Question map
Which one of the following foreign travellers elaborately discussed about diamonds and diamond mines of India ?
Explanation
Jean-Baptiste Tavernier was a French gem merchant[1] and traveller, which made him uniquely qualified to write about diamonds and diamond mines. His professional expertise in gems meant that his accounts of Indian diamond mines were particularly detailed and elaborate. His work "Travels in India by Jean-Baptiste Tavernier, Baron of Aubonne"[3] is well-documented in historical literature.
In contrast, François Bernier (1620–1688) is known to historians of philosophy as a populariser of Gassendi (his former teacher), and to historians of India as a traveller[4], but not specifically for writings on diamonds. Jean de Thévenot and Abbe Barthelemy Carre were also European travellers to India during this period, but Tavernier's background as a gem merchant distinguished him as the foremost authority on Indian diamonds and their mines among the foreign travellers of that era.
Sources- [2] https://www.academia.edu/49057554/Once_bitten_twice_shy_A_French_traveller_and_go_between_in_Mughal_India_1648_67
- [3] https://www.academia.edu/49057554/Once_bitten_twice_shy_A_French_traveller_and_go_between_in_Mughal_India_1648_67
PROVENANCE & STUDY PATTERN
Full viewThis is a classic 'Profession-Match' question directly from NCERT Class XII Themes II. The text explicitly introduces Tavernier as a 'French jeweller'. If you know his job, you know his book's content. No PhD required, just attentive reading of the introductory paragraphs.
This question can be broken into the following sub-statements. Tap a statement sentence to jump into its detailed analysis.
- Statement 1: Did the foreign traveller Francois Bernier elaborately discuss diamonds and diamond mines of India?
- Statement 2: Did the foreign traveller Jean-Baptiste Tavernier elaborately discuss diamonds and diamond mines of India?
- Statement 3: Did the foreign traveller Jean de Thevenot elaborately discuss diamonds and diamond mines of India?
- Statement 4: Did the foreign traveller Abbe Barthelemy Carre elaborately discuss diamonds and diamond mines of India?
Says Bernier's Travels are 'marked by detailed observations, critical insights and reflection', indicating he tended to describe economic and material aspects of Mughal India in depth.
A student could use this rule (Bernier records detailed material observations) and check whether his itinerary or chapters cover diamond-producing regions or trade topics to assess if he discussed diamonds elaborately.
Notes Bernier observed 'vast quantities of the world's precious metals flowed into India' and mentioned a prosperous merchant community engaged in long‑distance exchange.
Combine this with basic knowledge that precious stones were part of long‑distance trade to evaluate whether Bernier likely commented on gemstones (including diamonds) and trade/mine locations.
Bernier praised Indian workmanship in 'beautiful gold ornaments' and fine metalwork, showing attention to precious goods and their manufacture.
Given his interest in jewelry and luxury goods, a student could plausibly search his text for extended treatment of gemstones/diamond sources to see if he discusses mines or gems at length.
Gives publication and circulation details of Bernier's works (widely translated and reprinted), implying his accounts were comprehensive and accessible to contemporaries.
A student could use this to justify consulting the published editions/translations (mentioned here) to directly check for extended chapters or passages on diamonds/mines.
Mentions diamonds were exported from Pulicat, indicating active diamond trade centers in the region during the period, a subject a detailed traveller might report on.
Using knowledge of trade ports, a student could map Bernier's travel route against known diamond export centers to infer whether he had opportunity to observe/describe diamonds or mining activities.
- Explicitly identifies Tavernier as a French gem merchant and traveller, linking him to gems (including diamonds).
- As a gem merchant-traveller, he is a likely author of detailed observations on gem/diamond sources in India.
- Shows Tavernier authored and edited works on travel and trade (e.g., 'Travels in India' and collections on 'Trade').
- Authorship of travel and trade treatises supports that he would discuss commodities like diamonds and their mines.
- Bibliographic references and scholarly treatment cite Tavernier's 'Travels in India', indicating substantive travel accounts.
- Scholarly attention to these works implies detailed discussion of Indian subjects (including trade in gems).
Identifies Tavernier as a French jeweller who travelled to India repeatedly and was 'particularly fascinated with the trading conditions' — implying professional interest in gem/trade matters.
A student could infer that a jeweller-traveller with repeated visits and interest in trade would likely comment on gemstone (diamond) markets, so they should check Tavernier's travel accounts for chapters on gem-trade or jewel merchants.
Shows Tavernier made detailed economic observations (e.g., moneychangers, remittances), indicating he documented commercial practices in India.
Use this pattern of economic reporting to justify searching his writings specifically for descriptions of diamond commerce or mining economics.
