It is possible to produce algae based biofuels, but what is/are the likely limitation(s) of developing countries in promoting this industry ? 1. Production of algae based biofuels is possible in seas only and not on continents. 2. Setting up and engineering the algae based biofuel production requires high level of expertise/technology until the construction is completed. 3. Economically viable production necessitates the setting up of large scale facilities which may raise ecological and social concerns. Select the correct answer using the code given below :

Defines 'algaculture' as the farming of algae and notes most intentionally cultivated algae are microalgae (phytoplankton), implying deliberate cultivation systems exist.

A student could combine this with basic knowledge of aquaculture infrastructure to infer algae can be grown in controlled (non-sea) cultivation systems on land or in freshwater tanks/ponds.

Explains that lakes (freshwater) can become nutrient-rich (eutrophic) and that nutrient enrichment promotes growth of algae and aquatic plants.

Using a map of inland water resources and knowledge of nutrient management, a student could infer freshwater bodies or engineered ponds on continents can support high algal biomass for fuel feedstock.

States marine vegetation is dominated by algae and that productivity in the ocean depends on light and nutrient availability, highlighting environmental limits on algal production in open seas.

A student could use this to reason that if open-ocean production is nutrient-limited, controlled continental systems (where nutrients can be supplied) might be more productive for biofuel crops.

Notes phytoplankton are the main ocean biomass but that benthic algae inhabit narrow coastal zones, indicating different algal types prefer different environments.

A student might extend this by matching algal species to suitable continental systems (e.g., microalgae in tanks, macroalgae nearer coasts), arguing not all algae require the open sea.

National Policy on Biofuels categorises 'advanced biofuels' and offers incentives and viability funding, implying policy support mechanisms could apply to non-traditional feedstocks.

A student could infer that such policy frameworks in developing countries could be used to support algal biofuel projects on land or in freshwater systems as 'advanced biofuels'.

Defines algaculture and states most intentionally cultivated algae are microalgae, indicating a diversity of cultivation methods and species.

A student could combine this with knowledge of production technologies (ponds, photobioreactors) to assess whether small modular systems for microalgae can be feasible versus economies of scale.

Describes Agri-Export Zones using a cluster approach and end-to-end integration for agriculture-based processing industries.

One could infer that clustered, medium-scale or distributed production linked to processing hubs may improve economics without a single very large plant; map likely locations and transport costs to test viability.

States large investments and long gestation projects were entrusted to the public sector because they require scale and reliability.

A student can use this rule to weigh whether private small-scale producers would face financing barriers, implying scale affects access to capital and hence economic viability.

National policy feature: incentives, off-take assurance and viability gap funding for advanced biofuels.

Combine this with knowledge of policy levers to see whether subsidies or guaranteed purchases can make small or medium plants economically viable even if they lack scale economies.

Explains marine plant productivity depends on light, temperature and especially nutrient availability, and varies by place.

A student could map nutrient-rich coastal/estuarine sites and infer that site-specific high productivity might allow smaller facilities to be viable where natural conditions reduce input costs.

Defines algaculture and notes most cultivated algae are microalgae, indicating a distinct sector of aquaculture with specific biological needs and cultivation practices.

A student could infer that scaling microalgae cultivation requires dedicated infrastructure, water and nutrient inputs, then check whether those requirements create local ecological or social strains in developing-country settings.

Explains eutrophication caused by nutrient inputs leading to excessive algal growth and ecosystem damage — a direct ecological mechanism linked to algae proliferation.

One could reason that large-scale algal farms, if they discharge nutrient-rich effluent or leak nutrients, might trigger eutrophication in nearby waters and investigate local case studies or regulatory records for such incidents.

Notes that marine primary productivity is strongly controlled by nutrient availability (nitrate, phosphate), implying that intentionally increasing algal production requires managing nutrient supplies.

Using basic facts about nutrient sourcing (fertilisers, wastewater), a student can assess whether supplying these nutrients at scale is feasible locally or likely to cause pollution or resource competition.

States that land is the basic source of livelihood in most developing countries and that unequal resource distribution drives poverty — suggesting land- or resource-use changes can create social conflicts.

A student could connect this to potential competition if algae facilities require land, water or other local resources, then look for evidence of displacement, loss of access, or community opposition.

Introduces the idea of 'ecological debt' where developing countries bear social and environmental impacts from resource exploitation, a framing that can underpin social concern or resistance to projects seen as environmentally costly.

A student might use this to predict political or social sensitivity to large extractive/industrial projects (including biofuel plants) and seek examples where ecological debt narratives triggered opposition.