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Q73 (IAS/2018) History & Culture › Modern India (Pre-1857) › European travel accounts Official Key

Which one of the following foreign travellers elaborately discussed about diamonds and diamond mines of India ?

Result
Your answer:  ·  Correct: B
Explanation

Jean-Baptiste Tavernier was a French gem merchant[1] and traveller, which made him uniquely qualified to write about diamonds and diamond mines. His professional expertise in gems meant that his accounts of Indian diamond mines were particularly detailed and elaborate. His work "Travels in India by Jean-Baptiste Tavernier, Baron of Aubonne"[3] is well-documented in historical literature.

In contrast, François Bernier (1620–1688) is known to historians of philosophy as a populariser of Gassendi (his former teacher), and to historians of India as a traveller[4], but not specifically for writings on diamonds. Jean de Thévenot and Abbe Barthelemy Carre were also European travellers to India during this period, but Tavernier's background as a gem merchant distinguished him as the foremost authority on Indian diamonds and their mines among the foreign travellers of that era.

Sources
  1. [2] https://www.academia.edu/49057554/Once_bitten_twice_shy_A_French_traveller_and_go_between_in_Mughal_India_1648_67
  2. [3] https://www.academia.edu/49057554/Once_bitten_twice_shy_A_French_traveller_and_go_between_in_Mughal_India_1648_67
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Q. Which one of the following foreign travellers elaborately discussed about diamonds and diamond mines of India ? [A] Francois Bernier [B…
At a glance
Origin: Mostly Current Affairs Fairness: Low / Borderline fairness Books / CA: 0/10 · 2.5/10

This is a classic 'Profession-Match' question directly from NCERT Class XII Themes II. The text explicitly introduces Tavernier as a 'French jeweller'. If you know his job, you know his book's content. No PhD required, just attentive reading of the introductory paragraphs.

How this question is built

This question can be broken into the following sub-statements. Tap a statement sentence to jump into its detailed analysis.

Statement 1
Did the foreign traveller Francois Bernier elaborately discuss diamonds and diamond mines of India?
Origin: Weak / unclear Fairness: Borderline / guessy
Indirect textbook clues
THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART II, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 5: Through the Eyes of Travellers > 6. Bernier and the "Degenerate" East > p. 130
Strength: 4/5
“If Ibn Battuta chose to describe everything that impressed and excited him because of its novelty, François Bernier belonged to a different intellectual tradition. He was far more preoccupied with comparing and contrasting what he saw in India with the situation in Europe in general and France in particular, focusing on situations which he considered depressing. His idea seems to have been to influence policy-makers and the intelligentsia to ensure that they made what he considered to be the "right" decisions. Bernier's Travels in the Mughal Empire is marked by detailed observations, critical insights and reflection. His account contains discussions trying to place the history of the Mughals within some sort of a universal framework.”
Why relevant

Says Bernier's Travels are 'marked by detailed observations, critical insights and reflection', indicating he tended to describe economic and material aspects of Mughal India in depth.

How to extend

A student could use this rule (Bernier records detailed material observations) and check whether his itinerary or chapters cover diamond-producing regions or trade topics to assess if he discussed diamonds elaborately.

THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART II, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 5: Through the Eyes of Travellers > 6.2 A more complex social reality > p. 133
Strength: 4/5
“While Bernier's preoccupation with projecting the Mughal state as tyrannical is obvious, his descriptions occasionally hint at a more complex social reality. For instance, he felt that artisans had no incentive to improve the quality of their manufactures, since profits were appropriated by the state. Manufactures were, consequently, everywhere in decline. At the same time, he conceded that vast quantities of the world's precious metals flowed into India, as manufactures were exported in exchange for gold and silver. He also noticed the existence of a prosperous merchant community, engaged in long-distance exchange.”
Why relevant

Notes Bernier observed 'vast quantities of the world's precious metals flowed into India' and mentioned a prosperous merchant community engaged in long‑distance exchange.