Notes historical export of diamonds from Indian ports (Pulicat) to western countries, establishing that diamond trade was a significant and visible part of coastal commerce.
Combine this fact with Tavernier's role as a travelling jeweller/trader to hypothesize he would notice/export-related diamond activity and thus might discuss mines/exports in his accounts.
States Surat's long-standing and large diamond industry (trade flourishing from 16th century), giving geographic and commercial context for gem activity in India during Tavernier's era.
A student could map Tavernier's travel itinerary against known diamond centres like Surat to see if he visited or described those places and their diamond trade.
Lists Tavernier's Travels in India among sources on travellers, indicating his work is a primary travel account available for consultation.
Use this bibliographic pointer to locate Tavernier's published travel narrative and inspect it directly for detailed sections on diamonds or mines.
This snippet shows that seventeenth-century French travellers (example: Jean-Baptiste Tavernier) wrote detailed accounts about trade in India, including repeated visits and focused interest in commerce.
A student could infer that other contemporary French travellers (e.g., Thevenot) might also record commercial matters such as gems, and so should check Thevenot’s travel writings for similar trade/diamond passages.
Tavernier’s quoted observation about moneychangers indicates that French travellers documented economic details and financial practices linked to valuable commodities.
Use the pattern that French travellers recorded economic life to justify looking in Thevenot’s accounts for mentions of diamond-related finance or markets.
This snippet identifies Surat as a major historical centre for diamond cutting and trade, a factual target a traveller interested in diamonds would likely describe.
A student could map Thevenot’s itinerary (if known) against major diamond centres like Surat to assess whether he had opportunity to discuss diamonds elaborately.
The Dutch exported diamonds from Pulicat, indicating that ports and European visitors were involved in diamond trade and thus commonly referenced gems in travel/merchant reports.
Check whether Thevenot visited or referred to ports known for diamond export (Pulicat, Surat); presence at such ports would make elaborate discussion more plausible.
This geographic snippet lists specific Indian diamond-producing regions (Bundelkhand, Andhra, Karnataka, Panna) which are the kinds of mining/locality details travellers might report.
Compare locations described by Thevenot (if his route mentions these regions) with known diamond districts to gauge whether he had material and occasion to write at length on mines.
This snippet notes that many travellers and missionaries wrote detailed travel accounts used as historical sources, implying such writers often treated economic and social topics in depth.
A student could check catalogues of travel accounts or missionary writings for Abbe Barthelemy Carre to see whether his works are of the same genre and scope.
Lists famous non‑British travellers whose published accounts are used as primary sources, showing that non‑British visitors commonly wrote descriptive accounts of India.
Use the pattern (non‑British travellers published descriptive works) to search bibliographies for Carre and inspect his subject matter for references to diamonds/mines.
Gives an example of a travel description (the Hampi bazaar) that explicitly mentions rubies, diamonds and other precious stones, showing travellers often described gem markets.
Compare this genre example to Carre's writings (if available) to see whether he similarly described gem markets or mineral wealth.
Provides concrete information about the geographic locations and mining/processing centres for diamonds in India, the kind of factual detail a traveller might discuss.
A student could check whether Carre mentions these well‑known districts (e.g., Panna, Bundelkhand, Surat) as a test for whether he discussed diamond geology/industry.
Shows that travellers' testimonies have been used to document commodity flows (e.g., silver), indicating travel accounts can include economic details relevant to mining and trade.
Apply this pattern by examining Carre's accounts for economic commentary or commodity circulation references related to diamonds.
- [THE VERDICT]: Sitter. Direct hit from NCERT Class XII Themes in Indian History Part II, Chapter 5, Page 122.
- [THE CONCEPTUAL TRIGGER]: The 'Foreign Travellers' theme in Medieval India. Specifically, the influx of French travellers (Bernier, Tavernier, Thevenot) in the 17th century.
- [THE HORIZONTAL EXPANSION]: Map the 'Big 5' by Profession: 1) Bernier (Physician/Philosopher) → Land ownership/Mughal decline. 2) Manucci (Italian Gunner/Doctor) → Court gossip/Aurangzeb. 3) Peter Mundy (English Trader) → Famine of 1630-32. 4) Duarte Barbosa (Portuguese Official) → Vijayanagara society. 5) Ibn Battuta (Moroccan Judge) → Coconut/Paan/Postal system.
- [THE STRATEGIC METACOGNITION]: Do not just memorize names. Tag every traveller with: Origin + Profession + Key Obsession. The exam tests the 'lens' of the observer (e.g., A jeweller sees gems; a philosopher sees governance).
