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Q37 (IAS/2017) History & Culture › National Movement (1857–1947) › Early national politics Official Key

Consider the following pairs : 1. Radhakanta Deb - First President of the British Indian Association 2. Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty - Founder of the Madras Mahajana Sabha 3. Surendranath Banerjee - Founder of the Indian Association Which of the above pairs is/are correctly matched ?

Result
Your answer: —  ·  Correct: B
Explanation

The correct answer is option B (pairs 1 and 3 only).

Radhakanta Deb was one of the founders of the Landholder's Society[1], which merged with the Bengal British India Society in 1851 to form the British Indian Association[2]. As a founding member of the predecessor organization, he became the first President of the British Indian Association, making pair 1 correct.

Surendranath Banerjee, along with Ananda Mohan Bose, founded the Indian Association of Calcutta in 1876[3], making pair 3 correct.

However, pair 2 is incorrect. Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty was associated with the Madras Native Association[5] (founded in 1852), not the Madras Mahajana Sabha. These were different organizations, and he is not credited with founding the Madras Mahajana Sabha.

Therefore, only pairs 1 and 3 are correctly matched.

Sources
  1. [3] Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 10: Beginning of Modern Nationalism in India > Beginning of Modern Nationalism in India ✫ 245 > p. 245
How others answered
Each bar shows the % of students who chose that option. Green bar = correct answer, blue outline = your choice.
Community Performance
Out of everyone who attempted this question.
50%
got it right
PROVENANCE & STUDY PATTERN
Full view
Don’t just practise – reverse-engineer the question. This panel shows where this PYQ came from (books / web), how the examiner broke it into hidden statements, and which nearby micro-concepts you were supposed to learn from it. Treat it like an autopsy of the question: what might have triggered it, which exact lines in the book matter, and what linked ideas you should carry forward to future questions.
Q. Consider the following pairs : 1. Radhakanta Deb - First President of the British Indian Association 2. Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty - F…
At a glance
Origin: Books + Current Affairs Fairness: Low / Borderline fairness Books / CA: 3.3/10 · 3.3/10

This is a classic 'Pre-Congress Associations' question testing memory of specific founders versus general eras. While Pair 3 is a standard textbook fact, Pair 2 relies on a 'Chronological Swap' trap (1852 leader vs 1884 organization). Pair 1 is the differentiator, requiring knowledge of specific office-bearers (President vs Secretary) in early landlord societies.

How this question is built

This question can be broken into the following sub-statements. Tap a statement sentence to jump into its detailed analysis.

Statement 1
In British India, was Radhakanta Deb the first president of the British Indian Association?
Origin: Weak / unclear Fairness: Borderline / guessy
Indirect textbook clues
Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 10: Beginning of Modern Nationalism in India > Political Associations in Bengal > p. 244
Strength: 5/5
“In 1851, both the Landholders' Society and the Bengal British India Society merged into the British Indian Association. It sent a petition to the British Parliament demanding inclusion of some of its suggestions in the renewed Charter of the Company, such as (i) establishment of a separate legislature of a popular character; (ii) separation of executive from judicial functions; (iii) reduction in salaries of higher officers; and (iv) abolition of salt duty, abkari and stamp duties. These were partially accepted when the Charter Act of 1853 provided for the addition of six members to the governor-general's council for legislative purposes.”
Why relevant

States that in 1851 the Landholders' Society and the Bengal British Indian Society merged into the British Indian Association, giving the association's origin, date, and Bengal regional base.

How to extend

A student can use the 1851 founding and Bengal focus to consult Bengal-era lists of office-holders (newspapers, minutes, or biographical registers) to see who served as its first president.

Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 10: Beginning of Modern Nationalism in India > Beginning of Modern Nationalism in India ✫ 245 > p. 245
Strength: 4/5
“The Indian Association of Calcutta (also known as the Indian National Association) superseded the Indian League and was founded in 1876 by younger nationalists of Bengal led by Surendranath Banerjea and Ananda Mohan Bose, who were getting discontented with the conservative and pro-landlord policies of the British Indian Association. The Indian Association was the most important of pre-Congress associations and aimed to "promote by every legitimate means the political, intellectual and material advancement of the people." It set out to— (i) create a strong public opinion on political questions, and (ii) unify Indian people in a common political programme. It protested against the reduction of age limit in 1877 for candidates of the Indian Civil Service examination.”
Why relevant

Says the Indian Association formed in 1876 by younger Bengal nationalists because they were discontented with the "conservative and pro-landlord policies of the British Indian Association."

How to extend

A student can infer the British Indian Association was led by conservative/landlord elements and therefore seek prominent Bengal aristocrats (candidate names) as likely early presidents.

Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 10: Beginning of Modern Nationalism in India > Political Associations Before the Indian National Congress > p. 243
Strength: 4/5
“The Indian National Congress was not the first political organisation in India. However, most of the political associations in the early half of the nineteenth century were dominated by wealthy and aristocratic elements. They were local or regional in character. Through long petitions to the British Parliament most of them demanded— ● administrative reforms, ● association of Indians with the administration, and ● spread of education. The political associations of the second half of the nineteenth century came to be increasingly dominated by the”
Why relevant

Explains early political associations were dominated by wealthy and aristocratic elements and were local/regional in character.

How to extend

Knowing this pattern, a student could test whether Radhakanta Deb—if known from outside sources as a prominent Bengal aristocrat—fits the typical profile of early leaders of the British Indian Association.

Modern India ,Bipin Chandra, History class XII (NCERT 1982 ed.)[Old NCERT] > Chapter 12: Growth of New India—The Nationalist Movement 1858—1905 > Predecessors of the Indian National Congress > p. 204
Strength: 3/5
“The Indian National Congress, founded in December 1885, was the first organised expression of the Indian National Movement on an all-India scale. It had, however, many predecessors. As we have seen in an earlier chapter, Raja Rammohun Roy was the first Indian leader to start an agitation for political reforms in India. The earliest public association in modern India was the Landholders' Society—an association of the landlords of Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa, founded in 1837 with the purpose of promoting the class interests of the landlords. Then, in 1843, was organized the Bengal British Indian Society to protect and promote general public interests.”
Why relevant

Lists early associations (Landholders' Society, Bengal British Indian Society) that preceded the British Indian Association, highlighting continuity of elite regional organisations in Bengal.

How to extend

A student could trace leadership continuity from those predecessor bodies into the merged British Indian Association to identify inaugural officers.

Modern India ,Bipin Chandra, History class XII (NCERT 1982 ed.)[Old NCERT] > Chapter 12: Growth of New India—The Nationalist Movement 1858—1905 > GROWTH OF NEW INDIA—THE NATIONALIST MOVEMENT 1858-1905 205 > p. 205
Strength: 3/5
“educated Indians studied the character of British rule and its consequences for the Indians, they became more and more critical of British policies in India. The discontent gradually found expression in political activity. The existing associations no longer satisfied the politically-conscious Indians. In 1866, Dadabhai Naoroji organised the East India Association in London to discuss the Indian question and to influence British public men to promote Indian welfare. Later he organised branches of the Association in prominent Indian cities. Born in 1825, Dadabhai devoted his entire life to the national movement and soon came to be known. As the Grand Old Man of India.”
Why relevant

Describes formation of Indian/East India type associations by named leaders (e.g., Dadabhai Naoroji), illustrating that leaders' names are typically recorded and can be checked.

How to extend

Use this pattern (prominent individuals recorded as founders/presidents) to justify searching primary lists or contemporary accounts for the first president of the British Indian Association and verify if Radhakanta Deb appears.