How to extend

Combine this with basic knowledge that precious stones were part of long‑distance trade to evaluate whether Bernier likely commented on gemstones (including diamonds) and trade/mine locations.

THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART II, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 5: Through the Eyes of Travellers > The child sati > p. 138
Strength: 3/5
“Discuss the extent to which Bernier's account enables historians to reconstruct contemporary rural society.• 9. Read this excerpt from Bernier: Numerous are the instances of handsome pieces of workmanship made by persons destitute of tools, and who can scarcely be said to have received instruction from a master. Sometimes they imitate so perfectly articles of European manufacture that the difference between the original and copy can hardly be discerned. Among other things, the Indians make excellent muskets, and fowlingpieces, and such beautiful gold ornaments that it may be doubted if the exquisite workmanship of those articles can be exceeded by any European goldsmith.”
Why relevant

Bernier praised Indian workmanship in 'beautiful gold ornaments' and fine metalwork, showing attention to precious goods and their manufacture.

How to extend

Given his interest in jewelry and luxury goods, a student could plausibly search his text for extended treatment of gemstones/diamond sources to see if he discusses mines or gems at length.

THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART II, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 5: Through the Eyes of Travellers > Travelling with the Mughal army > p. 123
Strength: 3/5
“Nor have I forgotten a linen bag with its small iron hook for the purpose of suspending and draining dahi or curds; nothing being considered so refreshing in this country as lemonade and dahi. Ü What are the things from Bernier's list that you would take on a journey today? Bernier's works were published in France in 1670-71 and translated into English, Dutch, German and Italian within the next five years. Between 1670 and 1725 his account was reprinted eight times in French, and by 1684 it had been reprinted three times in English. This was in marked contrast to the accounts in Arabic and Persian, which circulated as manuscripts and were generally not published before 1800.”
Why relevant

Gives publication and circulation details of Bernier's works (widely translated and reprinted), implying his accounts were comprehensive and accessible to contemporaries.

How to extend

A student could use this to justify consulting the published editions/translations (mentioned here) to directly check for extended chapters or passages on diamonds/mines.

History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 16: The Coming of the Europeans > Dutch in Tamil Nadu > p. 251
Strength: 3/5
“Dutch Cemetery, Pulicat Pulicat served as the Coromandel headquarters of the Dutch East India Company. Diamonds were exported from Pulicat to the western countries. Nutmeg, cloves, and mace too were sent from here to Europe. A gun powder factory was also set up by the Dutch to augment their military power. One less known fact about the Dutch is they were involved in slave trade. People from Bengal and from settlements such as Tengapattinam and Karaikal were brought to Pulicat. The Dutch employed brokers at Madras for catching and shipping slaves. Famines, droughts and war that resulted in food shortage led to the flourishing of the slave trade.”
Why relevant

Mentions diamonds were exported from Pulicat, indicating active diamond trade centers in the region during the period, a subject a detailed traveller might report on.

How to extend

Using knowledge of trade ports, a student could map Bernier's travel route against known diamond export centers to infer whether he had opportunity to observe/describe diamonds or mining activities.

Statement 2
Did the foreign traveller Jean-Baptiste Tavernier elaborately discuss diamonds and diamond mines of India?
Origin: Web / Current Affairs Fairness: CA heavy Web-answerable

Web source
Presence: 4/5
"He was a French gem merchant and traveller."
Why this source?
  • Explicitly identifies Tavernier as a French gem merchant and traveller, linking him to gems (including diamonds).
  • As a gem merchant-traveller, he is a likely author of detailed observations on gem/diamond sources in India.
Web source
Presence: 3/5
"Trade.' In A Collection of Several Relations and Treatises, Singular and Curious, edited by Tavernier. ... ---. Travels in India by Jean-Baptiste Tavernier, Baron of Aubonne, translated by V. Ball, edited by W. Crooke, 2nd edition., 2 Vols. London: Macmillan, 1925."
Why this source?
  • Shows Tavernier authored and edited works on travel and trade (e.g., 'Travels in India' and collections on 'Trade').
  • Authorship of travel and trade treatises supports that he would discuss commodities like diamonds and their mines.
Web source
Presence: 3/5
"Travels in India by Jean-Baptiste Tavernier, Baron of Aubonne, translated by V. Ball, edited by W. Crooke, 2nd edition., 2 Vols. London: Macmillan, 1925."
Why this source?
  • Bibliographic references and scholarly treatment cite Tavernier's 'Travels in India', indicating substantive travel accounts.
  • Scholarly attention to these works implies detailed discussion of Indian subjects (including trade in gems).

THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART II, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 5: Through the Eyes of Travellers > 3. François Bernier A Doctor with a Difference > p. 122
Strength: 5/5
“Once the Portuguese arrived in India in about 1500, a number of them wrote detailed accounts regarding Indian social customs and religious practices. A few of them, such as the Jesuit Roberto Nobili, even translated Indian texts into European languages. Among the best known of the Portuguese writers is Duarte Barbosa, who wrote a detailed account of trade and society in south India. Later, after 1600, we find growing numbers of Dutch, English and French travellers coming to India. One of the most famous was the French jeweller Jean-Baptiste Tavernier, who travelled to India at least six times. He was particularly fascinated with the trading conditions in India, and compared India to Iran and the Ottoman empire.”
Why relevant

Identifies Tavernier as a French jeweller who travelled to India repeatedly and was 'particularly fascinated with the trading conditions' — implying professional interest in gem/trade matters.

How to extend

A student could infer that a jeweller-traveller with repeated visits and interest in trade would likely comment on gemstone (diamond) markets, so they should check Tavernier's travel accounts for chapters on gem-trade or jewel merchants.

THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART II, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 8: Peasants, Zamindars and the State > Money in the village > p. 206
Strength: 4/5
“The seventeenth-century French traveller Jean-Baptiste Tavernier found it remarkable that in "India a village must be very small indeed if it has not a moneychanger called a Shroff. (They) act as bankers to make remittances of money (and who) enhance the rupee as they please for paisa and the paisa for these (cowrie) shells". advances or wages in cash, as did producers of commercial products like cotton, silk or indigo.”
Why relevant

Shows Tavernier made detailed economic observations (e.g., moneychangers, remittances), indicating he documented commercial practices in India.

How to extend

Use this pattern of economic reporting to justify searching his writings specifically for descriptions of diamond commerce or mining economics.

History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 16: The Coming of the Europeans > Dutch in Tamil Nadu > p. 251
Strength: 4/5
“Dutch Cemetery, Pulicat Pulicat served as the Coromandel headquarters of the Dutch East India Company. Diamonds were exported from Pulicat to the western countries. Nutmeg, cloves, and mace too were sent from here to Europe. A gun powder factory was also set up by the Dutch to augment their military power. One less known fact about the Dutch is they were involved in slave trade. People from Bengal and from settlements such as Tengapattinam and Karaikal were brought to Pulicat. The Dutch employed brokers at Madras for catching and shipping slaves. Famines, droughts and war that resulted in food shortage led to the flourishing of the slave trade.”
Why relevant

Notes historical export of diamonds from Indian ports (Pulicat) to western countries, establishing that diamond trade was a significant and visible part of coastal commerce.

How to extend

Combine this fact with Tavernier's role as a travelling jeweller/trader to hypothesize he would notice/export-related diamond activity and thus might discuss mines/exports in his accounts.

Exploring Society:India and Beyond ,Social Science-Class VII . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 12: Understanding Markets > DON'T MISS OUT > p. 262
Strength: 4/5
“• Æ Apart from textiles, Surat is home to the largest diamond industry in the world. Approximately 1.5 million artisans are involved in activities like cutting and polishing diamonds on a gigantic scale. Trade flourished here from the 16th century onwards. The city's location on the west coast led to the setting up of ports and road networks that continue to be important today. Communities of expert artisans and skilled persons have lived here for centuries; their skills have been passed on over generations making it a flourishing city.• Æ Can you spot the port, highway and railway network on the map in Fig.”
Why relevant

States Surat's long-standing and large diamond industry (trade flourishing from 16th century), giving geographic and commercial context for gem activity in India during Tavernier's era.

