This is a fundamental Political Theory question that separates rote learners from conceptual thinkers. It tests the core philosophy of why constitutions exist (to restrict power), not just the features of the Indian system. If you marked 'Popular Government', you confused 'Democracy' with 'Constitutionalism'.
How this question is built
This question can be broken into the following sub-statements.
Tap a statement sentence to jump into its detailed analysis.
Statement 1
Is a constitutional government defined as a government by the legislature?
Origin: Weak / unclear
Fairness: Borderline / guessy
Indirect textbook clues
Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 3: Concept of the Constitution > II Definition > p. 25
Strength: 5/5
“!II Definition The concepts of constitutionalism and constitutional government have been defined in the following way: Friedrich: "Constitutionalism provides a system of effective restraints upon governmental action. It is a body of rules ensuring fairplay, thus rendering the government responsible". Roucek: "Con stitutionalism means essentially limited government. It is the antithesis of government by the unrestrained will be of rulers. Regardless of the actual form of effectiveness of restraints, it assumes limitations on government as opposed to arbitrary government,,13. Wheare : "Constitutional government means something more than a government according to the terms of a constitution.”
Why relevant
Gives definitions of 'constitutionalism' and 'constitutional government' emphasizing restraints on government and limited (not arbitrary) government.
How to extend
A student could use this rule to argue that constitutional government focuses on limits and checks rather than simple rule by one organ (the legislature), so one should check whether the legislature alone provides such restraints.
Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 3: Concept of the Constitution > MEANING > p. 22
Strength: 4/5
“Political scientists and constitutional experts have defined the constitution in the following way: Gilchrist: "The constitution consists of that body of rules or laws which determine the organization of government, the distribution of powers to the various organs of government, and the general principles on which these powers are to be exercised.,,1" Gettel1: "The fundamental principles that determine the form of a state are called its constitution. These include the method of which the state is organised, the distribution of its sovereign powers among the various organs of government, the scope and manner of exercise of governmental functions, and the relation of the government to the people over whom its authority is exercised".”
Why relevant
Defines constitution as rules determining organization of government and distribution of powers among organs.
How to extend
Combine with a map of institutional powers to see whether the legislature is the sole source of authority under a constitution or one among several organs.
Exploring Society:India and Beyond ,Social Science-Class VII . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 10: The Constitution of India — An Introduction > LET'S REMEMBER > p. 220
Strength: 5/5
“• Æ There are three organs of government—legislature, executive and judiciary—and the 'separation of powers' is essential to their effective working.• Æ The legislature makes the laws.• Æ The law is implemented by the executive, which is headed by the prime minister.• Æ The judiciary ensures that all laws made are in accordance with the Constitution. It also decides whether a law has been broken and what punishment is necessary.• Æ We have a three-tier system of government—central, state and local (Panchayati raj system).• Æ Some functions and responsibilities are reserved for the central government, and others are assigned to the state government.”
Why relevant
States the separation of powers: legislature makes laws, executive implements them, judiciary checks conformity with the Constitution.
How to extend
Use this separation to infer that in systems observing constitutionalism, government is shared among organs, so 'government by the legislature' would conflict with this principle unless other organs are weak.
Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 13: Parliamentary System > CHAPle > p. 131
Strength: 4/5
“, CHAPle Parliamentary System The Constitution of India provides for a parliamentary form of government, both at the Centre and in the states. Articles 74 and 75 deal with the parliamentary system at the Centre and Articles 163 and 164 in the states. Modern democratic governments are classified into parliamentary and presidential on the basis of the nature of relations between the executive and the legislative organs of the government. The parliamentary system of government is the one in which the executive is responsible to the legislature for its policies and acts. The parliamentary government is also known as cabinet government or responsible government or Westminster model of government and is prevalent in Britain, Japan, Canada and India among others.”
Why relevant
Explains parliamentary system where the executive is responsible to the legislature (executive originates from legislature).
How to extend
A student could note that parliamentary government creates close legislature-executive links—this might make the government appear 'by the legislature' in practice, so check whether this is a feature of a particular constitutional system (e.g., Westminster) rather than a general definition.
Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 23: Parliament > III Written Nature of the Constitution > p. 263
Strength: 4/5
“The Constitution is the fundamental law of the land in our country. It has defined the authority and jurisdiction of all the three organs of the Union government and the nature of interrelationship between them. Hence, the Parliament has to operate within the limits prescribed by the Constitution. There is also a legal distinction between the legislative authority and the constituent authority of the Parliament.”
Why relevant
Says the Constitution defines authority and limits of the three organs, and Parliament must operate within constitutional limits; distinguishes legislative authority from constituent authority.
How to extend
One can test whether 'government by the legislature' fits by examining if the legislature's authority is supreme or constrained by constitutional rules and other institutions (e.g., judiciary, constituent procedures).
Statement 2
Is a constitutional government defined as a popular government?
Origin: Web / Current Affairs
Fairness: CA heavy
Web-answerable
"They created a democratic republic—one established by the consent of the governed, with elected representatives, and fixed in a written Constitution to guarantee liberty for"
Why this source?
- Says the American people created a constitutional government as a 'democratic republic' established by the consent of the governed.
- Links constitutional government directly to popular sovereignty and elected representatives, implying it is a form of popular government.
"of government, including republicanism, checks and balances, federalism, separation of powers, popular sovereignty, and individual rights;"
Why this source?
- Lists 'popular sovereignty' among the fundamental principles associated with constitutional government.
- Pairs the study of constitutional government with concepts like popular sovereignty, indicating constitutional government is grounded in popular rule.
Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 3: Concept of the Constitution > II Definition > p. 25
Strength: 5/5
“!II Definition The concepts of constitutionalism and constitutional government have been defined in the following way: Friedrich: "Constitutionalism provides a system of effective restraints upon governmental action. It is a body of rules ensuring fairplay, thus rendering the government responsible". Roucek: "Con stitutionalism means essentially limited government. It is the antithesis of government by the unrestrained will be of rulers. Regardless of the actual form of effectiveness of restraints, it assumes limitations on government as opposed to arbitrary government,,13. Wheare : "Constitutional government means something more than a government according to the terms of a constitution.”
Why relevant
Gives textbook definitions of constitutionalism/constitutional government as a system of restraints and limited government (notably 'limitations on government as opposed to arbitrary government').
How to extend
A student could combine this with the fact that 'popular government' emphasizes rule by the people to ask whether limitation of power necessarily implies popular rule, or whether limitations can exist under non‑popular regimes.
Laxmikanth, M. Indian Polity. 7th ed., McGraw Hill. > Chapter 3: Concept of the Constitution > 1:1 1 Procedural and Prescriptive > p. 24
Strength: 4/5
“According to the constitutional scholar, Elliot Bulmer, two broad constitutional archetypes can be identified: the procedural and the prescriptive. The difference between these two types of constitutions relate to the nature and purposes of the document itself.
A procedural constitution defines the legal and political structures of public institutions and sets out the legal limits of government power to protect democratic processes and fundamental human rights.
In addition to describing how the government functions, a prescriptive constitution assumes (or attempts to impose) a broad consensus on common societal goals that public authorities must strive to achieve.”
Why relevant
Distinguishes a procedural constitution that protects democratic processes and limits government power (explicit link between constitutional rules and protection of democratic processes).
How to extend
Using basic knowledge of which countries have procedural constitutions and whether they are democracies, a student could test whether procedural constitutions consistently correspond to popular governments.
Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 3: Concept of the Constitution > MEANING > p. 22
Strength: 4/5
“Political scientists and constitutional experts have defined the constitution in the following way: Gilchrist: "The constitution consists of that body of rules or laws which determine the organization of government, the distribution of powers to the various organs of government, and the general principles on which these powers are to be exercised.,,1" Gettel1: "The fundamental principles that determine the form of a state are called its constitution. These include the method of which the state is organised, the distribution of its sovereign powers among the various organs of government, the scope and manner of exercise of governmental functions, and the relation of the government to the people over whom its authority is exercised".”
Why relevant
Defines a constitution as including the relation of the government to the people and methods of organizing the state (ties constitution to how governments relate to/popular legitimacy).
How to extend
A student could check whether constitutions that explicitly define popular participation (e.g., voting mechanisms) are the ones referred to as 'constitutional governments' in practice.
