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Q12 (IAS/2023) Environment & Ecology › Biodiversity & Protected Areas › Biodiversity patterns Official Key

Consider the following statements : Statement-I : Marsupials are not naturally found in India. Statement-II : Marsupials can thrive only in montane grasslands with no predators. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

Result
Your answer: —  ·  Correct: C
Explanation

The correct answer is Option 3: Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect.

Statement-I is correct: Marsupials (mammals that carry young in pouches, such as kangaroos and koalas) are not native to India. They are geographically restricted primarily to Australasia and the Americas. India’s mammalian fauna consists almost entirely of placental mammals.

Statement-II is incorrect: The claim that marsupials can thrive only in montane grasslands with no predators is factually wrong. Marsupials are highly adaptable and inhabit diverse ecosystems, including tropical rainforests, deserts, and temperate forests. Furthermore, they coexist with various natural predators (like the Dingo or Tasmanian Devil). Their evolutionary success in Australia was due to long-term geographic isolation rather than a total absence of predators or a restriction to specific montane habitats.

Since the first statement is a factual geographical truth and the second is a restrictive biological fallacy, Option 3 is the only valid choice.

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Each bar shows the % of students who chose that option. Green bar = correct answer, blue outline = your choice.
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PROVENANCE & STUDY PATTERN
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Don’t just practise – reverse-engineer the question. This panel shows where this PYQ came from (books / web), how the examiner broke it into hidden statements, and which nearby micro-concepts you were supposed to learn from it. Treat it like an autopsy of the question: what might have triggered it, which exact lines in the book matter, and what linked ideas you should carry forward to future questions.
Q. Consider the following statements : Statement-I : Marsupials are not naturally found in India. Statement-II : Marsupials can thrive only …
At a glance
Origin: Books + Current Affairs Fairness: Low / Borderline fairness Books / CA: 3.3/10 · 6.7/10

Statement I is basic static knowledge covered in standard texts (Shankar/Majid) regarding Zoogeographical realms. Statement II is a 'logic trap' using extreme qualifiers ('only', 'no predators'). You didn't need the specific research paper; you needed common sense and basic biogeography.

How this question is built

This question can be broken into the following sub-statements. Tap a statement sentence to jump into its detailed analysis.

Statement 1
Are there any marsupial species native to India (i.e., naturally occurring without human introduction)?
Origin: Direct from books Fairness: Straightforward Book-answerable
From standard books
Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 4: BIODIVERSITY > x) not evaluated (ne) > p. 16
Presence: 5/5
“Nilgiri Marten; Region/State/Union Territory: Western Ghats (Kerala and Karnataka) Red Panda Temperate Forests of the Himalayas • Species: Marine Mammals; Region/State/Union Territory: • Species: 13. Dugong (Sea Cow); Region/State/Union Territory: Indian Ocean • Species: 14. Fresh Water Dolphin (River Dolphin); Region/State/Union Territory: Ganga and its tributaries • Species: 15. Ganga River Dolphin; Region/State/Union Territory: Ganga and Brahmaputra • Species: List of Marsupials (pouched mammals of Australia); Region/State/Union Territory: Bandicoot, Dasyure, Kangaroo, Koala, Marsupial Mole,Opossum, Phalangers, Tasmanian Devils, Tasmanian Wolf, Wallaby, Wombats • Species: Extinct Marsupials (Australia); Region/State/Union Territory: Marsupial Wolf and Quagga”
Why this source?
  • Labels 'List of Marsupials (pouched mammals of Australia)', explicitly linking marsupials to Australia rather than India.
  • Enumerates typical Australasian marsupials (kangaroo, koala, wallaby, etc.), none described as Indian natives.
Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 12: Animal Diversity of India > L?..3,2, Marsupials > p. 190
Presence: 3/5
“• Marsupials are the group of mammals commonly thought of as pouched mammals (like the wallaby and kangaroo). • Marsupial mammals have placenta, though it is very short-lived and does not make as much of a contribution to fetal nourishment. • They give birth very early and the young animal, essentially a helpless embryo, climbs from the mother's birth canal to the nipples. • There it grabs on with its mouth and continues to develop, often for weeks or months depending on the species.”
Why this source?
  • Defines marsupials as pouched mammals with examples (wallaby, kangaroo) that are conventionally Australasian.
  • Provides characteristic biology of marsupials but contains no reference to Indian native marsupials, reinforcing their typical non-Indian distribution.
Statement 2
Are marsupials restricted to montane grasslands as their only habitat?
Origin: Web / Current Affairs Fairness: CA heavy Web-answerable