How to extend

A student could map Tavernier's travel itinerary against known diamond centres like Surat to see if he visited or described those places and their diamond trade.

THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART II, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 5: Through the Eyes of Travellers > If you would like to know more, read: > p. 139
Strength: 3/5
“Muzaffar Alam and Sanjay Subrahmanyam. 2006. Indo-Persian Travels in the Age of Discoveries, 1400-1800. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Catherine Asher and Cynthia Talbot. 2006. India Before Europe. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. François Bernier. nd. Travels in the Mogul Empire AD 1656-1668. Low Price Publications, New Delhi. H.A.R. Gibb (ed.). 1993. The Travels of Ibn Battuta. Munshiram Manoharlal, Delhi. Mushirul Hasan (ed.). 2005. Westward Bound: Travels of Mirza Abu Talib. Oxford University Press, New Delhi. H.K. Kaul (ed.). 1997. Travellers' India – an Anthology. Oxford University Press, New Delhi. Jean-Baptiste Tavernier. 1993. Travels in India. Munshiram Manoharlal, Delhi. For more information, you could visit: www.edumaritime.org”
Why relevant

Lists Tavernier's Travels in India among sources on travellers, indicating his work is a primary travel account available for consultation.

How to extend

Use this bibliographic pointer to locate Tavernier's published travel narrative and inspect it directly for detailed sections on diamonds or mines.

Statement 3
Did the foreign traveller Jean de Thevenot elaborately discuss diamonds and diamond mines of India?
Origin: Weak / unclear Fairness: Borderline / guessy
Indirect textbook clues
THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART II, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 5: Through the Eyes of Travellers > 3. François Bernier A Doctor with a Difference > p. 122
Strength: 4/5
“Once the Portuguese arrived in India in about 1500, a number of them wrote detailed accounts regarding Indian social customs and religious practices. A few of them, such as the Jesuit Roberto Nobili, even translated Indian texts into European languages. Among the best known of the Portuguese writers is Duarte Barbosa, who wrote a detailed account of trade and society in south India. Later, after 1600, we find growing numbers of Dutch, English and French travellers coming to India. One of the most famous was the French jeweller Jean-Baptiste Tavernier, who travelled to India at least six times. He was particularly fascinated with the trading conditions in India, and compared India to Iran and the Ottoman empire.”
Why relevant

This snippet shows that seventeenth-century French travellers (example: Jean-Baptiste Tavernier) wrote detailed accounts about trade in India, including repeated visits and focused interest in commerce.

How to extend

A student could infer that other contemporary French travellers (e.g., Thevenot) might also record commercial matters such as gems, and so should check Thevenot’s travel writings for similar trade/diamond passages.

THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART II, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 8: Peasants, Zamindars and the State > Money in the village > p. 206
Strength: 3/5
“The seventeenth-century French traveller Jean-Baptiste Tavernier found it remarkable that in "India a village must be very small indeed if it has not a moneychanger called a Shroff. (They) act as bankers to make remittances of money (and who) enhance the rupee as they please for paisa and the paisa for these (cowrie) shells". advances or wages in cash, as did producers of commercial products like cotton, silk or indigo.”
Why relevant

Tavernier’s quoted observation about moneychangers indicates that French travellers documented economic details and financial practices linked to valuable commodities.

How to extend

Use the pattern that French travellers recorded economic life to justify looking in Thevenot’s accounts for mentions of diamond-related finance or markets.

