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Q92 (IAS/2019) Science & Technology › Basic Science (Physics, Chemistry, Biology) › Genetics and evolution Official Key

The word 'Denisovan' is sometimes mentioned in media in reference to

Result
Your answer:  ·  Correct: B
Explanation

The Denisovans or Denisova hominins are an extinct species or subspecies of archaic human that ranged across Asia during the Middle to Late Pleistocene, approximately 200,000–32,000 years ago.[1] The first identification of a Denisovan individual occurred in 2010, based on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) extracted from a juvenile finger bone excavated[2] from Denisova Cave in Siberia. This represents a significant discovery in human evolutionary history, as Denisovans are a distinct early human species, separate from both modern humans and Neanderthals. In 2025, mtDNA and proteomic analysis confirmed that this skull is a Denisovan[3], referring to the Harbin skull from China, which has expanded our understanding of Denisovan morphology beyond the original finger bone fragments.

Option A is incorrect as Denisovans are hominins, not dinosaurs. Option C is incorrect because while the name derives from Denisova Cave where the first fossils were found, that cave is in Siberia, not North-East India. Option D is incorrect as Denisovan refers to a species, not a geological period.

Sources
  1. [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denisovan
  2. [2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denisovan
  3. [3] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denisovan
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Q. The word 'Denisovan' is sometimes mentioned in media in reference to [A] fossils of a kind of dinosaurs [B] an early human species [C]…
At a glance
Origin: Mostly Current Affairs Fairness: Low / Borderline fairness Books / CA: 0/10 · 10/10

This is a classic 'Term in News' question from the Science & Tech domain. While static history books cover Indian fossils like 'Narmada Man', they miss global breakthroughs. The strategy is to track major evolutionary discoveries in The Hindu's Sunday Science page, specifically those altering the human family tree.

How this question is built

This question can be broken into the following sub-statements. Tap a statement sentence to jump into its detailed analysis.

Statement 1
Is "Denisovan" the name given to fossils of a kind of dinosaur?
Origin: Web / Current Affairs Fairness: CA heavy Web-answerable

Web source
Presence: 5/5
"The first identification of a Denisovan individual occurred in 2010, based on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) extracted from a juvenile finger bone excavated"
Why this source?
  • The passage is the Wikipedia entry for 'Denisovan', which describes identification of Denisovans from human DNA.
  • It states Denisovans were identified from a juvenile finger bone, indicating they are hominins (ancient humans), not dinosaurs.
Web source
Presence: 5/5
"Scientists discovered a new kind of human with its pinkie bone. Now we have a skull."
Why this source?
  • This National Geographic passage discusses Denisovans in the context of 'other human species' and human evolution.
  • It explicitly links a discovered pinkie bone and skull to a human type called a Denisovan, confirming they are ancient humans.

History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 1: Early India: From the Beginnings to the Indus Civilisation > Hominin and Animal Fossils > p. 3
Strength: 4/5
“Unlike Africa, evidence of hominin [immediate ancestor of Homo Sapiens] fossil is rare in India. There is a report of a fossil fragment discovered by Robert Bruce Foote from Athirampakkam. Its whereabouts are not known now. The only well-known hominin fossil of India was found at Hathnora near Hoshangabad in Madhya Pradesh. The cranium is named Narmada human. It is considered to represent the Archaic Homo sapiens. It is the only existing fossil find of human ancestors in India. Animal fossils are useful to understand the palaeo-environmental context in which people lived. In the Narmada valley, animal fossils of Elephas namadicus (giant tusked pre-historic elephant), Stegodon ganesa (a giant pre-historic elephant), Bos namadicus (wild cattle) and Equus namadicus (extinct great horse like animal) have been recovered.”
Why relevant

Distinguishes 'hominin' fossils (ancestors of Homo sapiens) as a category of fossil distinct from non‑human animals.

How to extend

A student could use this to check whether 'Denisovan' appears in literature as a hominin name rather than a reptile/dinosaur name.

Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 3: Geological Time Scale The Evolution of The Earths Surface > 3.4. Phanerozoic Eon (550 mya to present) > p. 44
Strength: 5/5
“• The first fossils of animals appeared. Life remained mostly microscopic until the Cambrian Explosion about 541 million years ago.• Pangaea forms and later dissolves into Laurasia and Gondwana.• The Phanerozoic eon is divided into three eras. The three eras are further subdivided into 12 periods. • 1. the Palaeozoic, an era of arthropods, amphibians, fishes, and the first life on land;• 2. the Mesozoic, which spanned the rise, reign of reptiles, climactic extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs, the evolution of mammals and birds; and• 3. the Cenozoic, which saw the rise of mammals.”
Why relevant

Explains the three eras (Palaeozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic) and that the Mesozoic featured the rise and reign of reptiles including non‑avian dinosaurs, while the Cenozoic saw the rise of mammals.