Introduction to the Constitution of India, D. D. Basu (26th ed.). > Chapter 9: Directive Principles of State Policy > The Supreme Court of India in National Legal Services Authority v UOI, observed: > p. 185
Strength: 3/5
“Government ensure them, yet these principles have been declared to be fundamental in the governance of the country, and a Government which rests on popular vote can hardly ignore them, while shaping its polity.29 (iii) Again, while at the time of the drafting of the Constitution, the Directives were considered by many as surplusage because they were not justiciable, the working of the Constitution during the last few years has demonstrated the utility of the Directives even in the courts.”
Why relevant
Remarks that Directive Principles are relevant to governments that 'rest on popular vote', implying a practical connection between popular government and constitutional norms/policy guidance.
How to extend
A student could compare cases where constitutions include such directives and whether those governments are popularly elected to see if popular mandate is necessary for constitutional obligations to be prioritized.
Introduction to the Constitution of India, D. D. Basu (26th ed.). > Chapter 12: The Union Legislature > THE UNION LEGISLATURE . > p. 241
Strength: 3/5
“Functions of Parliament have been explained at the outset. Our Constitution has ment. adopted the Parliamentary system of Government which effects a harmonious blending of the legislative and executive organs of the State inasmuch as the executive power is wielded by a group of members of the Legislature who command a majority in the popular Chamber of the Legislature and remain in power so long as they retain that majority. 1. Providing the Cabinet. It follows from the above that the first function of Parliament is that of providing the Cabinet and holding them responsible. Though the responsibility of the Cabinet is to the popular Chamber, the membership of the Cabinet is not necessarily restricted to that Chamber and some of the members are usually taken from the upper Chamber . .”
Why relevant
Describes the parliamentary system where the executive is responsible to the 'popular Chamber' — linking constitutional design (parliamentary system) with responsibility to a popularly elected body.
How to extend
A student could map countries with parliamentary constitutions to see how often constitutional government coincides with popular (majority‑based) legislative accountability.
Statement 3
Is a constitutional government defined as a multi-party government?
Origin: Web / Current Affairs
Fairness: CA heavy
Web-answerable
"United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar of 1964 (the Union Constitution) was amended to establish a single-party state system. Tanzania has held presidential elections every five years since then but remained a single-party state until 1992."
Why this source?
- Shows a national constitution (the Union Constitution) was amended to establish a single-party state, so a constitution can produce a single-party government rather than a multi-party one.
- Contrasts the constitutional single-party arrangement with later demands and transition to multi-party politics, indicating multi-party is not inherent to a constitution.
"A state that continuously maintains a single-party government within a (nominally) multiparty system possesses a dominant-party system. In a (nondemocratic) one-party system a single ruling party has the (more-or-less) exclusive right to form the government... In some cases, a government may have a non-partisan system..."
Why this source?
- Defines one-party, dominant-party, multi-party and non-partisan systems as distinct types of party systems, showing multi-party is only one possible system.
- States that in a one-party system a single ruling party has exclusive right to form the government, demonstrating that governments under different systems (not just multi-party) can exist.
Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 3: Concept of the Constitution > II Definition > p. 25
Strength: 5/5
“!II Definition The concepts of constitutionalism and constitutional government have been defined in the following way: Friedrich: "Constitutionalism provides a system of effective restraints upon governmental action. It is a body of rules ensuring fairplay, thus rendering the government responsible". Roucek: "Con stitutionalism means essentially limited government. It is the antithesis of government by the unrestrained will be of rulers. Regardless of the actual form of effectiveness of restraints, it assumes limitations on government as opposed to arbitrary government,,13. Wheare : "Constitutional government means something more than a government according to the terms of a constitution.”
Why relevant
Gives definitions of 'constitutionalism' and 'constitutional government' emphasising limits on government and restraints rather than composition by parties.
How to extend
A student could combine this with knowledge of party-systems to judge whether 'constitutional' refers to structure/limits (so can exist with any party arrangement) rather than specifically to multi-party rule.