Exploring Society:India and Beyond ,Social Science-Class VII . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 12: Understanding Markets > DON'T MISS OUT > p. 262
Strength: 4/5
“• Æ Apart from textiles, Surat is home to the largest diamond industry in the world. Approximately 1.5 million artisans are involved in activities like cutting and polishing diamonds on a gigantic scale. Trade flourished here from the 16th century onwards. The city's location on the west coast led to the setting up of ports and road networks that continue to be important today. Communities of expert artisans and skilled persons have lived here for centuries; their skills have been passed on over generations making it a flourishing city.• Æ Can you spot the port, highway and railway network on the map in Fig.”
Why relevant

This snippet identifies Surat as a major historical centre for diamond cutting and trade, a factual target a traveller interested in diamonds would likely describe.

How to extend

A student could map Thevenot’s itinerary (if known) against major diamond centres like Surat to assess whether he had opportunity to discuss diamonds elaborately.

History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 16: The Coming of the Europeans > Dutch in Tamil Nadu > p. 251
Strength: 3/5
“Dutch Cemetery, Pulicat Pulicat served as the Coromandel headquarters of the Dutch East India Company. Diamonds were exported from Pulicat to the western countries. Nutmeg, cloves, and mace too were sent from here to Europe. A gun powder factory was also set up by the Dutch to augment their military power. One less known fact about the Dutch is they were involved in slave trade. People from Bengal and from settlements such as Tengapattinam and Karaikal were brought to Pulicat. The Dutch employed brokers at Madras for catching and shipping slaves. Famines, droughts and war that resulted in food shortage led to the flourishing of the slave trade.”
Why relevant

The Dutch exported diamonds from Pulicat, indicating that ports and European visitors were involved in diamond trade and thus commonly referenced gems in travel/merchant reports.

How to extend

Check whether Thevenot visited or referred to ports known for diamond export (Pulicat, Surat); presence at such ports would make elaborate discussion more plausible.

Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 7: Resources > Natural Resources of India > p. 29
Strength: 4/5
“Diamond is mainly found in the Vindhyan formations of Bundelkhand, (M.P.), Andhra Pradesh (Kurnool, Anantapur), and Karnataka (Raichur). Panna district of Madhya Pradesh is the main diamond producing district in India. In India, the total diamond reserves is about 43.93 million crates (Annexure 2.1; Annual Report 2017– 18, Ministry of Mines). Cutting and polishing of diamond is mainly carried on in Surat, Ahmedabad, Navasari, Palanpur, Bhavnagar, Mumbai, Khambat, Jaipur, Trichur, and Goa. Ajabgarh Series: Lying in the Rajasthan state, the Ajabgarh Series belongs to the Cuddapah and Lower Vindhyan group. It is rich in biotite-schist, quatzites, and impure limestonnes. It has inferior quality of iron ore, manganese, asbestos, slate, marble, and jasper.”
Why relevant

This geographic snippet lists specific Indian diamond-producing regions (Bundelkhand, Andhra, Karnataka, Panna) which are the kinds of mining/locality details travellers might report.

How to extend

Compare locations described by Thevenot (if his route mentions these regions) with known diamond districts to gauge whether he had material and occasion to write at length on mines.

Statement 4
Did the foreign traveller Abbe Barthelemy Carre elaborately discuss diamonds and diamond mines of India?
Origin: Weak / unclear Fairness: Borderline / guessy
Indirect textbook clues
Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 1: Sources for the History of Modern India > Biographies, Memoirs and Travel Accounts > p. 7
Strength: 4/5
“Many travellers, traders, missionaries and civil servants who came to India, have left accounts of their experiences and their impressions of various parts of India. An important group among these writers was that of the missionaries who wrote to encourage their respective societies to send more missionaries to India for the purpose of envangelising its inhabitants. In this genre, Bishop Heber's Journal and Abbe Dubois's Hindu Manners and Customs, provide useful information on the socio-economic life of India during the period of decline of the Indian powers and the rise of the British. Some of the famous British travellers who wrote travel accounts were—George Forster, Benjamin Heyne, James Burnes (Narrative of a Visit to the Court of Sinde), Alexander Burnes (Travels Into Bokhara), C.J.C.”
Why relevant

This snippet notes that many travellers and missionaries wrote detailed travel accounts used as historical sources, implying such writers often treated economic and social topics in depth.

