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Q11 (IAS/2019) History & Culture › Art & Architecture › Temple architecture styles Official Key

Building 'Kalyaana Mandapas' was a notable feature in the temple construction in the kingdom of

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Your answer:  ·  Correct: D
Explanation

The correct answer is option D - Vijayanagara. The chief characteristics of the Vijayanagara architecture were the construction of tall Raya Gopurams or gateways and the Kalyanamandapam.[1] A kalyana mandapa, meant to celebrate divine weddings[2], became a distinctive feature of Vijayanagara temple architecture. Other distinctive features include mandapas or pavilions and long, pillared corridors that often ran around the shrines within the temple complex.[2]

The Kalyaana Mandapas (marriage halls) were specifically designed to celebrate the ceremonial weddings of temple deities and became a hallmark of the Vijayanagara architectural style during the 14th-16th centuries. While the Chalukyas influenced later temple architecture, the Kalyaana Mandapa as a notable characteristic feature is specifically associated with the Vijayanagara kingdom. The Chandela and Rashtrakuta kingdoms had their own distinct architectural styles but are not noted for this particular feature.

Sources
  1. [1] History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 12: Bahmani and Vijayanagar Kingdoms > 12.6 Art and Architecture > p. 186
  2. [2] THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART II, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 7: An Imperial Capital: Vijayanagara > 5. The Sacred Centre > p. 186
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Q. Building 'Kalyaana Mandapas' was a notable feature in the temple construction in the kingdom of [A] Chalukya [B] Chandela [C] Rashtrak…
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Origin: Mixed / unclear origin Fairness: Low / Borderline fairness Books / CA: 2.5/10 · 0/10
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This is a textbook 'Sitter'. Both NCERT (Themes Part II) and TN Class XI explicitly list 'Kalyana Mandapa' as a defining characteristic of Vijayanagara architecture. If you missed this, you are ignoring the bold headings in standard sources.

How this question is built

This question can be broken into the following sub-statements. Tap a statement sentence to jump into its detailed analysis.

Statement 1
Was building "Kalyaana Mandapas" a notable feature of temple construction in the Chalukya kingdom?
Origin: Weak / unclear Fairness: Borderline / guessy
Indirect textbook clues
History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 9: Cultural Development in South India > Aihole (Ayyavole) > p. 121
Strength: 4/5
“Same goddess is called Huccimalligudi, which is rectangular in shape. Chalukyas also built Jain temples. Megudi Jain temple is illustrative of the evolution of temple architecture under the Chalukyas. The mandapa-type caves are preserved at Aihole.”
Why relevant

Mentions that Chalukyas built temples and that 'mandapa-type' caves are preserved at Aihole, showing the Chalukya architectural vocabulary included mandapas.

How to extend

A student could inspect plans/photographs of Chalukya temples at Aihole/Pattadakal to see whether those mandapas are specifically kalyana (marriage) halls.

THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART II, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 7: An Imperial Capital: Vijayanagara > 5.1 Choosing a capital > p. 184
Strength: 4/5
“Temple building in the region had a long history, going back to dynasties such as the Pallavas, Chalukyas, Hoysalas and Cholas. Rulers very often encouraged temple building as a means of associating themselves with the divine – often, the deity was explicitly or implicitly identified with the king. Temples also functioned as centres of learning. Besides, rulers and others often granted land and other resources for the maintenance of temples. Consequently, temples developed as significant religious, social, cultural and economic centres. From the point of view of the rulers, constructing, repairing and maintaining temples were important means of winning support and recognition for their power , wealth and piety.”
Why relevant

States that regional temple building featured mandapas/pavilions and that Chalukyas are among dynasties with a long temple-building tradition, establishing mandapas as a common element in the region.

How to extend

Use this general rule to check Chalukya-period temple descriptions/inscriptions for references to kalyana rituals or named kalyana-mandapa structures.

THEMES IN INDIAN HISTORY PART II, History CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 7: An Imperial Capital: Vijayanagara > 5. The Sacred Centre > p. 186
Strength: 4/5
“Fig. 7.22 A kalyana mandapa, meant to celebrate divine weddings Fig. 7.23 A line drawing of a sculpted pillar Ü Describe what you see on the pillar. distance. They were also probably meant as reminders of the power of kings, able to command the resources, techniques and skills needed to construct these towering gateways. Other distinctive features include mandapas or pavilions and long, pillared corridors that often ran around the shrines within the temple complex. Let us look at two temples more closely – the Virupaksha temple and the Vitthala temple. The Virupaksha temple was built over centuries. While inscriptions suggest that the earliest shrine dated to the ninth-tenth centuries, it was substantially enlarged with the establishment of the Vijayanagara Empire.”
Why relevant

Defines a kalyana (kalyana/kalyanamandapa) as a mandapa meant to celebrate divine weddings and illustrates it in South Indian temple context (Vijayanagara examples), giving a clear definition and regional precedent.

How to extend

Compare this definition to architectural elements at Chalukya temple sites (e.g., look for a hall described or depicted as 'kalyana' in Chalukya inscriptions or site plans).

History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 12: Bahmani and Vijayanagar Kingdoms > 12.6 Art and Architecture > p. 186
Strength: 3/5
“The Vijayanagar rulers were great builders. During this period, palaces, temples, huge halls (mahamantapa), forts, towers, public buildings, dams, tanks and canals were constructed. South Indian art and architecture attained a new fullness. The Vijayanagar rulers produced a new style of architecture called as Dravida style. The chief characteristics of the Vijayanagara architecture were the construction of tall Raya Gopurams or gateways and the Kalyanamandapam. at Kanchipuram and in the Jambukesvara temple at Thiruchirapalli. During the period of the Vijayanagar kings, temples were built in Hampi, Shringeri, Tirupati, Kalahasti, Nandi, Kolar, Srishaila, etc. New elements were introduced in the temple architecture.”
Why relevant

Says the kalyanamandapam was a chief characteristic of Vijayanagara architecture and names specific temples where it appears, indicating the feature was regionally important though attested strongly for a later period.

How to extend

A student can use the chronological note (Vijayanagara = later) to ask whether kalyana mandapas appear earlier (Chalukya period) by checking dated Chalukya monuments.

History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 9: Cultural Development in South India > Rock-cut Temples > p. 126
Strength: 3/5
“Mahendravarman I is credited with the introduction of rock-cut temples in the Pallava territory. Mahendravarman claims in his Mandagappattu inscription that his shrine to Brahma, Isvara and Vishnu was made without using traditional materials such as brick, timber, metal and mortar. Mahendravarman's rock-cut temples are usually the mandapa type with a pillared hall or the mandapa in front and a small shrine at the rear or sides.”
Why relevant

Describes Pallava rock-cut temples as 'mandapa type' with pillared halls in front of shrines, showing mandapa forms existed in South India before/around Chalukya times.

How to extend

Use this pattern to hypothesize that similar mandapa forms (and possibly specialized functions like kalyana) could be present in neighbouring Chalukya architecture and then verify at Chalukya sites.

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