How to extend

A student can compare the time period associated with dinosaurs (Mesozoic) to the time period when hominins/mammals appear (Cenozoic/Pleistocene) to judge if a named fossil fits 'dinosaur'.

Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 3: Geological Time Scale The Evolution of The Earths Surface > Mesozoic Era (250 mya to 66 mya) > p. 47
Strength: 5/5
“• Mesozoic era is known as "the Age of the dinosaurs", the Mesozoic features the rise of reptiles.”
Why relevant

States the Mesozoic era is 'the Age of the dinosaurs' and highlights that dinosaurs are a distinct ancient group.

How to extend

A student could look up when 'Denisovans' (if known) lived and see whether that timing matches the Mesozoic (dinosaurs) or much later periods associated with hominins.

Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 3: Geological Time Scale The Evolution of The Earths Surface > Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event (Fifth Extinction – 66 mya) > p. 48
Strength: 5/5
“• At the end of the Cretaceous, the Deccan Traps and other volcanic eruptions were poisoning the atmosphere, and a large meteor smashed into Earth, creating the Chicxulub Crater (Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico) creating the event known as the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) or Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) extinction.• Every living thing with a body mass over 10 kilograms became extinct, and the age of the dinosaurs came to an end. In its wake, many groups underwent remarkable adaptive radiation—sudden and prolific divergence into new forms and species. Mammals diversified in the Paleogene, evolving new forms such as horses, whales, bats, and primates. Birds, fish, and perhaps lizards also radiated.”
Why relevant

Describes the K‑Pg (Cretaceous–Paleogene) extinction ~66 mya that ended the age of dinosaurs and notes that afterward mammals (including primates) diversified.

How to extend

A student could use this to reason that any fossil group identified as hominins must post‑date the dinosaur extinction, so a name tied to human ancestry is unlikely to be a dinosaur.

Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 3: Geological Time Scale The Evolution of The Earths Surface > 3. Geological Time Scale – The Evolution of The Earth's Surface > p. 42
Strength: 4/5
“• Mass Extinction: Anthropocene; Eon: ; Mya: 0 1.8; Era: CENOZOIC; Col5: ; Period: Quaternary Rise of Humans; Col7: Holocene Pleistocene Pilocene Miocene; Eopch: ; Col9: • Mass Extinction: K-T; Eon: ; Mya: 50; Era: ; Col5: ; Period: Tertiary Rise of Mammals Age of Mammals; Col7: Oligocene Eocene Paleocene; Eopch: ; Col9: • Mass Extinction: 80% Death Rate; Eon: ; Mya: 100; Era: MESOZOIC; Col5: ; Period: Cretaceous Extinction of Dinosaurs, First Primates First Flowering Plants; Col7: ; Eopch: ; Col9: • 150 | Jurassic First Birds • Triassic Death Rate 85% | 200 | Age of Dinosaurs Triassic First Dinosaurs Age of Reptiles • Mass Extinction: Permian Death Rate 90%; Eon: ; Mya: 250 300; Era: ; Col5: ; Period: Permian First Reptiles Major Extinction; Col7: ; Eopch: ; Col9: • PHANEROZOIC | 350 | CARBONIFEROUS | Pennsylvanian First Insects Trees • Devonian | Misissippian Many Crinoids Seed Ferms • Mass Extinction: Death Rate 70%; Eon: ; Mya: 400; Era: PALEOZOIC; Col5: ; Period: Devonian First Seed Plants Age of Fishes, First Ar; Col7: ; Eopch: ; Col9: • Silurian Earliest Land Animals First Vascular Plants • Ordovician Death Rate 85% | 450 | Ordovician Early Bony Fish Diversification of Animal Life • OPMFIAS | 500 550 | Cambrian Invertebrate animals Brachiopods, Trilobites, First Fish & Chordates • Proterozoic | Bacteria, Algae, Jellyfish • Archean | 2500 4000 | Earth's crust had cooled enough to allow the formation of continents and life started to form • Hadean | 4540 | Formation of Earth OPMFIAS”
Why relevant

Provides a timeline of major eras/periods and links the extinction of dinosaurs to the Mesozoic/Cretaceous boundary and the subsequent 'Rise of Humans' in the Cenozoic/Quaternary.

