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Building 'Kalyaana Mandapas' was a notable feature in the temple construction in the kingdom of
Explanation
The correct answer is option D - Vijayanagara. The chief characteristics of the Vijayanagara architecture were the construction of tall Raya Gopurams or gateways and the Kalyanamandapam.[1] A kalyana mandapa, meant to celebrate divine weddings[2], became a distinctive feature of Vijayanagara temple architecture. Other distinctive features include mandapas or pavilions and long, pillared corridors that often ran around the shrines within the temple complex.[2]
The Kalyaana Mandapas (marriage halls) were specifically designed to celebrate the ceremonial weddings of temple deities and became a hallmark of the Vijayanagara architectural style during the 14th-16th centuries. While the Chalukyas influenced later temple architecture, the Kalyaana Mandapa as a notable characteristic feature is specifically associated with the Vijayanagara kingdom. The Chandela and Rashtrakuta kingdoms had their own distinct architectural styles but are not noted for this particular feature.
Sources- [1] History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 12: Bahmani and Vijayanagar Kingdoms > 12.6 Art and Architecture > p. 186
- [2] THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART II, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 7: An Imperial Capital: Vijayanagara > 5. The Sacred Centre > p. 186
PROVENANCE & STUDY PATTERN
Guest previewThis is a textbook 'Sitter'. Both NCERT (Themes Part II) and TN Class XI explicitly list 'Kalyana Mandapa' as a defining characteristic of Vijayanagara architecture. If you missed this, you are ignoring the bold headings in standard sources.
This question can be broken into the following sub-statements. Tap a statement sentence to jump into its detailed analysis.
- Statement 1: Was building "Kalyaana Mandapas" a notable feature of temple construction in the Chalukya kingdom?
- Statement 2: Was building "Kalyaana Mandapas" a notable feature of temple construction in the Chandela kingdom?
- Statement 3: Was building "Kalyaana Mandapas" a notable feature of temple construction in the Rashtrakuta kingdom?
- Statement 4: Was building "Kalyaana Mandapas" a notable feature of temple construction in the Vijayanagara kingdom?
Mentions that Chalukyas built temples and that 'mandapa-type' caves are preserved at Aihole, showing the Chalukya architectural vocabulary included mandapas.
A student could inspect plans/photographs of Chalukya temples at Aihole/Pattadakal to see whether those mandapas are specifically kalyana (marriage) halls.
States that regional temple building featured mandapas/pavilions and that Chalukyas are among dynasties with a long temple-building tradition, establishing mandapas as a common element in the region.
Use this general rule to check Chalukya-period temple descriptions/inscriptions for references to kalyana rituals or named kalyana-mandapa structures.
Defines a kalyana (kalyana/kalyanamandapa) as a mandapa meant to celebrate divine weddings and illustrates it in South Indian temple context (Vijayanagara examples), giving a clear definition and regional precedent.
Compare this definition to architectural elements at Chalukya temple sites (e.g., look for a hall described or depicted as 'kalyana' in Chalukya inscriptions or site plans).
Says the kalyanamandapam was a chief characteristic of Vijayanagara architecture and names specific temples where it appears, indicating the feature was regionally important though attested strongly for a later period.
A student can use the chronological note (Vijayanagara = later) to ask whether kalyana mandapas appear earlier (Chalukya period) by checking dated Chalukya monuments.
Describes Pallava rock-cut temples as 'mandapa type' with pillared halls in front of shrines, showing mandapa forms existed in South India before/around Chalukya times.
Use this pattern to hypothesize that similar mandapa forms (and possibly specialized functions like kalyana) could be present in neighbouring Chalukya architecture and then verify at Chalukya sites.
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