Laxmikanth, M. Indian Polity. 7th ed., McGraw Hill. > Chapter 3: Concept of the Constitution > II Definition > p. 25
Strength: 5/5
“!II Definition The concepts of constitutionalism and constitutional government have been defined in the following way: Friedrich: "Constitutionalism provides a system of effective restraints upon governmental action. It is a body of rules ensuring fairplay, thus rendering the government responsible". Roucek: "Con stitutionalism means essentially limited government. It is the antithesis of government by the unrestrained will be of rulers. Regardless of the actual form of effectiveness of restraints, it assumes limitations on government as opposed to arbitrary government,,13. Wheare : "Constitutional government means something more than a government according to the terms of a constitution.”
Why relevant
Repeats the same definition that constitutional government means limited government and restraints on rulers, not specifying number of parties.
How to extend
Use this to infer that 'constitutional' is a normative/structural concept and then check party-system examples to see whether constitutional governments exist under single-, two- or multi-party systems.
Democratic Politics-II. Political Science-Class X . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 4: Political Parties > How many parties should we have? > p. 51
Strength: 4/5
“Such a party system is called two-party system. The United States of America and the United Kingdom are examples of two-party system. If several parties compete for power, and more than two parties have a reasonable chance of coming to power either on their own strength or in alliance with others, we call it a multiparty system. Thus in India, we have a multiparty system. In this system, the government is formed by various parties coming together in a coalition. When several parties in a multi-party system join hands for the purpose of contesting elections and winning power, it is called an alliance or a front.”
Why relevant
Defines multi-party system and notes that in such systems governments are often coalitions of parties.
How to extend
A student could compare this factual pattern (multi-party → coalition governments) with the constitutional definition to see if coalition/multi-party is a necessary feature of constitutionalism (likely not).
Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 84: Coalition Government > MEANING > p. 593
Strength: 4/5
“Two or more parties, who have enough elected members between them to form a majority, may then be able to agree on a common program that does not require too many drastic compromises with their individual policies, and can proceed to form a government. Coalition d.enotes a co-operative" arrangement under which distinct political parties, or at all events members of such parties, unite . .. to form a government or mInistry. Coalition is a direct descendant of the exigencies of multi-party system in a democratic A set-up. It is a phenomenon of a multi-party government where a number of minority parties join hands for the purpose of running the government.”
Why relevant
Explains 'coalition' as a phenomenon arising from a multi-party system and describes multi-party government dynamics.
How to extend
Apply this to test the statement by checking whether coalition/multi-party dynamics are described as part of the definition of 'constitutional government' (they are presented as a separate phenomenon).
Democratic Politics-II. Political Science-Class X . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 4: Political Parties > How many parties should we have? > p. 50
Strength: 4/5
“In a democracy any group of citizens is free to form a political party. In this formal sense, there are a large number of political parties in each country. More than 750 parties are registered with the Election Commission of India. But not all these parties are serious contenders in the elections. Usually only a handful of parties are effectively in the race to win elections and form the government. So the question is: how many major or effective parties are good for a democracy? In some countries, only one party is allowed to control and run the government. These are called one-party systems.”
Why relevant
Outlines different party-system types (one-party, two-party, multi-party) and that democracies can have various arrangements.
How to extend
A student could use this typology plus the constitutional definition to reason that constitutional government can coexist with any of these party-system types, so 'constitutional' does not inherently mean 'multi-party.'
Statement 4
Is a constitutional government defined as a limited government?
Origin: Direct from books
Fairness: Straightforward
Book-answerable
From standard books
Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 3: Concept of the Constitution > II Definition > p. 25
Presence: 5/5
“It means government according to rule as opposed to arbitrary government; it means government limited by the terms of a constitution, not government limited only by the desires and capacities of those who exercise power." 14. ¥bema: A form of government can only be classified as constitutional when the rulers are subject to a body of rules and principles, which limit the exercise of their power.”
Why this source?
- Gives a direct definitional statement: constitutional government means government limited by the terms of a constitution.
- Contrasts constitutional rule with arbitrary government and emphasizes rulers being subject to rules that limit power.