Statement 2
In the context of Indian political organizations, was Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty the founder of the Madras Mahajana Sabha?
Origin: Web / Current Affairs Fairness: CA heavy Web-answerable

Web source
Presence: 1/5
"**Madras Native Association (1852/Madras):**Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty"
Why this source?
  • Explicitly names Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty as founder of the Madras Native Association (1852/Madras), not the Madras Mahajana Sabha.
  • This indicates the source attributes Chetty’s founding role to a different Madras organization, contradicting the claim that he founded the Madras Mahajana Sabha.
Web source
Presence: 1/5
"**Madras Native Association (1852/Madras):**Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty"
Why this source?
  • Repeats the same listing that assigns Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty to the Madras Native Association rather than the Madras Mahajana Sabha.
  • Reinforces that available web passages attribute Chetty’s role to the Madras Native Association, not the Mahajana Sabha.

History , class XII (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 1: Rise of Nationalism in India > b) Madras Mahajana Sabha (MMS) > p. 8
Strength: 5/5
“(b) Madras Mahajana Sabha (MMS) After the Madras Native Association became defunct there was no such public organisation in the Madras Presidency. As many educated Indians viewed this situation with dismay, the necessity for a political organization was felt and in May 1884 the Madras Mahajana Sabha was organized. In the inaugural meeting held on 16 May 1884 the prominent participants were: G. Subramaniam, Viraraghavachari, Ananda Charlu, Rangiah, Balaji Rao and Salem Ramaswamy”
Why relevant

Gives the inaugural meeting date (16 May 1884) and lists prominent participants (G. Subramaniam, Viraraghavachari, Ananda Charlu, Rangiah, Balaji Rao, Salem Ramaswamy) without mentioning Gazulu/Gajula.

How to extend

A student could compare this participant list to independent lists of founders to see if Gazulu/Gajula appears among founders or only among earlier activists.

Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 10: Beginning of Modern Nationalism in India > Political Associations in Madras > p. 245
Strength: 5/5
“The Madras Mahajan Sabha was founded in 1884 by M. Viraraghavachari, B. Subramaniya Aiyer and P. Anandacharlu.”
Why relevant

Explicitly names founders of the Madras Mahajan Sabha (M. Viraraghavachari, B. Subramaniya Aiyer and P. Anandacharlu), providing a concrete founder list that omits Gazulu/Gajula.

How to extend

Use the named founders as a checklist; verify from other reference works whether Gazulu/Gajula is ever listed as a founder or only connected to other organizations.

History , class XII (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 1: Rise of Nationalism in India > a) Madras Native Association > p. 7
Strength: 4/5
“(a) Madras Native Association One of the first attempts to organise and vent the grievances against the British came through the formation of the Madras Native Association (MNA) on 26 February 1852. Gajula Lakshminarasu An association of landed and business classes of the Madras Presidency, they expressed their grievances against the Company's administration in the revenue, education and judicial spheres. Gajula Lakshminarasu, who inspired the foundation of MNA, was a prominent businessman in Madras city. 12th_History_EM_Unit_1.indd 7 1/6/2024 2:33:02 PM”
Why relevant

Describes Gajula (Gazulu) Lakshminarasu as the inspirer/founder of the Madras Native Association (1852), a distinct earlier organisation.

How to extend

Note the temporal and organisational distinction (MNA 1852 vs MMS 1884) and check whether Gazulu's activity is linked to MMS or only to the earlier MNA.

History , class XII (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 1: Rise of Nationalism in India > Summary > p. 12
Strength: 3/5
“Indians who strive for the reforms of Indian society. • Factors like the bitter memories of 1857, policy of racial discrimination, repressive measures against dissension contributed to the growth of nationalism. • Modern intelligentsia formed political organization like Madras Native Association (1852), Madras Mahajana Sabha (1884) and Indian National Congress (1885) to voice their opinions and grievances. • An important role of these leaders was to educate the common mass about the exploitative colonial rule and its impact on their day to day life. 1. When did Gandhi return to India from South Africa? 2. In which year English Education was introduced in India? (a) 1825 (b) 1835 (c) 1845 (d) 1855 • 3.”
Why relevant

Summarises that modern intelligentsia formed organisations like the Madras Native Association (1852), Madras Mahajana Sabha (1884) and INC (1885), implicitly treating MNA and MMS as separate entities.