How to extend

A student can map 'Denisovan' (if placed among hominins) onto this timeline to assess whether it could plausibly be a dinosaur name.

Statement 2
Is "Denisovan" the name of an early human species?
Origin: Web / Current Affairs Fairness: CA heavy Web-answerable

Web source
Presence: 5/5
"The Denisovans or Denisova hominins ... are an extinct species or subspecies of archaic human that ranged across Asia during the Middle to Late Pleistocene, approximately 200,000–32,000 years ago. ... Consequently, no formal species name has been established."
Why this source?
  • Directly calls Denisovans 'an extinct species or subspecies of archaic human', tying the name to an early human group.
  • Notes their time range (Middle to Late Pleistocene), indicating they are an ancient human population.
  • Also states that no formal species name has been established, clarifying taxonomic status.
Web source
Presence: 4/5
"reported from Harbin, China, and was described in 2021 as H. longi. In 2025, mtDNA and proteomic analysis confirmed that this skull is a Denisovan."
Why this source?
  • Shows fossils (a skull from Harbin) were described using a formal species name (H. longi) and then identified as Denisovan.
  • Supports that 'Denisovan' corresponds to an identifiable archaic human lineage represented in the fossil record.
Web source
Presence: 4/5
"About 4% of the Denisovan genome derives from an unidentified archaic hominin, indicating this species diverged from Neanderthals and humans over a million years ago. ... in 2021 and 2024, specimens allocated to the latter species were reclassified as H. longi (Denisovan)"
Why this source?
  • Refers to Denisovans as a distinct lineage with genetic divergence from Neanderthals and humans, implying species-level distinction.
  • Notes reclassification of some Late Pleistocene Asian specimens as H. longi (Denisovan), linking the name to a Homo taxon.

History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 1: Early India: From the Beginnings to the Indus Civilisation > Middle Palaeolithic Culture > p. 4
Strength: 4/5
“After about 4,00,000 years BP (Before Present), changes took place in the lithic technology and the species of human ancestors diverged. The species of Homo erectus existed in this period. Some of the Middle Palaeolithic tools are attributed to behavioural modernity. Anatomically modern humans are said to have emerged around 3,00,000 years ago. In India, the Middle Palaeolithic phase was first identified by H.D. Sankalia on the Pravara River at Nevasa.”
Why relevant

States that different species of human ancestors (e.g., Homo erectus) existed during Palaeolithic periods, showing that archaeologists name distinct archaic human species.

How to extend

Compare the form of the name 'Denisovan' to known species names (Homo erectus) and check whether it fits the pattern of names used for archaic humans.

History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 1: Early India: From the Beginnings to the Indus Civilisation > 141 Pre-historic India > p. 1
Strength: 4/5
“The period before the development of script is called the pre-historic times. It is also referred to as the Stone Age. When we talk about the Stone Age, we include the entire South Asia, the region covering India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal and Bangladesh, as a whole. Human ancestors are likely to have first evolved in Africa and later migrated to different parts of the world. The earliest human ancestor species to migrate out of Africa was the Homo erectus. Till the end of the 20<sup>th</sup> century,”
Why relevant

Explains that multiple hominin species (the earliest migrants like Homo erectus) left Africa and that the study of prehistoric humans recognizes distinct species and migrations.

How to extend

Use this rule — scientists identify distinct archaic human groups that migrated — to investigate whether 'Denisovan' refers to one such group identified from fossils or genetic data outside Africa.

History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 1: Early India: From the Beginnings to the Indus Civilisation > Lower Palaeolithic Culture > p. 2
Strength: 3/5
“The earliest lithic artefacts come from different parts of the Indian subcontinent. During the Lower Palaeolithic cultural phase, human ancestor species of Homo erectus is believed to have lived in India. The first Palaeolithic tools were identified at the site of Pallavaram near Chennai by Robert Bruce Foote in 1863. He found many pre-historic sites when he extensively surveyed different parts of South India.”
Why relevant

Gives an explicit example of a named human ancestor species (Homo erectus) in a regional archaeological context, reinforcing that named taxa represent archaic humans in time/place.

How to extend

A student could map known named archaic humans (like Homo erectus) and then look for whether 'Denisovan' appears in similar palaeoanthropological contexts or regional lists.

