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Q8 (IAS/2020) Environment & Ecology › Environment Laws, Policies & Institutions (India) › Environmental Regulatory Bodies Official Key

Consider the following statements : 1. 36% of India's districts are classified as "overexploited" or "critical" by the Central Ground Water Authority (CGWA). 2. CGWA was formed under the Environment (Protection) Act. 3. India has the largest area under groundwater irrigation in the world. Which of the statements given above is/are correct ?

Result
Your answer: —  ·  Correct: B
Explanation

The correct answer is Option 2 (2 and 3 only) based on the following analysis:

  • Statement 1 is incorrect: According to the Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) reports, approximately 14% to 17% of assessment units are classified as "over-exploited" and about 4% to 5% as "critical." Combined, this is roughly 20-22%, significantly lower than the 36% cited in the statement.
  • Statement 2 is correct: The Central Ground Water Authority (CGWA) was constituted under Section 3(3) of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. It was established following a Supreme Court mandate to regulate and control groundwater development and management in the country.
  • Statement 3 is correct: India possesses the largest area under groundwater irrigation globally, accounting for about 25% of the world’s total groundwater extraction. It surpasses both China and the USA in the volume of groundwater used for agriculture.

Since statements 2 and 3 are factually accurate while statement 1 is an overestimation, Option 2 is the right choice.

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Each bar shows the % of students who chose that option. Green bar = correct answer, blue outline = your choice.
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Don’t just practise – reverse-engineer the question. This panel shows where this PYQ came from (books / web), how the examiner broke it into hidden statements, and which nearby micro-concepts you were supposed to learn from it. Treat it like an autopsy of the question: what might have triggered it, which exact lines in the book matter, and what linked ideas you should carry forward to future questions.
Q. Consider the following statements : 1. 36% of India's districts are classified as "overexploited" or "critical" by the Central Ground Wa…
At a glance
Origin: Mixed / unclear origin Fairness: Low / Borderline fairness Books / CA: 3.3/10 · 0/10

This is a classic '2+1' question: two static facts (Stmt 2 & 3) combined with one specific data trap (Stmt 1). Stmt 2 is standard Environment/Polity material. Stmt 3 is a 'Superlative' often found in Economic Survey summaries. Stmt 1 is the eliminator—UPSC often tweaks specific percentages to make statements incorrect. Trust the static law and the macro-trend; doubt the random number.

How this question is built

This question can be broken into the following sub-statements. Tap a statement sentence to jump into its detailed analysis.

Statement 1
What percentage of India's districts are classified as "overexploited" or "critical" by the Central Ground Water Authority (CGWA)?
Origin: Weak / unclear Fairness: Borderline / guessy
Indirect textbook clues
Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 11: Irrigation in India > 2020 > p. 372
Strength: 4/5
“• 1. Consider the following statements: • 1. 36 per cent of India's districts are classified as 'overexploited' or 'critical' by the Central Ground Water Authority (CGWA). • 2. CGWA was formed under the Environment (Protection) Act. • 3. India has the largest area under ground water irrigation in the world.”
Why relevant

This source lists the exact percentage (36%) as a selectable statement in a practice question, showing the figure is in circulation in textbooks/exam material.

How to extend

A student could treat this as a candidate figure to verify by comparing with official CGWA/Ministry data or by checking other authoritative textbooks/notes.

Understanding Economic Development. Class X . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 1: DEVELOPMENT > Example 1: Groundwater in India > p. 13
Strength: 4/5
“"Recent evidence suggests that the groundwater is under serious threat of overuse in many parts of the country. About 300 districts have reported a water level decline of over 4 metres during the past 20 years. Nearly one-third of the country is overusing their groundwater reserves. In another 25 years, 60 per cent of the country would be doing the same if the present way of using this resource continues. Groundwater overuse is particularly found in the agriculturally prosperous regions of Punjab and Western U.P., hard rock plateau areas of central and south India, some coastal areas and the rapidly growing urban settlements." • (a) Why groundwater is overused?• (b) Can there be development without overuse?”
Why relevant

Says 'nearly one-third of the country is overusing their groundwater reserves', which is a general proportion (~33%) comparable to the 36% claim.

