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Q52 (IAS/2020) Science & Technology › ICT, AI, Cybersecurity & Emerging Tech › Internet of Things Official Key

Consider the following activities : 1. Spraying pesticides on a crop fieldthe importance of using 2. Inspecting the craters of active volcanoes 3. Collecting breath samples from spouting whales for DNA analysis At the present level of technology, which of the above activities can be successfully carried out by using drones ?

Explanation

The correct answer is Option 4 (1, 2 and 3) because modern drone technology has evolved to perform all three complex tasks efficiently.

  • Statement 1: Drones are widely used in precision agriculture for spraying pesticides. They reduce human exposure to chemicals and ensure uniform application over large crop fields.
  • Statement 2: Drones equipped with thermal cameras and gas sensors can inspect active volcano craters. They reach hazardous, inaccessible areas to monitor volcanic activity without risking human lives.
  • Statement 3: "SnotBots" or specialized drones are used to collect breath samples (blow) from spouting whales. This non-invasive method allows scientists to analyze DNA, hormones, and microbiomes without disturbing the animal.

Since current technology supports autonomous flight, remote sensing, and payload delivery in diverse environments, all three activities are feasible. Thus, 1, 2, and 3 are correct.

PROVENANCE & STUDY PATTERN
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Don’t just practise – reverse-engineer the question. This panel shows where this PYQ came from (books / web), how the examiner broke it into hidden statements, and which nearby micro-concepts you were supposed to learn from it. Treat it like an autopsy of the question: what might have triggered it, which exact lines in the book matter, and what linked ideas you should carry forward to future questions.
Q. Consider the following activities : 1. Spraying pesticides on a crop fieldthe importance of using 2. Inspecting the craters of active vol…
At a glance
Origin: Books + Current Affairs Fairness: Low / Borderline fairness Books / CA: 3.3/10 · 3.3/10

This is the classic 'Science & Tech Possibility' archetype. Statement 1 is standard static syllabus (Agri-tech), while 2 and 3 are 'plausible applications'. In UPSC S&T, if a technology 'can' theoretically perform a task without violating physics, the answer is almost always 'Yes'. Do not hunt for the specific 'Whale Breath' news article; rely on the logic of technological potential.

How this question is built

This question can be broken into the following sub-statements. Tap a statement sentence to jump into its detailed analysis.

Statement 1
At the present level of technology, can drones be used to spray pesticides on crop fields effectively?
Origin: Direct from books Fairness: Straightforward Book-answerable
From standard books
Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 11: Agriculture - Part II > Smart Farming > p. 359
Presence: 4/5
“These robots can also be used in harvesting and lifting. Heavy farming vehicles can also be navigated from the comfort of homes through phone screens to perform tasks and GPS can track their positions at every time.• Drones equipped with sensors and cameras are used for imaging, mapping and surveying the farms. They can be remotely controlled or they can fly automatically through software-controlled flight plans in their embedded systems, working in coordination with sensors and GPS. From the drone data, insights can be drawn regarding crop health, irrigation, spraying, planting, soil and field, plant counting and yield prediction and much more.• IoT based remote sensing utilizes sensors placed along the farms like weather stations for gathering data which is transmitted to analytical tool for analysis.”
Why this source?
  • Explicitly lists 'spraying' among applications derived from drones equipped with sensors, cameras, GPS and automated flight plans.
  • Describes drones as capable of remote-controlled or software-controlled field operations, enabling precise field tasks.
Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 11: Agriculture - Part II > Application of Technology in Agriculture: > p. 358
Presence: 3/5
“By using drone technology with AI enabled cameras, agricultural farmers and pest control companies can virtually walk every crop and provide nearly full-time monitoring to look for irregular crop degradation, pests, disease spots or dead soil. A farmer can then collect data from a specific crop area and stop the spread of disease. Unmanned drones are able to cover far more land in much less time than humans on foot allowing for large farms to be monitored more frequently.• The volume of data collected through technologies like farm machinery, drone imagery and crop analytics is too abundant for humans to process.”
Why this source?
  • Describes drones with AI-enabled cameras providing near-continuous monitoring for pests and disease over large areas.
  • Notes drones cover far more land in much less time than humans, supporting scalable pest-control interventions.
Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 11: Agriculture - Part II > Smart Farming > p. 360
Presence: 3/5
“The images are used for quality control, disease detection, sorting and grading yield and irrigation monitoring through Image processing combined with machine learning which uses images from database to compare with images of crops to determine the size, shape, color and growth therefore controlling the quality. • Traditional Farming: Same set of practices for cultivation of a crop throughout the region; Smart Farming: Each farm is analyzed to see the suitable crops and water requirements for optimization • Traditional Farming: Geo-tagging and zone detection not possible; Smart Farming: Satellite imagery detects the different zones in farms • Traditional Farming: Application of fertilizers and pesticides throughout the field; Smart Farming: Early detection and application at the affected region only, saving costs • Traditional Farming: No way to predict weather; Smart Farming: Weather analysis and prediction Drip irrigation system with smart IoT • Traditional Farming: Traditional irrigation method is used to; Smart Farming: enabled sensors track moisture level • Traditional Farming: irrigate the field wasting a lot of water; Smart Farming: and apply the water effectively where • Traditional Farming: resources; Smart Farming: needed”
Why this source?
  • Contrasts blanket pesticide application with smart farming's early detection and localized application, implying precision targeting.
  • Links image-based detection to applying inputs only to affected regions, which supports effective, reduced spraying.
Statement 2
At the present level of technology, can drones be used to inspect the craters of active volcanoes safely and reliably?
Origin: Weak / unclear Fairness: Borderline / guessy
Indirect textbook clues
Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 8: Natural Hazards and Disaster Management > Volcanoes and Teir Efect on the Population > p. 13
Strength: 4/5
“Te probable eruptions of volcanoes can however, be predicted with some degree of reliability if the dormant volcanoes are properly and regularly monitored. Tere are certain precursors events which can help in making prediction about the behaviour of dormant volcanoes:”
Why relevant