History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 1: Early India: From the Beginnings to the Indus Civilisation > Hominin and Animal Fossils > p. 3
Strength: 4/5
“Unlike Africa, evidence of hominin [immediate ancestor of Homo Sapiens] fossil is rare in India. There is a report of a fossil fragment discovered by Robert Bruce Foote from Athirampakkam. Its whereabouts are not known now. The only well-known hominin fossil of India was found at Hathnora near Hoshangabad in Madhya Pradesh. The cranium is named Narmada human. It is considered to represent the Archaic Homo sapiens. It is the only existing fossil find of human ancestors in India. Animal fossils are useful to understand the palaeo-environmental context in which people lived. In the Narmada valley, animal fossils of Elephas namadicus (giant tusked pre-historic elephant), Stegodon ganesa (a giant pre-historic elephant), Bos namadicus (wild cattle) and Equus namadicus (extinct great horse like animal) have been recovered.”
Why relevant

Describes how fossils are named (e.g., 'Narmada human') and classified as archaic Homo sapiens, showing the practice of naming and classifying hominin finds.

How to extend

One could check whether 'Denisovan' is used similarly as a label for particular fossil finds or populations, indicating it is a named archaic human group.

Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 3: Geological Time Scale The Evolution of The Earths Surface > Pleistocene (2.58 mya to 11,700 years ago) > p. 50
Strength: 4/5
“• Ice ages marked this epoch as a result of the cooling trend that started in the Mid-Eocene. Africa experienced a trend of desiccation which resulted in the creation of the Sahara, Namib, and Kalahari deserts.• Many animals evolved including mammoths, dire wolves, and most famously Homo sapiens. As the Pleistocene drew to a close, a major extinction wiped out much of the world's megafauna, including some of the hominid species, such as Neanderthals.”
Why relevant

Notes that the Pleistocene included multiple hominid species (e.g., Neanderthals) and extinctions, indicating the period produced several named archaic human groups.

How to extend

Use knowledge of Pleistocene diversity (Neanderthals as an example) to investigate whether 'Denisovan' is another Pleistocene-era archaic human group.

Statement 3
Is "Denisovan" the name of a cave system in North-East India?
Origin: Web / Current Affairs Fairness: CA heavy Web-answerable

Web source
Presence: 4/5
"It seems possible that Denisova Cave tells us a story of modern human origins from an East Eurasian hominin, a relative of Neandertals and Denisovans, who speciated into “us” in an isolated refugium such as America and then migrated back into the Old"
Why this source?
  • Mentions 'Denisova Cave' in the context of Eurasian/Asian palaeoanthropology, indicating the term 'Denisovan' is tied to Denisova Cave rather than a cave in North‑East India.
  • Places Denisova Cave within broader Eurasian discussion (Northeast Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia), not North‑East India.
Web source
Presence: 4/5
"The first identification of a Denisovan individual occurred in 2010, based on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) extracted from a [juvenile] finger bone excavated"
Why this source?
  • Describes the first identification of a 'Denisovan' individual (2010) based on DNA from a finger bone, showing 'Denisovan' names an archaic hominin population/individuals rather than a cave in North‑East India.
  • Discusses multiple Denisovan specimens and research (e.g., Harbin cranium), linking the term to fossil/hominin remains across Asia rather than to a named cave system in North‑East India.

History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 9: Cultural Development in South India > 9.4Ajanta > p. 128
Strength: 4/5
“The Ajanta caves are situated at a distance of about 100 km north of Aurangabad in Maharashtra. Totally 30 caves have been scooped out of volcanic rocks. Though chiefly famous for mural paintings, there are some sculptures too. The Hinayana sect of Buddhism started the excavation of caves in Ajanta. The patrons were the kings who ruled the Deccan plateau during the period c. 200 BCE to 200 CE. Inscriptions speak of the patrons who range from kings to merchants.”
Why relevant

Shows that prominent Indian caves (Ajanta) are known by specific place names and are described in regional context.

How to extend

A student could check whether 'Denisovan' fits the pattern of named Indian cave sites (compare spelling/location) using a regional map or site gazetteer.

History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 7: The Guptas > Rock-cut and Structural Temples > p. 98
Strength: 4/5
“The rock-cut caves continue the old forms to a great extent but possess striking novelty by bringing about extensive changes in the ornamentation of the facade and in the designs of the pillars in the interior. The most notable groups of the rock-cut caves are found at Ajanta and Ellora (Maharashtra) and Bagh (Madhya Pradesh). The Udayagiri caves (Odisha) are also of this type. The structural temples have the following attributes: (1) flat-roofed square temples; (2) flat-roofed square temple with a vimana (second storey); (3) square temple with a curvilinear tower (shikara) above; (4) rectangular temple; and (5) circular temple.”
Why relevant

Describes notable groups of rock‑cut caves at named locations (Ajanta, Ellora, Bagh, Udayagiri), illustrating the common practice of naming cave complexes after local places.