How to extend

Combine this approximate fraction with a known total number of districts to see if the implied district-count of stressed districts aligns with 36%.

INDIA PEOPLE AND ECONOMY, TEXTBOOK IN GEOGRAPHY FOR CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 4: Water Resources > Watershed Management > p. 47
Strength: 3/5
“Some of these are being implemented by nongovernmental organisations also. Haryali is a watershed development project sponsored by the Central Government which aims at enabling the rural population to conserve water for drinking, irrigation, fisheries and afforestation. The Project is being executed by Gram Panchayats with people's participation. Atal Bhujal Yojana (Atal Jal) is being implemented in 8220 water stressed Gram Panchayats of 229 administrative blocks/ talukas in 80 districts of seven states,viz. Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh. The selected States account for about 37 per cent of the total number of water-stressed (over-exploited, critical and semi-critical) blocks in India.”
Why relevant

Notes that selected states account for about 37% of the total number of water-stressed (over-exploited, critical and semi-critical) blocks — provides a nearby percentage (37%) for a related administrative unit (blocks).

How to extend

A student could compare the ~37% figure for blocks with district-level figures to judge whether a ~36% district-level estimate is plausible.

NCERT. (2022). Contemporary India II: Textbook in Geography for Class X (Revised ed.). NCERT. > Chapter 3: The Making of a Global World > p. 55
Strength: 3/5
“Moreover, multiplying urban centres with large and dense populations and urban lifestyles have not only added to water and energy requirements but have further aggravated the problem. If you look into the housing societies or colonies in the cities, you would find that most of these have their own groundwater pumping devices to meet their water needs. Not surprisingly, we find that fragile water resources are being overexploited and have caused their depletion in several of these cities. Atal Bhujal Yojana (Atal Jal) is being implemented in 8220 water stressed Gram Panchayats of 229 administrative blocks/ talukas in 80 districts of seven states, viz.”
Why relevant

States Atal Bhujal Yojana targets 80 districts across seven states as water-stressed, giving a concrete district count identified under a national program.

How to extend

Using an external known total number of districts, a student can compute what percentage 80 districts represent and compare that to 36% to assess plausibility or scale differences.

Exploring Society:India and Beyond ,Social Science, Class VIII . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 1: Natural Resources and Their Use > Overexploitation of groundwater: a caselet from Punjab > p. 14
Strength: 2/5
“Almost 80% of the area of Punjab has been classified as 'overexploited'; in other words, we have drawn water at a rate much greater than at which restoration and rejuvenation of groundwater is possible. We can see that food security was ensured for the short term, but the long-term consequences will take time and effort to heal.”
Why relevant

Gives a state-level extreme example: 'Almost 80% of the area of Punjab has been classified as overexploited', illustrating that district-level prevalence can be very high in some states and affect national aggregates.

How to extend

A student can use such state extremes plus knowledge of state sizes/district counts to reason whether a national ~35% figure is feasible given uneven spatial distribution.