Web source
Presence: 3/5
"In contrast, in the Americas, extant marsupials are largely restricted to insectivorous, frugivorous and carnivorous dietary niches, with the modern fauna being dominated by opossums"
Why this source?
  • States that American marsupials occupy multiple dietary niches (insectivorous, frugivorous, carnivorous), implying ecological diversity rather than confinement to a single habitat type.
  • Mentions dominance of opossums in the Americas, indicating presence in varied ecosystems across that continent.
Web source
Presence: 3/5
"One such striking and poorly understood example is the relatively high amount of morphological diversity in Australasian marsupials (Australidelphia), which contrasts with the restricted morphological diversity observed among marsupials in the Americas"
Why this source?
  • Highlights high morphological diversity in Australasian marsupials, which implies occupation of diverse ecological roles and habitats.
  • Contrasts Australasian diversity with American marsupials, indicating broad geographic and ecological distribution rather than restriction to montane grasslands.

Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 3: Geological Time Scale The Evolution of The Earths Surface > Late Cretaceous (100 mya to 65 mya) > p. 48
Strength: 4/5
“• Tropical ecology was restricted to the equator because of global cooling. Marsupials and the first flowering plants evolved.”
Why relevant

Says marsupials evolved when tropical ecology was restricted to the equator, linking their origin to tropical environments rather than only montane grasslands.

How to extend

A student could combine this with a world map to note tropical regions (e.g., equatorial zones) and check whether marsupial diversity occurs there today.

Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 2: PLANT AND ANIMAL KINGDOMS > 6. neotropical region > p. 13
Strength: 5/5
“Tis faunal region stretches over South America and its adjacent islands. Tis region has 32 families of marsupials (which are quite diferent from the Austrian marsupials). Tere are 168 families of vertebrates, 130 genera of mammals, and 683 genera of birds. Te main animals of this faunal region are guanaco, rhea, cavy, fox, shunt; vultures; monkeys, pygmy ant-eater, sloth, tree-snakes, parrots, humming–birds, etc. (Fig. 2.3). It has been emphasised in the preceding paragraphs that there is a close relationship between the wild animals and the prevailing environmental conditions. Tere is a great diversity in the ecosystems and habitats of wild animals.”
Why relevant

States the Neotropical faunal region (South America) contains 32 families of marsupials and emphasises great diversity in ecosystems and habitats.

How to extend

Use a map of South America and habitat maps to infer marsupials occupy multiple habitat types (forest, savanna, etc.) in that region, not only montane grasslands.

CONTEMPORARY INDIA-I ,Geography, Class IX . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 5: Natural Vegetation and Wildlife > Montane Forests > p. 42
Strength: 3/5
“At higher elevations, temperate grasslands are common. At high altitudes, generally, more than 3,600 metres above the sea level, temperate forests and grasslands give way to the Alpine vegetation. Silver fir, junipers, pines and birches are the common trees of these forests. However, they get progressively stunted as they approach the snow-line. Ultimately, through shrubs and scrubs, they merge into the Alpine grasslands. These are used extensively for grazing by nomadic tribes, like the Gujjars and the Bakarwals. At higher altitudes, mosses and lichens form part of tundra vegetation. The common animals found in these forests are Kashmir stag, spotted dear, wild sheep, jack rabbit, Tibetan antelope, yak, snow leopard, squirrels, Shaggy horn wild ibex, bear and rare red panda, sheep and goats with thick hair.”
Why relevant

Describes montane/alpine grasslands and associated high-altitude fauna (lists species), showing montane grasslands are a specific habitat type with particular species assemblages.