How to extend

Use this pattern to look up whether any named cave complex in North‑East India is called 'Denisovan' in archaeological lists or state gazetteers.

History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 1: Early India: From the Beginnings to the Indus Civilisation > Distribution > p. 4
Strength: 4/5
“The Middle Palaeolithic sites are found in Narmada, Godavari, Krishna, Yamuna and other river valleys. The people of this period used caves as well as the open air space for living. Meralbhavi in Karnataka, Kurnool caves in Andhra Pradesh, Godavarikhani in Telangana, Baghor I and Baghor III of Son Valley in Madhya Pradesh and Patne in Maharashtra are some of the Upper Palaeolithic sites of India. Sri Lanka has evidence of microliths and hominin fossils. Incised ostrich eggshell, and shell and stone Early India: From the Beginnings to the Indus Civilisation”
Why relevant

States that Middle Palaeolithic sites and hominin fossils are associated with named cave/locality sites (e.g., Kurnool, Meralbhavi, Baghor), linking cave names to palaeontological finds.

How to extend

A student could ask whether 'Denisovan' refers to a hominin or to a locality by comparing whether the name appears in lists of palaeolithic cave sites in India.

History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 1: Early India: From the Beginnings to the Indus Civilisation > Neolithic Culture of Northeastern India > p. 9
Strength: 3/5
“Neolithic Culture of North-eastern India In north-eastern India, Neolithic culture appears at a very late period. The Neolithic cultures of north-eastern India generally date from 2500-1500 BCE or even later. Shouldered axes and splayed celts have been found at the sites in Assam, Meghalaya, Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh. Daojali Hading and Sarutaru are the Neolithic sites in the Assam region. This region bears evidence for shifting cultivation.”
Why relevant

Gives examples of named prehistoric sites in North‑East India (Daojali Hading, Sarutaru), showing that archaeological sites in this region have local names rather than the term 'Denisovan'.

How to extend

Compare regional site‑name patterns in NE India with the name 'Denisovan' to judge if it follows local naming conventions or seems distinct (suggesting a different origin).

Statement 4
Is "Denisovan" the name of a geological period in the history of the Indian subcontinent?
Origin: Web / Current Affairs Fairness: CA heavy Web-answerable

Web source
Presence: 4/5
"starting with the Triassic period (a geological period that"
Why this source?
  • Lists standard geological period names used for the Indian subcontinent (e.g., Triassic, Mesozoic).
  • Demonstrates the kind of terminology that denotes geological periods — none of which is 'Denisovan'.
Web source
Presence: 4/5
"Named the ‘Wadadham Fossil Park’, this Jurassic period site houses the fossils of flora"
Why this source?
  • Refers to a well-known geological period (Jurassic) for an Indian fossil site, showing period names applied to the subcontinent.
  • Provides an example of accepted period nomenclature used in Indian geology; 'Denisovan' does not appear as such a period here.
Web source
Presence: 4/5
"These phylogenetic relations suggest Late Cretaceous–Paleogene biotic exchanges between the Indian subcon-tinent, Madagascar and North Africa."
Why this source?
  • Uses geological time terms (Late Cretaceous–Paleogene, Middle Eocene) in discussing biotic exchanges involving the Indian subcontinent.
  • Shows the conventional geological-period terminology used in scientific discussion — again, 'Denisovan' is not listed as a period.

Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 1: Geological Structure and formation of India > THE PALAEOZOIC GROUP (CAMBRIAN TO CARBONIFEROUS PERIOD) > p. 15
Strength: 5/5
“The Palaeozoic Era includes the Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, and the Permian periods of the Standard Geological Time Scale. This is known as the Dravidian Era in the Indian Geological Time Scale. The Palaeozoic Era extends from 570 million years ago to 24.5 million years ago. It marks the beginning of life on the Earth's surface. The formations of this period are almost absent in the Peninsular India except near Umaria in Rewa. These formations exist in the Salt Range, Pir-Panjal, Handwara, Lidder-Valley, Anantnag of Kashmir (Jammu & Kashmir), Spiti, Kangra, Shimla region (Himachal Pradesh), and Garhwal and Kumaun (Uttarakhand).”
Why relevant

Shows standard geological period names used in Indian geology (e.g., Palaeozoic and its component periods) and that India sometimes uses local era names (here 'Dravidian Era').