Indian Constitution at Work, Political Science Class XI (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 1: CONSTITUTION: WHY AND HOW? > So the third function of a constitution is to set some limits on what a government can impose on its citizens. These limits are fundamental in the sense that government may never trespass them. > p. 6
Presence: 5/5
“Constitutions limit the power of government in many ways. The most common way of limiting the power of government is to specify certain fundamental rights that all of us possess as citizens and which no government can ever be allowed to violate. The exact content and interpretation of these rights varies from constitution to constitution. But most constitutions will protect a basic cluster of rights. Citizens will be protected from being arrested arbitrarily and for no reason. This is one basic limitation upon the power of government. Citizens will normally have the right to some basic liberties: to freedom of speech, freedom of conscience, freedom of association, freedom to conduct a trade or business etc.”
Why this source?
- Explains how constitutions limit government power by specifying fundamental rights that governments cannot violate.
- Provides concrete limitations (protection against arbitrary arrest, basic liberties) illustrating the substantive content of 'limited' government.
Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 23: Parliament > III Written Nature of the Constitution > p. 263
Presence: 5/5
“The Constitution is the fundamental law of the land in our country. It has defined the authority and jurisdiction of all the three organs of the Union government and the nature of interrelationship between them. Hence, the Parliament has to operate within the limits prescribed by the Constitution. There is also a legal distinction between the legislative authority and the constituent authority of the Parliament.”
Why this source?
- States that the Constitution defines the authority and jurisdiction of all three organs, so Parliament must operate within constitutional limits.
- Highlights the legal boundary on legislative action, reinforcing the idea of government limited by constitutional terms.
Pattern takeaway:
UPSC consistently asks 'Definition' questions (e.g., Definition of State, Liberty, Law vs Liberty). They strip away the Indian context to test the core political theory. The pattern is: Definition = The primary function/purpose, not just a common attribute.
How you should have studied
- [THE VERDICT]: Sitter. Direct concept from NCERT Class XI ('Constitution: Why and How?', Page 6) and Laxmikanth Ch. 3 (Concept of the Constitution).
- [THE CONCEPTUAL TRIGGER]: Political Theory > The distinction between 'Constitution' (the document) and 'Constitutionalism' (the ideology of limited government).
- [THE HORIZONTAL EXPANSION]: 1. Constitutionalism = Limited Government (Rule of Law). 2. 'Lex Rex' (Law is King) vs 'Rex Lex' (King is Law). 3. Arbitrary Power is the antithesis of Constitutionalism. 4. Separation of Powers is a tool to achieve limited government. 5. Fundamental Rights are the specific 'negative' limits on the state.
- [THE STRATEGIC METACOGNITION]: Always distinguish between a 'feature' and a 'definition'. A government can be popular (Hitler) or multi-party (weak coalitions) without being constitutional. The *sine qua non* (essential condition) of constitutionalism is that the ruler's power is not absolute.
Concept hooks from this question
👉 Constitutional government as limited government
💡 The insight
Constitutional government is fundamentally about placing effective restraints and limits on governmental action rather than vesting rule solely in one organ.
High-yield for UPSC because it clarifies the normative aim of constitutions (limiting arbitrary power), which is central to questions on constitutionalism, fundamental rights, and checks on state power. It connects to judicial review, rule of law, and doctrines limiting executive and legislative authority, enabling candidates to distinguish forms of government and answer normative/structural questions.
📚 Reading List :
- Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 3: Concept of the Constitution > II Definition > p. 25
🔗 Anchor: "Is a constitutional government defined as a government by the legislature?"
👉 Parliamentary system: executive responsibility to legislature
💡 The insight
In a parliamentary form the executive derives from and is responsible to the legislature, but this is a feature of executive-legislative relations, not a definition of constitutional government.
Crucial for UPSC to differentiate between the form of government (parliamentary vs presidential) and the broader concept of constitutionalism. This helps answer questions on ministerial responsibility, confidence motions, and contrasts between systems in comparative polity questions.
📚 Reading List :
- Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 92: World Constitutions > T BRITISH CONSTITUTION > p. 678
- Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 13: Parliamentary System > CHAPle > p. 131
🔗 Anchor: "Is a constitutional government defined as a government by the legislature?"
👉 Separation and distribution of powers in the constitution
💡 The insight
A constitution defines organisation of government and the distribution of powers among legislature, executive and judiciary, which constrains any single organ from absolute rule.