Claims that probable eruptions can be predicted if dormant volcanoes are properly and regularly monitored, implying monitoring methods can observe precursors.

How to extend

A student could consider whether current drone platforms can provide the regular, close-range monitoring (visual/thermal) implied as necessary for prediction.

Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 8: Natural Hazards and Disaster Management > Volcanoes and Teir Efect on the Population > p. 14
Strength: 5/5
“(i) Increase in the frequency of tremors, as recorded by seismographs. • (ii) Deformation of existing craters, as indicated by tilt-meter.• (iii) Rise in the temperature of water of crater lake.• (iv) Emission of gases and smokes from existing craters.• (v) Restlessness of bird, reptiles and animals. An efcient administration can do the rescue operation by evacuating the people from the volcanic eruption region. It may be mentioned that there is speedy fow of immense volume of hot and liquid lava down the slope of volcanic mountain and all the objects (vegetation, crops, houses, buildings, animals and people, if not evacuated in time) are burnt and destroyed.”
Why relevant

Lists observable precursors useful for monitoring: tremors, crater deformation, crater-lake temperature rise, gas emissions and smoke.

How to extend

One can map these measurable precursors to drone-capable sensors (cameras, thermal imagers, gas sensors) to judge if drones can detect them from craters.

Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 10: Agriculture - Part I > Use of Technology for Crop insurance: > p. 322
Strength: 5/5
“Drone technology can be used for crop insurance which is experiencing explosive growth. Drones are low-cost, can fly at low heights and capture images in all resolutions needed to assess crop damage. They are even better than satellites and remote sensing when it comes to avoiding cloud cover and have higher frequency images. Low-cost satellites called doves, can also be useful in crop monitoring. They have good resolution, fly on low orbit and are able to collect data from anywhere on earth. With these technologies, monitoring and assessing crop damage will become much easier, faster and cost effective.”
Why relevant

Describes drones as low-cost, able to fly at low heights and capture high-resolution images, and superior to satellites in some monitoring contexts.

How to extend

Use this capability as a baseline to evaluate whether drone sensors and flight profiles suffice for crater inspection and frequent monitoring.

Certificate Physical and Human Geography , GC Leong (Oxford University press 3rd ed.) > Chapter 9: Lakes > LAKES FORMED BY VOLCANIC ACTIVITY > p. 83
Strength: 4/5
“. Crater and caldera lakes. During a volcanic explosion the top of the cone may be blown off leaving behind a natural hollow called a crater. This may be enlarged by subsidence into a caldera. These depressions are normally dry, bounded by steep Craters and roughly circular in shape. In dormant or extinct volcanoes, rain falls straight into the crater or caldera which has no superficial outlet and forms a crater or caldera lake. The outstanding ones are the Crater Lake in Oregon, U.S.A., which in fact occupies a caldera; Lake Toba in northern Sumatra (Plate 9.C) and Lake Avernus near Naples (Fig. e.3).”
Why relevant

Describes craters and calderas as steep, roughly circular hollows (sometimes with lakes), indicating physically constrained, hazardous terrain for human access.