How to extend

A student could check catalogues of travel accounts or missionary writings for Abbe Barthelemy Carre to see whether his works are of the same genre and scope.

Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 1: Sources for the History of Modern India > Biographies, Memoirs and Travel Accounts > p. 8
Strength: 4/5
“Assam). Famous non-British travellers who wrote about India include Victor Jacquemont (Letters from India describing a journey in the British Dominions of India, Tibet, Lahore and Cashmere during the years 1828-1829—1831), Baron Charles (Travels in Kashmir and the Punjab), and William Moorcroft. These travel accounts are indispensable and generally reliable sources for constructing the history of modern India, especially as they supplement the official papers.”
Why relevant

Lists famous non‑British travellers whose published accounts are used as primary sources, showing that non‑British visitors commonly wrote descriptive accounts of India.

How to extend

Use the pattern (non‑British travellers published descriptive works) to search bibliographies for Carre and inspect his subject matter for references to diamonds/mines.

Exploring Society:India and Beyond ,Social Science-Class VII . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 12: Understanding Markets > The Glorious Hampi Bazaar, Karnataka > p. 251
Strength: 4/5
“saw made there, golden jewels and gewgaws, and you will find all kinds of rubies and diamonds and pearls, with every other kind of precious stone for sale… sellers of cloths… they being of cotton… grass and straw in infinite abundance. I do not know who could describe it to be believed, so barren a country is this… it is a mystery how there should be an abundance of everything therein."”
Why relevant

Gives an example of a travel description (the Hampi bazaar) that explicitly mentions rubies, diamonds and other precious stones, showing travellers often described gem markets.

How to extend

Compare this genre example to Carre's writings (if available) to see whether he similarly described gem markets or mineral wealth.

Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 7: Resources > Natural Resources of India > p. 29
Strength: 3/5
“Diamond is mainly found in the Vindhyan formations of Bundelkhand, (M.P.), Andhra Pradesh (Kurnool, Anantapur), and Karnataka (Raichur). Panna district of Madhya Pradesh is the main diamond producing district in India. In India, the total diamond reserves is about 43.93 million crates (Annexure 2.1; Annual Report 2017– 18, Ministry of Mines). Cutting and polishing of diamond is mainly carried on in Surat, Ahmedabad, Navasari, Palanpur, Bhavnagar, Mumbai, Khambat, Jaipur, Trichur, and Goa. Ajabgarh Series: Lying in the Rajasthan state, the Ajabgarh Series belongs to the Cuddapah and Lower Vindhyan group. It is rich in biotite-schist, quatzites, and impure limestonnes. It has inferior quality of iron ore, manganese, asbestos, slate, marble, and jasper.”
Why relevant

Provides concrete information about the geographic locations and mining/processing centres for diamonds in India, the kind of factual detail a traveller might discuss.

How to extend

A student could check whether Carre mentions these well‑known districts (e.g., Panna, Bundelkhand, Surat) as a test for whether he discussed diamond geology/industry.

THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART II, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 8: Peasants, Zamindars and the State > Ü Discuss... > p. 216
Strength: 3/5
“This facilitated an unprecedented expansion of minting of coins and the circulation of money in the economy as well as the ability of the Mughal state to extract taxes and revenue in cash. The testimony of an Italian traveller, Giovanni Careri, who passed through India c. 1690, provides a graphic account about the way silver travelled across the globe to reach India. It also gives us an idea of the phenomenal amounts of cash and commodity transactions in seventeenth-century India.”
Why relevant

Shows that travellers' testimonies have been used to document commodity flows (e.g., silver), indicating travel accounts can include economic details relevant to mining and trade.

How to extend

Apply this pattern by examining Carre's accounts for economic commentary or commodity circulation references related to diamonds.