Essential for tackling UPSC questions on federalism, institutional roles, limits on legislative or executive competence, and constitutional amendment powers. Mastery helps in analyses of checks and balances, legislative competence, and centre-state relations.
📚 Reading List :
- Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 3: Concept of the Constitution > MEANING > p. 22
- Exploring Society:India and Beyond ,Social Science-Class VII . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 10: The Constitution of India — An Introduction > LET'S REMEMBER > p. 220
- Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 23: Parliament > III Written Nature of the Constitution > p. 263
🔗 Anchor: "Is a constitutional government defined as a government by the legislature?"
👉 Constitutional government as limited government
💡 The insight
Constitutional government is described as a system of effective restraints on governmental action and essentially limited government.
High-yield for UPSC because it clarifies the core meaning of constitutionalism versus mere formality of a written constitution; connects to rule of law, separation of powers, and checks on executive power. Useful for answer-writing on constitutional principles and for distinguishing types of governance in polity questions.
📚 Reading List :
- Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 3: Concept of the Constitution > II Definition > p. 25
🔗 Anchor: "Is a constitutional government defined as a popular government?"
👉 Popular government / parliamentary democracy
💡 The insight
Popular government refers to democracy where the executive is responsible to a popularly elected chamber and a government rests on popular vote.
Essential for questions on democratic accountability and functioning of parliamentary systems; links to topics on elections, cabinet responsibility, and how popular mandates shape policy (e.g., Directive Principles). Helps answer comparative questions on governance models and sources of legitimacy.
📚 Reading List :
- Introduction to the Constitution of India, D. D. Basu (26th ed.). > Chapter 13: The State Executive > 1. The General Structure > p. 269
- Introduction to the Constitution of India, D. D. Basu (26th ed.). > Chapter 12: The Union Legislature > THE UNION LEGISLATURE . > p. 241
- Exploring Society:India and Beyond ,Social Science-Class VII . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 9: From the Rulers to the Ruled: Types of Governments > Before we move on ... > p. 207
🔗 Anchor: "Is a constitutional government defined as a popular government?"
👉 Procedural versus prescriptive constitutions
💡 The insight
Procedural constitutions set legal structures and limits to protect democratic processes, while prescriptive constitutions impose broad societal goals for public authorities.
Useful for evaluating constitutional design and interpretation issues in UPSC essays and mains answers; aids in analysing whether a constitution primarily structures power or prescribes policy aims, and in framing debates on judicial review and directive principles.
📚 Reading List :
- Laxmikanth, M. Indian Polity. 7th ed., McGraw Hill. > Chapter 3: Concept of the Constitution > 1:1 1 Procedural and Prescriptive > p. 24
🔗 Anchor: "Is a constitutional government defined as a popular government?"
👉 Constitutional government / Constitutionalism
💡 The insight
Constitutional government is a system of limited government with effective restraints on governmental action and responsibility, distinct from how many parties exist.
High-yield for UPSC because it clarifies normative foundations of the state (rule of law, limits on power) and helps distinguish constitutional principles from party politics; useful across polity questions on rights, separation of powers, and judicial review.
📚 Reading List :
- Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 3: Concept of the Constitution > II Definition > p. 25
- Laxmikanth, M. Indian Polity. 7th ed., McGraw Hill. > Chapter 3: Concept of the Constitution > II Definition > p. 25
🔗 Anchor: "Is a constitutional government defined as a multi-party government?"
The concept of 'Constitutional Morality' (often cited by Ambedkar). It means adherence to the core norms of the constitution, not just the text. A likely future question: 'Does a written constitution guarantee constitutionalism?' (Answer: No, a dictatorship can have a written constitution that grants absolute power).
Apply the 'Hitler Test'. Hitler had a 'Popular Government' (Option B) and a 'Government by Legislature' (Option A). Yet, his regime was the opposite of a constitutional government. Therefore, A and B cannot be the definition. Only Option D (Limited Government) prevents tyranny.
GS2 Mains (Polity): This concept is the bedrock of the 'Basic Structure Doctrine'. The Supreme Court invented Basic Structure specifically to ensure the Parliament's amending power remains 'Limited' and does not become absolute.