How to extend

A student can use this rule-of-thumb separation to suspect that leaders of MNA (including Gazulu) need not be founders of MMS and should be checked separately.

History , class XII (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 1: Rise of Nationalism in India > III. Write short answers > p. 14
Strength: 3/5
“• 1. Analyse Macaulay's 'Minute on Indian Education'. • 2. What do you know of the Madras visit of the chairman of Indian Reform Society in 1853? • 3. Point out the role played by press in creating nationalist consciousness in British India • 4. Describe the way in which indentured labour was organized in British India? • 5. Name the prominent participants in the inaugural meeting of Madras Mahajana Sabha held in May 1884? • 6. Attempt a brief account of early emigration of laborers to Ceylon.”
Why relevant

Contains an exam-style prompt asking to 'Name the prominent participants in the inaugural meeting of Madras Mahajana Sabha held in May 1884', indicating there is a standard, recallable roster for that meeting.

How to extend

A student could use that standard roster to cross-check whether Gazulu/Gajula is conventionally listed among inaugural participants or founders.

Statement 3
Was Surendranath Banerjee a founder of the Indian Association in British India?
Origin: Direct from books Fairness: Straightforward Book-answerable
From standard books
Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 10: Beginning of Modern Nationalism in India > Beginning of Modern Nationalism in India ✫ 245 > p. 245
Presence: 5/5
“The Indian Association of Calcutta (also known as the Indian National Association) superseded the Indian League and was founded in 1876 by younger nationalists of Bengal led by Surendranath Banerjea and Ananda Mohan Bose, who were getting discontented with the conservative and pro-landlord policies of the British Indian Association. The Indian Association was the most important of pre-Congress associations and aimed to "promote by every legitimate means the political, intellectual and material advancement of the people." It set out to— (i) create a strong public opinion on political questions, and (ii) unify Indian people in a common political programme. It protested against the reduction of age limit in 1877 for candidates of the Indian Civil Service examination.”
Why this source?
  • Explicitly states the Indian Association of Calcutta was founded in 1876 by younger nationalists of Bengal led by Surendranath Banerjea and Ananda Mohan Bose.
  • Identifies Surendranath Banerjea as a leader of the founding group, directly linking him to the association's creation.
Modern India ,Bipin Chandra, History class XII (NCERT 1982 ed.)[Old NCERT] > Chapter 12: Growth of New India—The Nationalist Movement 1858—1905 > GROWTH OF NEW INDIA—THE NATIONALIST MOVEMENT 1858-1905 205 > p. 206
Presence: 4/5
“Surendranath Banerjee toured different parts of the country during 1877-78 in an effort to create an all-India public opinion on this question. The Indian Association also carried out agitation against the Arms Act and the Vernacular Press Act and in favor of protection of the tenants from oppression by the zamindars. ť ٠ The time was now ripe for the formation of an all-India political organisation of the nationalists who felt the need to unite politically against the common enemy—foreign rule and exploitation. The existing organisations had served a useful purpose but they were narrow in their scope and functioning.”
Why this source?
  • Describes Surendranath Banerjee's active role (touring 1877–78) in building public opinion connected with the Indian Association's activities.
  • Shows his leadership in campaigns conducted by the Indian Association, corroborating his central role in the organisation.
Pattern takeaway: UPSC loves the 'Founder Swap' technique for organizations with similar names (e.g., Madras Native Association vs. Madras Mahajana Sabha). They test your chronological clarity: distinct generations of leaders (1850s pioneers vs. 1880s pre-Congress nationalists) are rarely in the same organization.
How you should have studied
  1. [THE VERDICT]: Moderate. Pair 3 is a Sitter (Spectrum/NCERT). Pair 2 is a classic Trap (swapping Madras Native Assoc. with Madras Mahajana Sabha). Pair 1 is the tough fact (Radhakanta Deb as President).
  2. [THE CONCEPTUAL TRIGGER]: The 'Growth of Modern Nationalism' chapter—specifically the table of Political Associations before 1885.
  3. [THE HORIZONTAL EXPANSION]: Memorize the Regional Triads: (1) Bengal: Landholders' Society (1838), British Indian Assoc. (1851, R. Deb), Indian Assoc. (1876, S.N. Banerjee). (2) Bombay: Bombay Assoc. (1852, Naoroji), Bombay Presidency Assoc. (1885, Mehta/Telang/Tyabji). (3) Madras: Madras Native Assoc. (1852, Gazulu Chetty), Madras Mahajana Sabha (1884, Anandacharlu/Viraraghavachari).
  4. [THE STRATEGIC METACOGNITION]: Don't just memorize names; map them to 'Class Character'. Early groups (1830s-50s) were Landlord-dominated (Radhakanta Deb). Later groups (1870s-80s) were Middle-class/Intelligentsia (S.N. Banerjee, Anandacharlu). If a question pairs an 1850s aristocrat with an 1880s mass organization, it's false.
Concept hooks from this question
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 Origins of the British Indian Association
💡 The insight