Pattern takeaway: UPSC assumes that if a traveller had a specific trade (Jeweller, Doctor, Judge), their primary historical contribution reflects that trade. Questions are often derived from this logical correlation rather than obscure footnotes.
How you should have studied
  1. [THE VERDICT]: Sitter. Direct hit from NCERT Class XII Themes in Indian History Part II, Chapter 5, Page 122.
  2. [THE CONCEPTUAL TRIGGER]: The 'Foreign Travellers' theme in Medieval India. Specifically, the influx of French travellers (Bernier, Tavernier, Thevenot) in the 17th century.
  3. [THE HORIZONTAL EXPANSION]: Map the 'Big 5' by Profession: 1) Bernier (Physician/Philosopher) → Land ownership/Mughal decline. 2) Manucci (Italian Gunner/Doctor) → Court gossip/Aurangzeb. 3) Peter Mundy (English Trader) → Famine of 1630-32. 4) Duarte Barbosa (Portuguese Official) → Vijayanagara society. 5) Ibn Battuta (Moroccan Judge) → Coconut/Paan/Postal system.
  4. [THE STRATEGIC METACOGNITION]: Do not just memorize names. Tag every traveller with: Origin + Profession + Key Obsession. The exam tests the 'lens' of the observer (e.g., A jeweller sees gems; a philosopher sees governance).
Concept hooks from this question
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 Travellers' accounts as primary historical sources
💡 The insight

Bernier's Travels are repeatedly described as containing detailed observations and were widely published, making them a key primary source for Mughal-period history.

High-yield for UPSC: helps evaluate reliability, provenance, and use of narrative sources in history papers and essays; links to source-criticism skills (authorship, audience, purpose). Practice by comparing multiple traveller accounts and publication/translation contexts.

📚 Reading List :
  • THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART II, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 5: Through the Eyes of Travellers > 6. Bernier and the "Degenerate" East > p. 130
  • THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART II, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 5: Through the Eyes of Travellers > Travelling with the Mughal army > p. 123
  • THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART II, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 5: Through the Eyes of Travellers > 3. François Bernier A Doctor with a Difference > p. 122
🔗 Anchor: "Did the foreign traveller Francois Bernier elaborately discuss diamonds and diam..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 European comparative perspective and bias
💡 The insight

Bernier consciously compared India with Europe and framed observations to influence European policy and opinion.

Important for answering questions on historiography and interpreting travellers' narratives — distinguishes observation from judgment and identifies bias; useful in essays and source-based questions on colonial/early-modern perceptions.

📚 Reading List :
  • THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART II, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 5: Through the Eyes of Travellers > 6. Bernier and the "Degenerate" East > p. 130
  • THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART II, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 5: Through the Eyes of Travellers > The poor peasant > p. 131
🔗 Anchor: "Did the foreign traveller Francois Bernier elaborately discuss diamonds and diam..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 Economic observations in traveller narratives
💡 The insight

Bernier noted economic features — decline of manufactures, flows of precious metals, existence of prosperous merchants and high-quality workmanship.

Useful for economic history questions: travellers often supply qualitative evidence on trade, crafts, and bullion flows. Helps integrate political, social and economic dimensions in answers and evaluate the extent/limits of such evidence.

📚 Reading List :
  • THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART II, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 5: Through the Eyes of Travellers > 6.2 A more complex social reality > p. 133
  • THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART II, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 5: Through the Eyes of Travellers > The child sati > p. 138
🔗 Anchor: "Did the foreign traveller Francois Bernier elaborately discuss diamonds and diam..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 European travellers as historical sources
💡 The insight

References identify Jean-Baptiste Tavernier and other European travellers (e.g., Bernier) whose accounts are used as historical evidence.

High-yield for UPSC: learn how to use travellers' narratives as primary sources, assess their perspective and biases, and cross-check with other evidence. This connects to historiography and source-criticism questions and helps answer comparatives on reliability of European accounts.

📚 Reading List :
  • THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART II, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 5: Through the Eyes of Travellers > 3. François Bernier A Doctor with a Difference > p. 122
  • THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART II, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 5: Through the Eyes of Travellers > If you would like to know more, read: > p. 139
🔗 Anchor: "Did the foreign traveller Jean-Baptiste Tavernier elaborately discuss diamonds a..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 Money, minting and commercial transactions in 17th-century India
💡 The insight

References describe moneychangers, expansion of minting, and global silver flows — themes travellers like Tavernier and others observed.