Statement 2
Was the Central Ground Water Authority (CGWA) constituted under the Environment (Protection) Act?
Origin: Direct from books Fairness: Straightforward Book-answerable
From standard books
Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 11: Irrigation in India > CENTRAL GROUND WATER AUTHORITY (CGWA) > p. 368
Presence: 5/5
“It was set-up in 1997 under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 to regulate and control the development and management of ground water resources in the country. It regulates and controls the management and development of ground water in the country and issues necessary regulatory directions for the purpose.”
Why this source?
  • Explicitly states CGWA was set up in 1997 under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.
  • Describes CGWA's regulatory role over ground water, linking its statutory creation to the Act's purpose.
Statement 3
Does India have the largest area under groundwater irrigation in the world?
Origin: Weak / unclear Fairness: Borderline / guessy
Indirect textbook clues
Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 11: Irrigation in India > IMPORTANT FACTS > p. 361
Strength: 5/5
“• Around 48.8 per cent of the Net Sown Area in India is properly irrigated (Net Irrigated Area) and remaining around 51 per cent of the cultivable land depends on the mercy of rainwater. Net Irrigated Area (NIA) has gradually increased over the years (as per latest available data of \bullet2014-15, NIA is 68.38 million hectare) • Type: Canal irrigation; Percentage of NIA under it (2001-02): 27%; Percentage of NIA under it (2013-14): 23.7%; Remarks: Decreased • Type: Tank irrigation; Percentage of NIA under it (2001-02): 4%; Percentage of NIA under it (2013-14): 2.5%; Remarks: Decreased • Type: Tube well irrigation; Percentage of NIA under it (2001-02): 41%; Percentage of NIA under it (2013-14): 46”
Why relevant

Gives the share of Net Irrigated Area under tube-well irrigation (about 46% in 2013–14), indicating a large national reliance on groundwater pumping.

How to extend

Compare this high national percentage of tube-well (groundwater) irrigation with global country-level data (e.g., FAO/World Bank) to judge whether India’s absolute groundwater-irrigated area could be the largest.

INDIA PEOPLE AND ECONOMY, TEXTBOOK IN GEOGRAPHY FOR CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 4: Water Resources > Water Demand and Utilisation > p. 42
Strength: 5/5
“India has traditionally been an agrarian economy, and about two-third of its population have been dependent on agriculture. Hence, development of irrigation to increase agricultural production has been assigned a very high priority in the Five Year Plans, and multipurpose river valleys projects, like the Bhakra-Nangal, Hirakud, Damodar Valley, Nagarjuna Sagar, Indira Gandhi Canal Project, etc., have been taken up. In fact, India's water demand at present is dominated by irrigational needs. Agriculture accounts for most of the surface and groundwater utilisation, it accounts for 89 per cent of the surface water and 92 per cent of the groundwater utilisation.”
Why relevant

States that agriculture accounts for 92% of groundwater utilisation in India, showing most groundwater is used for irrigation rather than other sectors.

How to extend

Combine India’s large agricultural groundwater use percentage with India’s known large net irrigated area to infer that India likely has a very large absolute area under groundwater irrigation compared with other countries.

INDIA PEOPLE AND ECONOMY, TEXTBOOK IN GEOGRAPHY FOR CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 4: Water Resources > Demand of Water for Irrigation > p. 44
Strength: 4/5
“In Punjab, Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh, more than 85 per cent of their net sown area is under irrigation. Wheat and rice are grown mainly with the help of irrigation in these states. Of the total net irrigated area 76.1 per cent in Punjab and 51.3 per cent in Haryana are irrigated through wells and tubewells. This shows that these states utilise large proportion of their groundwater potential which has resulted in groundwater depletion in these states. The over-use of groundwater resources has led to decline in groundwater table in these states. In fact, over withdrawals in some states, like Rajasthan and Maharashtra, has increased fluoride concentration in groundwater, and this practice has led to increase in concentration of arsenic in parts of West Bengal and Bihar.”
Why relevant

Provides state-level examples (Punjab: 76.1% of irrigated area via wells/tubewells; Haryana: 51.3%), illustrating that some high-producing states are heavily groundwater-irrigated.

How to extend

Aggregate such state-level high shares across India (especially populous, high-irrigation states) and compare with other countries’ regional patterns or totals to assess the claim.

Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 9: Agriculture > Table 9.9 > p. 39
Strength: 4/5
“Tube-well irrigation is the easiest source of irrigation. It can be installed in a short duration of time. It is however, expensive and diminishes the underground watertable, especially in the years of drought like 2009. The most important problem of tube-well irrigation is the high energy costs for pumping groundwater because of farmers dependence on diesel and electricity. The prices of these energy resources have increased rapidly. The largest area under tube-well irrigation is in Uttar Pradesh followed by”
Why relevant

Notes that the largest area under tube‑well irrigation is in Uttar Pradesh (implying a single large state with major groundwater-irrigated area).

How to extend

Use Uttar Pradesh’s large tube‑well area as an example to sum large state contributions within India and compare the resulting national total to other large agriculturally irrigated countries.

Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 11: Irrigation in India > 2020 > p. 372
Strength: 3/5
“• 1. Consider the following statements: • 1. 36 per cent of India's districts are classified as 'overexploited' or 'critical' by the Central Ground Water Authority (CGWA). • 2. CGWA was formed under the Environment (Protection) Act. • 3. India has the largest area under ground water irrigation in the world.”
Why relevant

Shows the claim ('India has the largest area under ground water irrigation in the world') appears as a notable statement in educational material, indicating it is a recognized, debatable fact worth checking.

How to extend

Treat this as a hypothesis to verify: consult global datasets (e.g., FAO AQUASTAT) on groundwater-irrigated area to confirm or refute the claim.

Pattern takeaway: UPSC constructs 'Data Statements' to test your confidence in rejecting arbitrary numbers. If you know the Statutory Body (Stmt 2) and the Macro Status (Stmt 3), you can often derive the answer by assuming the specific data point (Stmt 1) is the trap. Always verify the 'Parent Act' of bodies (CGWA -> EPA) as this is a recurring theme.
How you should have studied
  1. [THE VERDICT]: Mixed Bag. Stmt 2 is a Sitter (Standard Books like Shankar/Singhania). Stmt 3 is Logical (India's agrarian size). Stmt 1 is a Data Trap.
  2. [THE CONCEPTUAL TRIGGER]: Groundwater Governance & Irrigation (Intersection of Geography, Environment, and Economy).
  3. [THE HORIZONTAL EXPANSION]: 1. CGWA (Statutory, EPA 1986) vs CGWB (Subordinate Office, Min of Jal Shakti). 2. CPCB (Statutory, Water Act 1974). 3. Groundwater Categories: Safe (<70%), Semi-Critical (70-90%), Critical (90-100%), Over-exploited (>100%). 4. Assessment Units: Usually Blocks/Talukas, not Districts. 5. Top Groundwater Irrigated States: UP, Punjab, Rajasthan.
  4. [THE STRATEGIC METACOGNITION]: Do not memorize the exact % of every resource. Instead, memorize the 'Unit of Measurement' (Blocks vs Districts) and the 'Authority' (CGWA vs CPCB). If a statement gives a precise, non-famous percentage (like 36%), it is highly likely to be false/manipulated.
Concept hooks from this question
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 Classification of groundwater status (over-exploited, critical, semi-critical)
💡 The insight

India uses formal categories — over-exploited, critical and semi-critical — to describe groundwater stress in administrative units.

High-yield for UPSC because questions often ask about types of water stress, assessment frameworks and how they guide policy and schemes; links to environmental governance, resource accounting and state-level management. Mastering these categories helps answer questions on risk assessment, resource allocation and programme targeting.

📚 Reading List :
  • INDIA PEOPLE AND ECONOMY, TEXTBOOK IN GEOGRAPHY FOR CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 4: Water Resources > Watershed Management > p. 47
  • Exploring Society:India and Beyond ,Social Science, Class VIII . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 1: Natural Resources and Their Use > Overexploitation of groundwater: a caselet from Punjab > p. 14
  • Understanding Economic Development. Class X . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 1: DEVELOPMENT > Example 1: Groundwater in India > p. 13
🔗 Anchor: "What percentage of India's districts are classified as "overexploited" or "criti..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 Atal Bhujal Yojana: targeting water-stressed Gram Panchayats and districts
💡 The insight

Atal Bhujal Yojana specifically targets water-stressed gram panchayats and districts identified for groundwater depletion.