How to extend

Combine this with drone mobility to assess whether drones can reach steep/crater interiors more safely than humans and vehicles.

Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 8: Natural Hazards and Disaster Management > Volcanoes > p. 10
Strength: 3/5
“At present over 1300 volcanoes exist on the Earth, out of which about 600 are active. In a year about 50 volcanoes erupt worldwide, varying from modest activity to major explosion.”
Why relevant

Notes there are many active volcanoes (about 600) worldwide and yearly eruptions, often in remote 'Ring of Fire' locations.

How to extend

A student could infer that remote, numerous sites increase the value of remote platforms like drones and evaluate logistical feasibility for drone operations there.

Statement 3
At the present level of technology, can drones be used to collect breath samples from spouting whales that are suitable for DNA analysis?
Origin: Web / Current Affairs Fairness: CA heavy Web-answerable

Web source
Presence: 5/5
"Researchers have shown that drones can successfully collect samples from the exhaled breath, or “blow,” of whales, allowing scientists to screen for viruses circulating in remote Arctic waters."
Why this source?
  • Explicitly states drones have been used to collect exhaled breath ('blow') from whales.
  • Notes those samples allow scientists to screen for viruses, showing the collected material is suitable for laboratory analysis.
Web source
Presence: 4/5
"We evaluate a minimally intrusive approach based on collecting exhaled breath condensate, or respiratory 'blow' samples, from baleen whales using an unoccupied"
Why this source?
  • Describes a minimally intrusive approach for collecting exhaled breath condensate (respiratory 'blow') from baleen whales using an unoccupied (i.e., drone) platform.
  • Implies methodological validation for remote collection of respiratory samples suitable for subsequent analysis.

Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 16: Conservation Efforts > Goals: > p. 249
Strength: 4/5
“• Deliver DNA barcoding technology for 5 million species. • Develop the informatics platform and analytical protocols required for the development of a DNA barcode reference library. • Establish a core facility to provide sequencing and informatics support. • Complete the census of all multicellular species. • Establish a global biosurveillance program. • Construct a 'library of life' by preserving DNA extracts from all species.”
Why relevant

This snippet highlights large-scale goals to collect and preserve DNA and to develop sequencing and analytical protocols, implying value and feasibility of collecting environmental DNA for barcoding.

How to extend

A student could infer that if institutions plan to build DNA reference libraries, there is incentive to develop non‑invasive sampling methods (like collecting breath) and then check technical papers on eDNA and sample requirements.

Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 16: Conservation Efforts > 16.r.3. Estimation of Tiger Populations > p. 229
Strength: 5/5
“5I{ANKAR individuals. Now it is largely used as one of the indices of tiger occurrence and relative abundance. • I Recent methods used to estimate the numbers of tigers are camera trapping and DNA fingerprinting. • In camera trapping, the photograph of the tiger is taken and individuals are differentiated on the basis of the stripes on the body. • In the latest technique of DNA fingerprinting, tigers can be identified from their scats.”
Why relevant

Shows that DNA fingerprinting can identify animals from environmental samples (tiger scats), demonstrating that DNA recovered from excretions can be sufficient for genetic ID.

How to extend

Combine this pattern with the idea that whale exhalations are bodily emissions likely to contain cells/DNA, then look for studies on breath or blow eDNA recovery in marine mammals.

Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 9: Indian Biodiversity Diverse Landscape > Do you know? > p. 154
Strength: 5/5
“Dolphins, Porpoises and whales are called cetaceans. A cetàcean is a creature belonging to a group of water living mammals that have no hind limbs and a blowhole for breathing. They are not fish! Elephants' ears act as cooling devices. They can measure up to 2 square metres and they are equipped with an intricate web of blood vessels. When the animal flaps its ears, the blood temperature lowers by as much as 5°C.”
Why relevant

Defines cetaceans as mammals that breathe through a blowhole and produce spouts when surfacing, establishing that whales emit exhaled material (the target for breath sampling).

How to extend

Using this plus basic biology, a student could reason breath contains aerosols and respiratory cells, so whale spouts are plausible sources of DNA to be sampled by a device brought into the plume.

Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 10: Agriculture - Part I > Use of Technology for Crop insurance: > p. 322
Strength: 4/5
“Drone technology can be used for crop insurance which is experiencing explosive growth. Drones are low-cost, can fly at low heights and capture images in all resolutions needed to assess crop damage. They are even better than satellites and remote sensing when it comes to avoiding cloud cover and have higher frequency images. Low-cost satellites called doves, can also be useful in crop monitoring. They have good resolution, fly on low orbit and are able to collect data from anywhere on earth. With these technologies, monitoring and assessing crop damage will become much easier, faster and cost effective.”
Why relevant

Describes modern drone capabilities: low cost, flying at low heights, and capturing high-resolution data, indicating drones can access low-altitude areas over animals.

How to extend

A student could extend this by noting drones can be positioned over a surfacing whale to attempt sample collection and then examine engineering literature on payloads for biological samplers.

Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 11: Agriculture - Part II > Smart Farming > p. 359
Strength: 4/5
“These robots can also be used in harvesting and lifting. Heavy farming vehicles can also be navigated from the comfort of homes through phone screens to perform tasks and GPS can track their positions at every time.• Drones equipped with sensors and cameras are used for imaging, mapping and surveying the farms. They can be remotely controlled or they can fly automatically through software-controlled flight plans in their embedded systems, working in coordination with sensors and GPS. From the drone data, insights can be drawn regarding crop health, irrigation, spraying, planting, soil and field, plant counting and yield prediction and much more.• IoT based remote sensing utilizes sensors placed along the farms like weather stations for gathering data which is transmitted to analytical tool for analysis.”
Why relevant

Notes drones equipped with sensors/cameras, GPS, autonomous flight — showing they can be remotely operated or programmed to approach specific targets repeatedly and precisely.

How to extend

Combine this with the need for repeatable sampling over moving whales: a student could infer drones could be used to target whale blows for sample capture and then check whether sampling hardware for aerosol/DNA fits drone payload limits.

Pattern takeaway: The 'Future Tech Optimism' Pattern: When UPSC asks if a modern technology (Drones, AI, IoT, Blockchain) *can* do something, the answer is rarely 'No'. Unless the option is scientifically absurd (e.g., 'Drones traveling faster than light'), the default setting for these questions is 'All of the above'.
How you should have studied
  1. [THE VERDICT]: Logic Sitter. While Statement 3 (Whales) is a specific Current Affair (SnotBot), the question format ('can be carried out') makes it a logic-based sitter.
  2. [THE CONCEPTUAL TRIGGER]: GS-3 Science & Technology > Indigenization of Technology & Developing New Technology > Robotics & Artificial Intelligence applications.
  3. [THE HORIZONTAL EXPANSION]: Apply this 'Application Logic' to other emerging techs: (1) AI (Can it write code? Yes. Can it diagnose cancer? Yes); (2) Blockchain (Can it track supply chains? Yes. Can it secure health data? Yes); (3) CRISPR (Can it cure sickle cell? Yes. Can it modify crops? Yes); (4) Nanotech (Targeted drug delivery? Yes).
  4. [THE STRATEGIC METACOGNITION]: Stop asking 'Did I read this news?' and start asking 'Is this physically impossible?'. If a drone can fly and carry a sensor, it can inspect a volcano or a whale. The barrier is engineering, not physics. In S&T 'Application' questions, assume the technology is in its advanced pilot stage.
Concept hooks from this question
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 Drone remote sensing & field surveillance
💡 The insight

Drones provide high-resolution, frequent monitoring of crops that enables detection of pests, disease and crop stress.

High-yield concept for UPSC: connects agricultural technology to crop management, insurance and disaster assessment. Helps answer questions on precision agriculture, farm data analytics, and policy for technology adoption in farming.

📚 Reading List :
  • Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 11: Agriculture - Part II > Application of Technology in Agriculture: > p. 358
  • Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 11: Agriculture - Part II > Smart Farming > p. 359
  • Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 10: Agriculture - Part I > Use of Technology for Crop insurance: > p. 322
🔗 Anchor: "At the present level of technology, can drones be used to spray pesticides on cr..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 Precision / targeted pesticide application
💡 The insight

Smart farming enables early detection and localized application of pesticides instead of uniform blanket spraying.

Core to debates on sustainable agriculture: explains how technology reduces chemical use and environmental impact, links to integrated pest management and rural health. Useful for policy evaluation and cost–benefit questions on input management.

📚 Reading List :
  • Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 11: Agriculture - Part II > Smart Farming > p. 360
  • Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 11: Agriculture - Part II > Smart Farming > p. 359
  • Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 9: Agriculture > 3. Plant Protection Chemicals > p. 48
🔗 Anchor: "At the present level of technology, can drones be used to spray pesticides on cr..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 Automation & IoT integration in farm mechanisation
💡 The insight

Drones operate with sensors, GPS and software-controlled flight plans and integrate with other mechanised farm operations.