Important for economy-themed questions: explains monetisation, revenue-extraction under the Mughals, and why foreign travellers focused on monetary aspects. Links economic history to trade, state finance and global silver flows — frequently tested in prelims and mains.

📚 Reading List :
  • THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART II, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 8: Peasants, Zamindars and the State > Money in the village > p. 206
  • THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART II, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 8: Peasants, Zamindars and the State > Ü Discuss... > p. 216
🔗 Anchor: "Did the foreign traveller Jean-Baptiste Tavernier elaborately discuss diamonds a..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 Diamond trade: production centers and commercial hubs
💡 The insight

Evidence lists Indian diamond-producing regions and major diamond-processing/export centres (Surat, Pulicat), which relate directly to any claim about diamonds or mines.

High-yield for economic geography and trade-history: knowing where diamonds were mined, cut, and exported explains European commercial interest and regional specialization. Useful for questions on pre-colonial trade networks and commodity flows.

📚 Reading List :
  • Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 7: Resources > Natural Resources of India > p. 29
  • Exploring Society:India and Beyond ,Social Science-Class VII . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 12: Understanding Markets > DON'T MISS OUT > p. 262
  • History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 16: The Coming of the Europeans > Dutch in Tamil Nadu > p. 251
🔗 Anchor: "Did the foreign traveller Jean-Baptiste Tavernier elaborately discuss diamonds a..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S3
👉 European traveller accounts as historical sources (example: Tavernier)
💡 The insight

The references cite European travellers (notably Jean-Baptiste Tavernier) who wrote detailed observations on Indian trade and money, illustrating the kind of source the statement invokes about Thevenot.

UPSC often asks students to evaluate travelogues as primary sources; mastering which traveller wrote about what (economic life, trade, commodities) helps in source-analysis and comparative questions. Learning this aids answering questions on reliability, perspective and economic history using travellers' accounts.

📚 Reading List :
  • THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART II, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 5: Through the Eyes of Travellers > 3. François Bernier A Doctor with a Difference > p. 122
  • THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART II, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 8: Peasants, Zamindars and the State > Money in the village > p. 206
🔗 Anchor: "Did the foreign traveller Jean de Thevenot elaborately discuss diamonds and diam..."
🌑 The Hidden Trap

Niccolao Manucci (Italian). Unlike Bernier and Tavernier who returned to Europe, Manucci settled in India, worked for Dara Shikoh, and died in Madras. His book 'Storia do Mogor' is the 'gossipy' counterpart to Bernier's 'philosophical' history.

⚡ Elimination Cheat Code

Apply the 'Profession Heuristic'. Bernier = Doctor/Philosopher. Tavernier = Jeweller. Who talks about diamond mines? The Jeweller. Even without reading the book, the profession dictates the content.

🔗 Mains Connection

Mains GS-1 (Economic History): Use Tavernier's detailed accounts of the Golconda mines and the Peacock Throne to substantiate the 'Drain of Wealth' argument—India was a sink for world bullion due to its export of luxury goods like diamonds and textiles.

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SIMILAR QUESTIONS

NDA-II · 2015 · Q87 Relevance score: 0.88

Consider the following statements about the travellers who visited India: 1. Abdur Razzaq Samarqandi from Herat visited Delhi and Daulatabad. 2. Ibn Battuta provides detailed accounts of both Delhi and Daulatabad. 3. According to Francois Bernier there was no private property in land in Mughal India. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

NDA-II · 2017 · Q72 Relevance score: 0.07

Which one of the following travelogues has given an insight on the reign of Muhammad Bin Tughlaq ?

CDS-I · 2024 · Q96 Relevance score: -1.78

At which of the following places was diamond mining carried out during the Delhi Sultanate period? (a) Awadh (b) Khambhat (c) Panna (d) Lakhnau