The provided references describe the merger (1851) of earlier societies that formed the British Indian Association and its early activities.

High-yield for UPSC history: knowing formation dates, predecessor organisations, and core demands helps answer questions on early political mobilisation and continuity before the INC. Connects to topics on Bengal’s political organisations and petitioning the British Parliament. Study strategy: memorise key formations, dates, and representative demands to differentiate similar organisations in MCQs and mains.

📚 Reading List :
  • Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 10: Beginning of Modern Nationalism in India > Political Associations in Bengal > p. 244
🔗 Anchor: "In British India, was Radhakanta Deb the first president of the British Indian A..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 Predecessors of the Indian National Congress
💡 The insight

References list early associations (Landholders' Society, Bengal British Indian Society) that preceded and influenced later bodies like the British Indian Association and eventually the INC.

Important for framing the evolution of organised politics in India—helps answer essay and prelim/comparative questions on continuity from localized associations to all-India platforms. Links to socio-economic bases of these groups and to later nationalist leadership patterns.

📚 Reading List :
  • Modern India ,Bipin Chandra, History class XII (NCERT 1982 ed.)[Old NCERT] > Chapter 12: Growth of New India—The Nationalist Movement 1858—1905 > Predecessors of the Indian National Congress > p. 204
  • Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 10: Beginning of Modern Nationalism in India > Political Associations in Bengal > p. 244
🔗 Anchor: "In British India, was Radhakanta Deb the first president of the British Indian A..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 Characteristics of early political associations (pre-INC)
💡 The insight

Evidence notes these associations were mostly regional/local, dominated by landlords/elite, and pursued administrative and economic demands.

Useful to distinguish phases of nationalist politics in prelims and mains: elite-led petitioning era vs mass politics of later decades. Enables structured answers explaining why early associations had limited popular reach and how that shaped later organisation-building.

📚 Reading List :
  • Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 10: Beginning of Modern Nationalism in India > Political Associations Before the Indian National Congress > p. 243
  • Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 10: Beginning of Modern Nationalism in India > Political Associations in Bengal > p. 244
🔗 Anchor: "In British India, was Radhakanta Deb the first president of the British Indian A..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 Differentiate Madras Native Association (1852) vs Madras Mahajana Sabha (1884)
💡 The insight

References link Gajula/Gazulu Lakshminarasu to the Madras Native Association (1852), while the Madras Mahajana Sabha is shown as a separate organisation formed in 1884.

