Question map
The Vital-Vidhvansak, the first monthly journal to have the untouchable people as its target audience was published by
Explanation
The correct answer is Option 1: Gopal Baba Walangkar.
Gopal Baba Walangkar, a pioneer of the Dalit movement in Maharashtra, started the monthly journal Vital-Vidhvansak (Destroyer of Brahmanical Pollution) in 1888. This publication is historically significant as the first journal specifically dedicated to the upliftment and mobilization of the untouchable communities.
- Gopal Baba Walangkar: An ex-serviceman influenced by Jyotiba Phule, he used this journal to challenge the caste hierarchy and advocate for the rights of the Depressed Classes.
- Why other options are incorrect: While Jyotiba Phule (Option 2) founded the Satyashodhak Samaj, his primary works included Gulamgiri. M.K. Gandhi (Option 3) published Harijan much later in 1933, and B.R. Ambedkar (Option 4) started journals like Mooknayak and Bahishkrit Bharat in the 1920s.
Therefore, Walangkar remains the earliest figure to establish a dedicated media platform for the "untouchable" audience.
PROVENANCE & STUDY PATTERN
Guest previewThis is a 'Bouncer' question derived from specialized history of the Dalit movement, not standard textbooks like Spectrum or NCERT. It tests knowledge of the 'precursors' to Dr. Ambedkar in Maharashtra. If you didn't know it, skipping was the only safe option.
This question can be broken into the following sub-statements. Tap a statement sentence to jump into its detailed analysis.
- Statement 1: Was the journal Vital-Vidhvansak, the first monthly journal aimed at untouchable people, published by Gopal Baba Walangkar?
- Statement 2: Was the journal Vital-Vidhvansak, the first monthly journal aimed at untouchable people, published by Jyotiba Phule?
- Statement 3: Was the journal Vital-Vidhvansak, the first monthly journal aimed at untouchable people, published by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi?
- Statement 4: Was the journal Vital-Vidhvansak, the first monthly journal aimed at untouchable people, published by Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar?
This snippet shows that leaders from the Dalit/untouchable movement (e.g., Ambedkar) launched specific journals (Mook Nayak) to articulate untouchable issues โ demonstrating a pattern of activists publishing targeted periodicals.
A student could use this pattern to infer that a distinct journal aimed at untouchables (Vital-Vidhvansak) is plausible and then check publisher/editor records for Gopal Baba Walangkar versus other activists.
This snippet shows social reformers (Gopal Ganesh Agarkar) founded and edited periodicals that addressed social issues including untouchability, illustrating that reform journals often targeted caste and social reforms.
Use this rule (reformers publishing journals against untouchability) to narrow likely publishers to known reform figures and then compare Walangkar's known activities or publications.
Early Marathi journalists (Balshastri Jambhekar) used newspapers and journals as instruments of social reform, indicating a regional print-culture tradition that could have produced a Marathi/vernacular journal like Vital-Vidhvansak.
If Vital-Vidhvansak was a regional-language monthly, a student could check Marathi/region-specific press histories or catalogues for Walangkar's name.
This snippet documents the wide practice of nationalists and reformers publishing specialized journals across places and communities, showing a general precedent for niche monthlies.
Given the commonness of specialized journals, a student could search bibliographies of reformist/political periodicals of the relevant era for Vital-Vidhvansak and its publisher.
This snippet emphasizes the emergence of Indian-run newspapers and the print culture that enabled reformers to start periodicals, a necessary condition for someone like Walangkar to publish a monthly.
Combine this with geographic/chronological info (where and when Walangkar was active) to check local press records or library catalogs for the journal title and publisher.
Describes Jyotiba Phule as a leader who organised movements for lower castes and promoted education among lower caste people.
A student could check whether Phule used print media (e.g., founded journals) as part of his outreach to lower castes and whether any such publications match the name/date of VitalโVidhvansak.
Notes Phule specifically mobilised lower castes and sought truth through study, implying he engaged in public advocacy that might include publishing.
Use this pattern (reformers who mobilised lower castes often published) to search bibliographies or catalogues of Phule's writings for periodical titles.
Shows a clear example (Ambedkar) of a leader launching a journal aimed at untouchables (Mook Nayak), establishing the practice of targeted journals.
Compare publication dates and founders of known 'untouchableโaimed' journals (e.g., Mook Nayak) to see whether VitalโVidhvansak predates or postdates them and whether Phule could have been the publisher.
Gopal Ganesh Agarkar and others started periodicals addressing untouchability, showing that social reformers used journals to attack caste.
Use the pattern that multiple reformers published journals to search periodical records from the relevant region and period for VitalโVidhvansak and its publisher.