Important for UPSC because it connects scheme-level interventions to identified groundwater stress areas; useful in questions on central groundwater management, decentralised water governance and scheme evaluation. Understanding targeting criteria enables linking policy measures to geographies of stress.

📚 Reading List :
  • NCERT. (2022). Contemporary India II: Textbook in Geography for Class X (Revised ed.). NCERT. > Chapter 3: The Making of a Global World > p. 55
  • INDIA PEOPLE AND ECONOMY, TEXTBOOK IN GEOGRAPHY FOR CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 4: Water Resources > Watershed Management > p. 47
🔗 Anchor: "What percentage of India's districts are classified as "overexploited" or "criti..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 Regional hotspots of groundwater overuse
💡 The insight

Groundwater overexploitation is concentrated in specific states and regions (for example, high exploitation in Punjab, Haryana and parts of peninsular India).

Crucial for geography and polity sections: shows spatial patterns of resource stress that inform agricultural policy, irrigation practices and inter-state water issues. Helps answer map-based, analytical and policy questions on resource vulnerability and regional development.

📚 Reading List :
  • Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 3: The Drainage System of India > Inland Water Resources of India > p. 33
  • Exploring Society:India and Beyond ,Social Science, Class VIII . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 1: Natural Resources and Their Use > Overexploitation of groundwater: a caselet from Punjab > p. 14
🔗 Anchor: "What percentage of India's districts are classified as "overexploited" or "criti..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 Establishment of regulatory bodies under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
💡 The insight

The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 is used as the statutory basis to constitute bodies like CGWA for environmental regulation.

High-yield for prelims and mains: questions often ask the legal origin of environmental authorities and their statutory basis. Mastering this links constitutional environmental duties, central executive powers under the Act, and institutional frameworks for pollution control and resource regulation.

📚 Reading List :
  • Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 11: Irrigation in India > CENTRAL GROUND WATER AUTHORITY (CGWA) > p. 368
  • Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 5: Environmental Pollution > 5.3. ENVIRONMENT (PRoTECTIetr) > p. 72
  • Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 4: Aquatic Ecosystem > 4.r:2. 4. Institutions for Coastal Management > p. 57
🔗 Anchor: "Was the Central Ground Water Authority (CGWA) constituted under the Environment ..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 Section 5 powers and issuance of directions under the Environment (Protection) Act
💡 The insight

Section 5 powers provide the mechanism for delegating enforcement and regulatory authority to bodies created under the Act.

Important for answering questions on how environmental regulations are enforced and the legal instruments available to the Centre; connects to case-based questions on directions, notifications and institutional mandates.

📚 Reading List :
  • Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 4: Aquatic Ecosystem > 4.r:2. 4. Institutions for Coastal Management > p. 57
  • Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 5: Environmental Pollution > S.4.3. Control Measures > p. 77
  • Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 5: Environmental Pollution > 5.3. ENVIRONMENT (PRoTECTIetr) > p. 72
🔗 Anchor: "Was the Central Ground Water Authority (CGWA) constituted under the Environment ..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 CGWA's mandate: regulation and control of groundwater resources
💡 The insight

CGWA's core function is regulation and management of groundwater development and issuing regulatory directions.

Directly relevant to governance, water security and resource management topics in the syllabus; helps answer policy, institutional role and resource-management questions in prelims and mains.

📚 Reading List :
  • Indian Economy, Nitin Singhania .(ed 2nd 2021-22) > Chapter 11: Irrigation in India > CENTRAL GROUND WATER AUTHORITY (CGWA) > p. 368
🔗 Anchor: "Was the Central Ground Water Authority (CGWA) constituted under the Environment ..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S3
👉 Agriculture's dominant share in groundwater use
💡 The insight

Irrigation accounts for the vast majority of India's groundwater withdrawal (around 90%+), making groundwater central to agricultural water supply.