How to extend

A student could compare the list of established period names with 'Denisovan' to see whether it appears among standard or region-specific geological period names.

Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 1: Geological Structure and formation of India > THE TERTIARY SYSTEM (THE CENOZOIC ERA) > p. 21
Strength: 5/5
“Cenozoic means recent life. The beginning of the Tertiary Period is about 66 million to 2.6 million years ago. Fossils in these rocks include many types, closely related to modern forms, including mammals, plants and invertebrates. The Cenozoic Era has two periods: The Tertiary and the Quaternary. The term 'tertiary' was used by Giovanni Arduino during the mid eighteenth century. The two great events that occurred during the Tertiary Period include: (i) the final beaking-up of the old Gondwana continent, and (ii) the uplift of the Tethys geosyncline in the form of the Himalayas. During the early Tertiary Period, as the Indian plate collided with Eurasian plate, the sediments which had been accumulating in the Tethys basin had begun to rise by a slow rise of ocean bottom.”
Why relevant

Describes major eras/periods (Cenozoic → Tertiary and Quaternary) and their conventional chronology and terminology.

How to extend

Use a standard geological time scale to check whether 'Denisovan' corresponds to any conventional period/epoch name in the Cenozoic or adjacent intervals.

Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 1: Geological Structure and formation of India > THE QUATERNARY PERIOD (THE PLEISTOCENE AND RECENT FORMATIONS) > p. 23
Strength: 4/5
“Quaternary is the name proposed for very recent deposits, which contain fossils of species with living representatives. The northern plains of India came into existence during the Pleistocene Period (Fig. 1.10). During the Quaternary Period, the ice-sheets descended to as low as 1500 m in altitude. The third physical division of India which is the Great Indo-Gangetic-Brahmaputra Plain had not figured at all till the Quaternary Period. The bottom configuration of this plain occupies largely a synclinal basin, called foredeep, which is a downwarp of the Himalayan foreland of variable depth, formed concommitantly with the rise of the Himalayas to the north.”
Why relevant

Explains the Quaternary/Pleistocene terminology as the accepted name for recent deposits and human-related evolution in India.

How to extend

Compare anthropological/hominin labels to geological period labels (e.g., Pleistocene) to see if 'Denisovan' is used as a period name or as a biological/hominin label within a known period.

Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 1: Geological Structure and formation of India > Panchet Series > p. 18
Strength: 4/5
“India's best and largest coal deposits are found in the Gondwana System—mainly in the Damodar Valley of West Bengal, Jharkhand, the Mahanadi valley of Odisha and Chhattisgarh, the Godavari valley of Andhra Pradesh, and the Satpura basin of Madhya Pradesh (Fig. 1.6). As stated above, the beginning of the Upper Carboniferous Period is known as the Aryan period. The salient features of the Aryan formations are: • (i) During the Upper Carboniferous Period, the Himalayan region was occupied by a vast geosyncline which was connected to the Pacific Ocean in the east through China and the Atlantic Ocean in the west through Afghanistan, Iran, Asia Minor, and the present Mediterranean Sea.”
Why relevant

Gives an example of India-specific naming for a subinterval ('Aryan period' for Upper Carboniferous), showing that regional names appear but follow the structure of period/subperiod labels.

How to extend

Check lists of regional geological nomenclature to see whether 'Denisovan' appears as any formally used regional period name analogous to 'Aryan period' or 'Dravidian Era'.

FUNDAMENTALS OF PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY, Geography Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 4: Distribution of Oceans and Continents > MOVEMENT OF THE INDIAN PLATE > p. 34
Strength: 3/5
“It also shows the position of the Indian subcontinent and the Eurasian plate. About 140 million years before the present, the subcontinent was located as south as 50oS. latitude. The two major plates were separated by the Tethys Sea and the Tibetan block was closer to the Asiatic landmass. During the movement of the Indian plate towards the Eurasian plate, a major event that occurred was the outpouring of lava and formation of the Deccan Traps. This started somewhere around 60 million years ago and continued for a long period of time. Note that the subcontinent was still close to the equator.”
Why relevant

Places major geological events in time (plate movement, Deccan Traps ~60 Ma) and shows how period names are tied to such events.