Explains that from the second half of the 19th century many powerful newspapers/journals appeared and were used by reformers to reach masses.
A student could situate Phuleโs active years (noted elsewhere in snippets) within this printโculture expansion to judge plausibility and then check catalogues/archives for the journal's existence and imprint.
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States that B.R. Ambedkar launched news journals and that Mook Nayak was a journal to articulate untouchable views โ showing that untouchable-focused journals were started by Ambedkar.
A student could compare the founding date of Mook Nayak with the claimed date of Vital-Vidhvansak to assess which preceded the other and whether Gandhi or Ambedkar was the publisher.
Notes Gandhi's public engagement with untouchability (calling them 'harijan') and his insistence that swaraj required elimination of untouchability โ indicating Gandhi worked on these issues but does not state he published an untouchable-targeted journal.
Use Gandhi's known activism timeline to check whether he was publishing periodicals directed at untouchables and when, to evaluate the claim.
Gives Gandhi's return to India in 1915 and his South African years as formative โ provides a timeline anchor for when Gandhi could have been publishing in India.
Compare Gandhi's period of activity after 1915 with the publication date of Vital-Vidhvansak to see if timing makes the claim plausible.
Gives an example of social reformers (Agarkar) starting periodicals that addressed untouchability, showing a broader pattern of reformers using journals to address caste issues.
Apply this pattern to ask whether Gandhi (also a reformer) followed the same route and to search for documentary evidence of any journal he published specifically for untouchables.
Describes a general pattern of nationalists and reformers publishing newspapers/journals abroad and at home to advance causes โ contextualizing how claims about who published a particular journal can be evaluated by publication networks.
Use this general pattern to trace publishers/editors of Vital-Vidhvansak in print-history records or contemporaneous press lists to see if Gandhi's name appears.
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States Ambedkar launched news journals and names Mook Nayak as a journal he used to articulate his views, showing he did publish periodicals aimed at 'excluded' communities.
A student could use this pattern (Ambedkar as a publisher of journals for untouchables) and check whether Vital-Vidhvansak appears in bibliographies of Ambedkar's periodicals or in timelines of his publications.
Notes Ambedkar wrote powerfully on caste and that local protest movements created popular journals criticising caste, indicating a broader milieu where activists published targeted journals.
Use this general rule (caste activists produced journals) plus a list of Ambedkar's known periodicals to see if Vital-Vidhvansak fits that pattern or is attributed to other leaders/regions.
Summarises Ambedkar's leadership in anti-caste movement and organisational activity (founded parties and organisations), implying he had the motive and institutional base to publish journals for untouchables.
Cross-reference Ambedkar's organisational activities and known publications to assess whether Vital-Vidhvansak was one of his official organs.
Gives an example (Agarkar) of reformers starting periodicals that spoke against untouchability, illustrating the common practice of social reformers using print to target caste issues.
Apply this example-driven rule (reformers often started journals) to search bibliographies of reformist journals from Maharashtra to locate Vital-Vidhvansak and its publisher.
Explains that nationalists and reformers abroad and at home used newspapers/journals to promote causes, supporting the idea that a specialized monthly for untouchables would be a typical medium.
Combine this general pattern (use of specialized journals) with regional publication records (e.g., Maharashtra press lists) to check attribution of Vital-Vidhvansak to Ambedkar.
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- [THE VERDICT]: Bouncer. This fact is absent in standard resources (Spectrum, TN Board). It appears in specialized themes on 'Dalit Literature History' or IGNOU notes.
- [THE CONCEPTUAL TRIGGER]: The 'Anti-Caste Movement in Maharashtra' (Pre-Ambedkar Phase).
- [THE HORIZONTAL EXPANSION]: Memorize the chronology of Dalit Journals: 1) Vital-Vidhvansak (Gopal Baba Walangkar, 1888), 2) Somvanshi Mitra (Shivram Janba Kamble, 1908), 3) Nirashrit Hind Nagarik (Kisan Faguji Bansode, 1910), 4) Mooknayak (Ambedkar, 1920), 5) Bahishkrit Bharat (Ambedkar, 1927).
- [THE STRATEGIC METACOGNITION]: When studying a major theme (like Dalit Emancipation), do not stop at the main icon (Ambedkar). Always search for 'Precursors' or 'Firsts' in that movement. The 'First' is rarely the most famous person.
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Print periodicals were deliberately used to critique social evils and mobilise opinion for reforms such as anti-untouchability and widow remarriage.
High-yield for UPSC because questions often ask about instruments of social reform in colonial India; links social reform to the history of the press and public opinion formation; helps answer comparative questions on methods reformers used and the role of periodicals in awareness and mobilisation.
- Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 9: A General Survey of Socio-Cultural Reform Movements > Gopal Ganesh Agarkar > p. 216
- Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 9: A General Survey of Socio-Cultural Reform Movements > Balshastri Jambhekar > p. 214
- Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 1: Sources for the History of Modern India > Newspapers and Journals > p. 8
Leaders of the depressed classes launched dedicated journals and associations to articulate their grievances and organise collective action.
Important for questions on the social movements of marginalised communities; connects to studies of Ambedkar, the Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha, Mahad Satyagraha and the use of a specialised press for political and social demands; useful for source-based and essay questions on caste movements.
- History , class XII (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 4: Advent of Gandhi and Mass Mobilisation > Mahad Satyagraha > p. 54
- Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 9: A General Survey of Socio-Cultural Reform Movements > Gopal Ganesh Agarkar > p. 216
Many early nationalist and reform leaders edited or founded newspapers and journals to educate the public and propagate reformist/nationalist ideas.
Useful for answering questions that link the freedom movement with print culture; helps situate individual reformers within the broader communication networks of the time and to explain how ideas spread across regions and social groups.
- History , class XII (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 1: Rise of Nationalism in India > d) Contributions of Early Nationalists (1885โ1915) > p. 11
- Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 1: Sources for the History of Modern India > Newspapers and Journals > p. 8
Jyotiba Phule led a movement for lower-caste rights and founded the Satyashodhak Samaj to promote education and challenge Brahminical dominance.
High-yield for questions on 19th-century social reform: explains leadership, objectives and social base of anti-caste movements; connects to topics on caste reform, education of marginalized groups and later Dalit movements. Mastery helps answer comparative questions on reformers and organizations.
- Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 9: A General Survey of Socio-Cultural Reform Movements > Satyashodhak Samaj and Jyotiba or Jyotirao Phule > p. 215
- History , class XI (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 19: Towards Modernity > Satya Shodhak Samaj 19.2 (1873) > p. 302
- Modern India ,Bipin Chandra, History class XII (NCERT 1982 ed.)[Old NCERT] > Chapter 7: Social and Cultural Awakening in the First Half of the 19th Century > MODERN INDIA > p. 132
Print and periodicals were widely used by reformers and nationalists to propagate ideas and mobilise public opinion.
Essential for questions on the role of the press in social and political change; links to the study of reformist journals (e.g., Kesari, Sudharak) and how print amplified reform agendas. Knowing this aids in analysing methods of mobilisation and information dissemination.
- Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 1: Sources for the History of Modern India > Newspapers and Journals > p. 8
- India and the Contemporary World โ II. History-Class X . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 5: Print Culture and the Modern World > 6.2 Print Comes to India > p. 120
- History , class XII (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 1: Rise of Nationalism in India > d) Contributions of Early Nationalists (1885โ1915) > p. 11
Leaders of oppressed communities launched journals targeted at excluded groups to articulate grievances and organise reforms.
Useful for questions on modes of mobilisation among marginalized groups and the role of leaders like Ambedkar; helps in tracing continuity between community press and social movements, and in distinguishing different leaders' strategies.
- History , class XII (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 4: Advent of Gandhi and Mass Mobilisation > Mahad Satyagraha > p. 54
Newspapers and journals were primary instruments used by nationalist leaders to disseminate ideas and mobilise public opinion.
High-yield for UPSC questions on the freedom movement: explains how political communication and mobilisation occurred, links to the study of leaders, organisations and major campaigns; helps answer questions on media's role in shaping public discourse and continuity between 19th- and 20th-century print culture.
- Rajiv Ahir. A Brief History of Modern India (2019 ed.). SPECTRUM. > Chapter 1: Sources for the History of Modern India > Newspapers and Journals > p. 9
- History , class XII (Tamilnadu state board 2024 ed.) > Chapter 1: Rise of Nationalism in India > d) Contributions of Early Nationalists (1885โ1915) > p. 11
- India and the Contemporary World โ II. History-Class X . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 5: Print Culture and the Modern World > 6.2 Print Comes to India > p. 120
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Shivram Janba Kamble. He founded the 'Somvanshi Mitra' (1908) and organized the first conference of untouchables in India (1903) at Saswad. He is the next logical 'pre-Ambedkar' figure to be tested.
The 'Famous Name Trap'. If the 'First monthly journal for untouchables' was by Gandhi or Ambedkar, it would be in every basic textbook (Chapter 1 of Spectrum). The fact that you haven't heard of it implies the answer is likely the 'obscure' option (Walangkar), not the giants.
Connects to GS1 (Social Empowerment) and GS2 (Social Justice): Contrast Walangkar's 'Petitionary' approach (pleading for Mahar recruitment in the Army) vs. Ambedkar's 'Rights-based' constitutional approach.
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