High-yield for UPSC because questions often link water resources to agriculture, rural livelihoods and policy responses. Mastering this helps answer questions on water demand, allocation priorities, and sustainable irrigation policy. It connects to topics on resource economics, rural development and environmental limits.

📚 Reading List :
  • INDIA PEOPLE AND ECONOMY, TEXTBOOK IN GEOGRAPHY FOR CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 4: Water Resources > Water Demand and Utilisation > p. 42
  • Understanding Economic Development. Class X . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 1: DEVELOPMENT > Example 1: Groundwater in India > p. 13
🔗 Anchor: "Does India have the largest area under groundwater irrigation in the world?"
🌑 The Hidden Trap

The 'Assessment Unit' Trap: Groundwater assessment in India is done at the level of 'Assessment Units' (Blocks/Talukas/Mandals), NOT Districts. The next question might ask: 'Groundwater assessment is carried out jointly by CGWB and State Ground Water Departments based on Watershed units.' (True).

⚡ Elimination Cheat Code

The 'Arbitrary Number' Heuristic: In UPSC, unless a percentage is a famous policy target (e.g., 33% forest cover) or a Census figure, specific numbers like '36%' are usually incorrect distractors. Also, Stmt 3 ('Largest in the world') fits India's profile (huge population + monsoon dependence + Green Revolution). If 3 is likely True and 1 is likely False, Option B (2 and 3) becomes the strongest candidate.

🔗 Mains Connection

Mains GS3 (Agriculture/Environment): Link this to 'Virtual Water Export'. India is the largest groundwater user because we export water-intensive crops (Rice/Sugarcane). This connects to the 'Energy-Water Nexus' (free electricity -> over-exploitation).

✓ Thank you! We'll review this.

SIMILAR QUESTIONS

IAS · 2025 · Q6 Relevance score: 0.13

Consider the following statements : I. India has joined the Minerals Security Partnership as a member. II. India is a resource-rich country in all the 30 critical minerals that it has identified. III. The Parliament in 2023 has amended the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957 empowering the Central Government to exclusively auction mining lease and composite license for certain critical minerals. Which of the statements given above are correct?

IAS · 2018 · Q98 Relevance score: -0.03

Consider the following statements : 1. The definition of "Critical Wildlife Habitat" is incorporated in the Forest Rights Act, 2006. 2. For the first time in India, Baigas have been given Habitat Rights. 3. Union Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change officially decides and declares Habitat Rights for Primitive and Vulnerable Tribal Groups in any part of India. Which of the statements given above is/are correct ?

IAS · 2023 · Q76 Relevance score: -0.52

Consider the following statements : Statement-I : According to the United Nations' World Water Development Report, 2022', India extracts more than a quarter of the world's groundwater withdrawal each year. Statement-II : India needs to extract more than a quarter of the world's groundwater each year to satisfy the drinking water and sanitation needs of almost 18% of world's population living in its territory. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

CDS-II · 2014 · Q34 Relevance score: -0.59

Consider the following statements regarding ground water in India : 1. The large scale exploitation of ground water is done with the help of tube-wells. 2. The demand for ground water started increasing with the advent of green revolution. . 3. The total replenishable ground water reserves is highest in the hilly tracts of Sikkim, Nagaland and Tripura, Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

IAS · 2018 · Q3 Relevance score: -0.65

As per the NSSO 70th Round "Situation Assessment Survey of Agricultural Households", consider the following statements : 1. Rajasthan has the highest percentage share of agricultural households among its rural households. 2. Out of the total agricultural households in the country, a little over 60 percent belong to OBCs. 3. In Kerala, a little over 60 percent of agricultural households reported to have received maximum income from sources other than agricultural activities. Which of the statements given above is/are correct ?