- INDIA PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT, Geography Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 2: Structure and Physiography > The Deccan Plateau > p. 12
- Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 4: BIODIVERSITY > Western ghats as a World Heritage site > p. 57
Evidence describes the Western Ghats separating the Deccan Plateau from the narrow coastal plain, explaining its physiographic role across several states.
Understanding the Ghats' role as a physiographic boundary is important for questions on Indian relief, climate (rainshadow/windward effects), and regional land-use. Links physical geography to climate, vegetation and human activity—commonly tested themes.
- Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 4: BIODIVERSITY > Western ghats as a World Heritage site > p. 57
- Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 5: Natural Vegetation and National Parks > Western Ghats: A World Heritage Site > p. 55
Pulicat is described as a lagoon on the eastern coastal plain located on the Andhra Pradesh–Tamil Nadu border, illustrating lagoons that lie across state boundaries.
High-yield for geography and environment sections: knowing major coastal lagoons (Chilka, Kolleru, Pulicat) and which states they involve helps answer questions on coastal physiography, wetland management, and interstate ecological administration. It connects to topics on coastal ecosystems, Ramsar sites, and river deltas; learn by mapping lagoons to state boundaries and noting administrative implications.
- Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 2: Physiography > The Eastern Coastal Plain > p. 66
- CONTEMPORARY INDIA-I ,Geography, Class IX . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 3: Drainage > EXERCISE > p. 24
The Eastern Ghats Spread: Unlike the Western Ghats, they are discontinuous. A future question could ask: 'The Eastern Ghats spread over 4 states only.' (False: They touch Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu). Also, look out for the 'Vindhyan Range' extending into Bihar (Kaimur hills).
The 'Marginal State' Check: When a statement limits a geographic feature to 'X states only', look for a small or 'edge' state you might be ignoring. For Western Ghats, it's Goa. For Himalayas, it's West Bengal (Darjeeling). If you find even one extra state, the statement is eliminated.
Western Ghats Ecology & Federalism: The 6-state spread is the core reason for the Gadgil vs. Kasturirangan Committee conflict. This geography fact is the base for a GS-2 (Centre-State Relations) and GS-3 (Environmental Regulation) question regarding Eco-Sensitive Zones (ESZ).