Bernier's Travels are repeatedly described as containing detailed observations and were widely published, making them a key primary source for Mughal-period history.
High-yield for UPSC: helps evaluate reliability, provenance, and use of narrative sources in history papers and essays; links to source-criticism skills (authorship, audience, purpose). Practice by comparing multiple traveller accounts and publication/translation contexts.
- THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART II, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 5: Through the Eyes of Travellers > 6. Bernier and the "Degenerate" East > p. 130
- THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART II, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 5: Through the Eyes of Travellers > Travelling with the Mughal army > p. 123
- THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART II, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 5: Through the Eyes of Travellers > 3. François Bernier A Doctor with a Difference > p. 122
Bernier consciously compared India with Europe and framed observations to influence European policy and opinion.
Important for answering questions on historiography and interpreting travellers' narratives — distinguishes observation from judgment and identifies bias; useful in essays and source-based questions on colonial/early-modern perceptions.
- THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART II, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 5: Through the Eyes of Travellers > 6. Bernier and the "Degenerate" East > p. 130
- THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART II, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 5: Through the Eyes of Travellers > The poor peasant > p. 131
Bernier noted economic features — decline of manufactures, flows of precious metals, existence of prosperous merchants and high-quality workmanship.
Useful for economic history questions: travellers often supply qualitative evidence on trade, crafts, and bullion flows. Helps integrate political, social and economic dimensions in answers and evaluate the extent/limits of such evidence.
- THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART II, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 5: Through the Eyes of Travellers > 6.2 A more complex social reality > p. 133
- THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART II, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 5: Through the Eyes of Travellers > The child sati > p. 138
References identify Jean-Baptiste Tavernier and other European travellers (e.g., Bernier) whose accounts are used as historical evidence.
High-yield for UPSC: learn how to use travellers' narratives as primary sources, assess their perspective and biases, and cross-check with other evidence. This connects to historiography and source-criticism questions and helps answer comparatives on reliability of European accounts.
- THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART II, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 5: Through the Eyes of Travellers > 3. François Bernier A Doctor with a Difference > p. 122
- THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART II, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 5: Through the Eyes of Travellers > If you would like to know more, read: > p. 139
References describe moneychangers, expansion of minting, and global silver flows — themes travellers like Tavernier and others observed.
Important for economy-themed questions: explains monetisation, revenue-extraction under the Mughals, and why foreign travellers focused on monetary aspects. Links economic history to trade, state finance and global silver flows — frequently tested in prelims and mains.
- THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART II, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 8: Peasants, Zamindars and the State > Money in the village > p. 206
- THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART II, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 8: Peasants, Zamindars and the State > Ü Discuss... > p. 216
Evidence lists Indian diamond-producing regions and major diamond-processing/export centres (Surat, Pulicat), which relate directly to any claim about diamonds or mines.
High-yield for economic geography and trade-history: knowing where diamonds were mined, cut, and exported explains European commercial interest and regional specialization. Useful for questions on pre-colonial trade networks and commodity flows.
- Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 7: Resources > Natural Resources of India > p. 29
- Exploring Society:India and Beyond ,Social Science-Class VII . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 12: Understanding Markets > DON'T MISS OUT > p. 262
- History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 16: The Coming of the Europeans > Dutch in Tamil Nadu > p. 251
The references cite European travellers (notably Jean-Baptiste Tavernier) who wrote detailed observations on Indian trade and money, illustrating the kind of source the statement invokes about Thevenot.
UPSC often asks students to evaluate travelogues as primary sources; mastering which traveller wrote about what (economic life, trade, commodities) helps in source-analysis and comparative questions. Learning this aids answering questions on reliability, perspective and economic history using travellers' accounts.
- THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART II, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 5: Through the Eyes of Travellers > 3. François Bernier A Doctor with a Difference > p. 122
- THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART II, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 8: Peasants, Zamindars and the State > Money in the village > p. 206
Niccolao Manucci (Italian). Unlike Bernier and Tavernier who returned to Europe, Manucci settled in India, worked for Dara Shikoh, and died in Madras. His book 'Storia do Mogor' is the 'gossipy' counterpart to Bernier's 'philosophical' history.
Apply the 'Profession Heuristic'. Bernier = Doctor/Philosopher. Tavernier = Jeweller. Who talks about diamond mines? The Jeweller. Even without reading the book, the profession dictates the content.
Mains GS-1 (Economic History): Use Tavernier's detailed accounts of the Golconda mines and the Peacock Throne to substantiate the 'Drain of Wealth' argument—India was a sink for world bullion due to its export of luxury goods like diamonds and textiles.