How to extend

Assess whether 'Denisovan' is tied to a major geological event or time interval in standard references; if not, it is unlikely to be a geological period name.

Pattern takeaway: UPSC loves 'Paradigm Shifts'. Any scientific term that changes the timeline of human existence or challenges the 'Out of Africa' narrative is high-yield. Do not treat History and Science as water-tight compartments.
How you should have studied
  1. [THE VERDICT]: Sitter for newspaper readers; Bouncer for static-only aspirants. Source: Frequent mentions in The Hindu/Indian Express (2010–2019) regarding ancient DNA and human origins.
  2. [THE CONCEPTUAL TRIGGER]: Human Evolution & Paleogenomics. The discovery that modern humans interbred with archaic species.
  3. [THE HORIZONTAL EXPANSION]: Memorize the 'Lost Cousins': Neanderthals (Europe/Asia), Homo floresiensis ('Hobbits', Indonesia), Homo naledi (South Africa), and Homo luzonensis (Philippines). Know Svante Pääbo (Nobel winner for this specific field).
  4. [THE STRATEGIC METACOGNITION]: Filter Science news for 'Origins'. If a discovery rewrites the history of the Universe (Gravitational Waves) or Humanity (Denisovans), it is a Tier-1 topic. Ignore minor gadget updates.
Concept hooks from this question
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 Hominins versus Dinosaurs
💡 The insight

Hominins are human ancestors while dinosaurs are Mesozoic reptiles; they belong to entirely different biological groups.

Distinguishing major taxonomic groups and their representatives is high-yield for questions on human evolution and deep-time life. It links paleoanthropology with paleontology and helps eliminate category-errors in source-based and MCQ items.

📚 Reading List :
  • History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 1: Early India: From the Beginnings to the Indus Civilisation > Hominin and Animal Fossils > p. 3
  • Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 3: Geological Time Scale The Evolution of The Earths Surface > Mesozoic Era (250 mya to 66 mya) > p. 47
🔗 Anchor: "Is "Denisovan" the name given to fossils of a kind of dinosaur?"
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 Geological Time Scale: Mesozoic vs Cenozoic
💡 The insight

Dinosaurs dominated the Mesozoic era, whereas mammals and human ancestors rose in the Cenozoic after the K–Pg extinction.

Mastery of eras and major biotic turnovers allows candidates to place fossils and evolutionary events in correct temporal context, useful for chronology, causation, and environment-type questions in prelims and mains.

📚 Reading List :
  • Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 3: Geological Time Scale The Evolution of The Earths Surface > 3.4. Phanerozoic Eon (550 mya to present) > p. 44
  • Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 3: Geological Time Scale The Evolution of The Earths Surface > Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event (Fifth Extinction – 66 mya) > p. 48
🔗 Anchor: "Is "Denisovan" the name given to fossils of a kind of dinosaur?"
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 Fossils as Indicators of Palaeo-environment and Taxon
💡 The insight

Animal and hominin fossils are used to infer past environments and the identity of past life forms, not all fossils are dinosaurs.

Understanding how fossils inform environment and taxonomy is essential for interpreting archaeological and geological passages, and for answering source-based comprehension and general studies questions on landscape and human origins.

📚 Reading List :
  • History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 1: Early India: From the Beginnings to the Indus Civilisation > Hominin and Animal Fossils > p. 3
  • Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 7: Tectonics > Distribution of Fossils > p. 97
🔗 Anchor: "Is "Denisovan" the name given to fossils of a kind of dinosaur?"
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 Major early hominin species and labels
💡 The insight

Early hominin taxonomy includes named species such as Homo erectus, Archaic Homo sapiens and Neanderthals, which are the kinds of labels used for 'early human species'.

High-yield for UPSC because questions often ask to identify, compare or sequence early human species; links to human evolution, migration and stone-age cultural phases. Mastering this enables quick elimination in multiple-choice and informed answers in mains and interviews.

📚 Reading List :
  • History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 1: Early India: From the Beginnings to the Indus Civilisation > Middle Palaeolithic Culture > p. 4
  • History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 1: Early India: From the Beginnings to the Indus Civilisation > Hominin and Animal Fossils > p. 3
  • Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 3: Geological Time Scale The Evolution of The Earths Surface > Pleistocene (2.58 mya to 11,700 years ago) > p. 50
🔗 Anchor: "Is "Denisovan" the name of an early human species?"
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 Pleistocene epoch as the timeframe for hominid evolution
💡 The insight

The Pleistocene hosted major hominid evolution and extinctions, framing when early human species lived and went extinct.