Important for questions on agricultural productivity and mechanisation policy: ties modern tools (drones, tractors, harvesters) to cropping intensity, timeliness of operations and input efficiency. Enables comparative analysis of labour, capital and technology in agriculture.

📚 Reading List :
  • Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 11: Agriculture - Part II > Smart Farming > p. 359
  • Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 9: Agriculture > 5. Mechanisation > p. 49
  • Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 9: Agriculture > Salient Features: > p. 42
🔗 Anchor: "At the present level of technology, can drones be used to spray pesticides on cr..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 Volcano classification: active, dormant, extinct
💡 The insight

Distinguishing active from dormant or extinct volcanoes determines the level of hazard and the feasibility of close inspection of craters.

High-yield for physical geography and disaster management questions: it clarifies risk categories used in hazard assessment and evacuation planning. Mastery helps answer questions on monitoring priorities, field access restrictions, and policy responses to volcanic threats.

📚 Reading List :
  • Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 8: Natural Hazards and Disaster Management > Classifcation of volcanoes on the basis of period of eruption > p. 11
  • Certificate Physical and Human Geography , GC Leong (Oxford University press 3rd ed.) > Chapter 3: Volcanism and Earthquakes > Types of Volcano > p. 29
🔗 Anchor: "At the present level of technology, can drones be used to inspect the craters of..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 Volcanic monitoring methods and eruption precursors
💡 The insight

Key instrumental indicators (seismograph tremors, tilt-meter deformation, crater-lake temperature, gas emissions) define what must be measured when inspecting a crater.

Crucial for disaster management topics and applied geography: understanding these monitoring parameters links to technologies and platforms (remote sensing, in-situ sensors) used for early warning and risk mitigation. It enables reasoned evaluation of whether a technology can meet monitoring needs.

📚 Reading List :
  • Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 8: Natural Hazards and Disaster Management > Volcanoes and Teir Efect on the Population > p. 14
🔗 Anchor: "At the present level of technology, can drones be used to inspect the craters of..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 Drone remote-sensing strengths: low-cost, low-altitude, high-resolution imaging
💡 The insight

Drone capabilities in capturing high-resolution, frequent, low-altitude imagery make them relevant candidates for inspection tasks in hazardous terrains.

Important for technology-in-disaster-management questions: connects civilian drone applications to remote sensing, rapid assessment, and cost considerations. Knowing drone strengths allows comparative evaluation versus satellites or ground instruments in monitoring scenarios.

📚 Reading List :
  • Indian Economy, Vivek Singh (7th ed. 2023-24) > Chapter 10: Agriculture - Part I > Use of Technology for Crop insurance: > p. 322
🔗 Anchor: "At the present level of technology, can drones be used to inspect the craters of..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S3
👉 Non-invasive genetic sampling in wildlife monitoring
💡 The insight

DNA can be recovered from environmental and excreted materials (e.g., scats) and used for individual and population identification.

High-yield for questions on conservation techniques and wildlife population estimation; links genetics to field methods and policy on species monitoring. Mastering this helps answer questions on non-lethal survey methods and forensic identification in biodiversity contexts.

📚 Reading List :
  • Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 16: Conservation Efforts > 16.r.3. Estimation of Tiger Populations > p. 229
  • Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 16: Conservation Efforts > Innovations in Zoro National Tiger Assessment > p. 230
🔗 Anchor: "At the present level of technology, can drones be used to collect breath samples..."
🌑 The Hidden Trap

Since applications are tested, the next logical question is Regulation. Memorize the 'Drone Rules, 2021' weight categories: Nano (<250g), Micro (250g-2kg), Small (2kg-25kg), Medium (25kg-150kg), Large (>150kg). Also, the 'Digital Sky Platform' (Green/Yellow/Red zones).

⚡ Elimination Cheat Code

The 'Can vs. Does' Heuristic. The question asks what *can* be done (possibility), not what is *commonly* done (viability). Is it physically possible to fly a plastic bird over a real whale? Yes. Therefore, Statement 3 is correct. If S&T options seem futuristic but plausible, select 'All of the above' (Option D).

🔗 Mains Connection

Link Drones to GS-3 Internal Security: 'Asymmetric Warfare'. Drones are cheap force multipliers used by non-state actors (e.g., dropping drugs/arms in Punjab, the 2021 Jammu Air Force Station attack). This connects the 'Tech' syllabus to the 'Security' syllabus.

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