High-yield for UPSC: many questions test chronology and correct attribution of early political organisations. Mastering this prevents confusion between similarly named bodies and their leaders; it connects to broader topics on the rise of political associations and the growth of nationalist activity in the Presidency.

📚 Reading List :
  • History , class XII (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 1: Rise of Nationalism in India > a) Madras Native Association > p. 7
  • History , class XII (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 1: Rise of Nationalism in India > b) Madras Mahajana Sabha (MMS) > p. 8
  • History , class XII (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 1: Rise of Nationalism in India > Summary > p. 12
🔗 Anchor: "In the context of Indian political organizations, was Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chett..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 Founding leaders / inaugural participants of Madras Mahajana Sabha
💡 The insight

References explicitly list the founders/leading participants of the Madras Mahajana Sabha (e.g., M. Viraraghavachari, B. Subramaniya Aiyer, P. Anandacharlu; G. Subramaniam, Viraraghavachari, Ananda Charlu).

Directly useful for prelims and mains: questions often ask founders or key members of regional political organisations. Understanding these names also helps link local leadership to later national movements and political networks.

📚 Reading List :
  • Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 10: Beginning of Modern Nationalism in India > Political Associations in Madras > p. 245
  • History , class XII (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 1: Rise of Nationalism in India > b) Madras Mahajana Sabha (MMS) > p. 8
🔗 Anchor: "In the context of Indian political organizations, was Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chett..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 Chronology of regional political organisations leading to the Indian National Congress
💡 The insight

References present a sequence: Madras Native Association (1852) → Madras Mahajana Sabha (1884) → Indian National Congress (1885).

Important for framing answers on the emergence of modern nationalism: shows evolution from local associations to all-India bodies, useful for essays and structured answers. Helps correlate dates, causes, and institutional developments in the rise of political consciousness.

📚 Reading List :
  • History , class XII (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 1: Rise of Nationalism in India > a) Madras Native Association > p. 7
  • History , class XII (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 1: Rise of Nationalism in India > Summary > p. 12
  • History , class XII (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 1: Rise of Nationalism in India > c) Indian National Congress (INC) > p. 10
🔗 Anchor: "In the context of Indian political organizations, was Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chett..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S3
👉 Indian Association of Calcutta — founding and objectives
💡 The insight

Reference [1] names the Indian Association (1876) and states its founders and aims, directly relevant to the founding question.

High-yield for UPSC: questions frequently ask about precursor organisations to the INC, their founding years, founders, and objectives. Understanding this helps answer timeline, cause-effect, and organisation-based questions and links to broader themes of early nationalist mobilization.

📚 Reading List :
  • Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 10: Beginning of Modern Nationalism in India > Beginning of Modern Nationalism in India ✫ 245 > p. 245
🔗 Anchor: "Was Surendranath Banerjee a founder of the Indian Association in British India?"
🌑 The Hidden Trap

The 'Indian League' (1875) founded by Sisir Kumar Ghosh. It was short-lived and superseded by the Indian Association (1876). UPSC often swaps Sisir Kumar Ghosh with S.N. Banerjee to confuse the timeline of Bengal associations.

⚡ Elimination Cheat Code

Chronological Intuition: Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty (Pair 2) is an 'Early Phase' name (associated with the post-1857 grievances). 'Mahajana Sabha' (Great People's Assembly) is a 'Later Phase' (1880s) nomenclature style. A pioneer name paired with a pre-Congress era institution is a likely mismatch. If you eliminate Pair 2, you are left with A or B. Since Pair 3 (S.N. Banerjee) is the most famous fact in the chapter, it must be true. Thus, Option B.

🔗 Mains Connection

Mains GS1 (History): Use this evolution to argue the shift from 'Class Interests' (Landholders' Society protecting zamindars) to 'National Interests' (Indian Association demanding Civil Service reform). This transition is the foundational argument for the birth of the INC.

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