Important for linking geological time with human evolution, climatic drivers, and faunal extinctions; helps answer questions on chronology, environment-driven migration and prehistoric archaeology.

📚 Reading List :
  • Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 3: Geological Time Scale The Evolution of The Earths Surface > Pleistocene (2.58 mya to 11,700 years ago) > p. 50
  • History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 1: Early India: From the Beginnings to the Indus Civilisation > Middle Palaeolithic Culture > p. 4
🔗 Anchor: "Is "Denisovan" the name of an early human species?"
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 Fossil and archaeological record in India (key sites and fossils)
💡 The insight

Indian fossil and archaeological finds (e.g., Pallavaram, Nevasa, Narmada human, Mehrgarh) illustrate how species and cultural phases are identified locally.

Essential for UPSC mains and prelims as regional prehistoric finds are frequently asked; connects archaeology, dating methods and cultural classification, enabling region-specific answers on human antiquity in India.

📚 Reading List :
  • History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 1: Early India: From the Beginnings to the Indus Civilisation > Lower Palaeolithic Culture > p. 2
  • History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 1: Early India: From the Beginnings to the Indus Civilisation > Hominin and Animal Fossils > p. 3
  • History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 1: Early India: From the Beginnings to the Indus Civilisation > Early Dentistry in the Neolithic Mehrgarh > p. 7
🔗 Anchor: "Is "Denisovan" the name of an early human species?"
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S3
👉 Caves and rock-cut architecture in India
💡 The insight

Understanding named cave groups and rock-cut temples helps evaluate claims that a label refers to an Indian cave system.

High-yield for cultural history and architecture questions: knowing major cave groups (Ajanta, Ellora, Udayagiri, etc.) and their locations helps eliminate misattributed names and supports answers on patronage, styles and regional distribution. Links to art, archaeology and ancient polity topics and enables source-based elimination in MCQs and mains answers.

📚 Reading List :
  • History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 9: Cultural Development in South India > Caves of Vedic Religions > p. 127
  • History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 9: Cultural Development in South India > 9.4Ajanta > p. 128
  • History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 7: The Guptas > Rock-cut and Structural Temples > p. 98
🔗 Anchor: "Is "Denisovan" the name of a cave system in North-East India?"
🌑 The Hidden Trap

The 'EPAS1' gene variant found in modern Tibetans, which allows them to survive at high altitudes without hypoxia, was inherited directly from Denisovans. This is the 'Next Logical Question'.

⚡ Elimination Cheat Code

Linguistic Morphology Hack: Dinosaur names typically end in '-saurus', '-don', or '-raptor' (Latin/Greek roots). Geological periods usually end in '-cene', '-zoic', or '-ian' (e.g., Pleistocene, Cambrian). 'Denisovan' ends in '-an', which is a common suffix for demonyms (people of a place, e.g., American, Indian, Roman). This linguistic cue points strongly to a human group/tribe.

🔗 Mains Connection

Biology ↔ Human Geography: The Denisovan legacy (EPAS1 gene) explains human settlement patterns in the Himalayas. This links evolutionary biology to the demographic ability to inhabit high-altitude zones.

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SIMILAR QUESTIONS

CDS-I · 2008 · Q63 Relevance score: -5.69

Consider the following statements 1. Dinosaurs roamed the earth during the Mesozoic era. 2. All Dinosaurus and other reptiles such as Ichthyosaurus and Pterosaurus became extinct due to unknown reasons in Triassic period. Which of the statements given above is/are correct ?

CDS-II · 2007 · Q38 Relevance score: -5.85

Consider the following statements 1. Dinosaurs roamed the earth during the Mesozoic era. 2. All Dindsaurus and other reptiles such as Ichthyosaur us and Pterosaurus became extinct due to unknown reasons in Triassic period. Which of the statements given above is/ are correct ?

IAS · 2022 · Q55 Relevance score: -6.42

With reference to "Gucchi" sometimes mentioned in the news, consider the following statements : 1. It is a fungus. 2. It grows in some Himalayan forest areas. 3. It is commercially cultivated in the Himalayan foothills of north-eastern India. Which of the statements given above is/are correct ?

CDS-I · 2012 · Q5 Relevance score: -6.67

The fossil of Archaeopteryx repre- sents the evidence of origin of—

IAS · 1995 · Q2 Relevance score: -6.88

The word ‘Hindu’ as reference to the people of Hind (India) was first used by