How to extend

Compare the species listed for montane grasslands with known marsupial species lists to see if marsupials are typical inhabitants of these high-altitude grasslands.

Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 3: MAJOR BIOMES > 8. Temperate Grasslands Biome > p. 13
Strength: 4/5
“Of all the natural biomes, the mid-latitude (temperate) grasslands are the most modifed by human activity. It lies in the interior parts of continents. Tis biome is also known for the grain and livestock production or 'bread-basket' region of the world (Fig. 3.8). In these regions, the only naturally occurring trees were deciduous broad-leaf along streams and other limited sites. Tese regions are called grasslands because of original predominance of grass-like plants. Te history of these plains is the history grasslands. Tese grasslands are known as Prairies in North America, Steppe in Eurasia, Pampas in Argentina and Uruguay, Veld in South Africa and Downs in Australia.”
Why relevant

Explains temperate grasslands occur across continents (Prairies, Steppe, Pampas, Veld, Downs in Australia), indicating grasslands are widespread and variable in climate and location.

How to extend

A student could check the Australian 'Downs' and other regional habitats to see whether marsupials there occupy grasslands or other habitat types (forests, deserts, etc.).

Statement 3
Do marsupials require the absence of predators in their environment in order to thrive?
Origin: Web / Current Affairs Fairness: CA heavy Web-answerable

Web source
Presence: 4/5
"Marsupials in the Americas evolved in the presence of multiple herbivorous placental mammal lineages ... that likely reduced capacity to exploit the grazing niche, accounting for the absence of these forms"
Why this source?
  • States marsupials in the Americas evolved in the presence of multiple other mammal lineages, showing they have persisted alongside other taxa rather than requiring predator-free environments.
  • Notes these coexisting lineages affected niche use (e.g., grazing) but did not imply marsupials could not survive where other mammals were present.
Web source
Presence: 3/5
"We collate ontogenetic series for 62 species and 18 families of marsupials (n = 2091 specimens), spanning across extant marsupial diversity. Our results demonstrate significant lability of ontogenetic allometric trajectories among American and Australasian marsupials, yet a phylogenetically structured pattern of allometric evolution is preserved."
Why this source?
  • Documents extensive extant marsupial diversity across many species and families, implying marsupials thrive in a range of ecological contexts.
  • Broad morphological and ontogenetic lability suggests marsupials can adapt to varied environments where predators or competitors may be present.

Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 13: Plant Diversity of India > 13.4. INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES > p. 199
Strength: 5/5
“Purposely or accidentally, people often bring nonnative species into new areas where the species have few or no natural predators to keep their populations in check. Aliens are species that occur outside their natural range. Alien species that threaten native plants and animals or other aspects of biodiversity are called alien invasive species. They occur in all groups of plants and animals, as competitors, predators, pathogens and parasites, and they have invaded almost every type of native ecosystem. Biological invasion by alien species is recognised as one of the major threats to native species and ecosystems. The effects on biodiversity are enormous and often irreversible.”
Why relevant

Gives a general rule that species introduced into areas with few or no natural predators can increase unchecked (alien invasive species thrive where predators are absent).

How to extend

A student could apply this rule to ask whether marsupials introduced to predator-poor habitats show population booms, contrasting with native ranges where predators exist.

Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 2: PLANT AND ANIMAL KINGDOMS > 6. neotropical region > p. 13
Strength: 4/5
“Tis faunal region stretches over South America and its adjacent islands. Tis region has 32 families of marsupials (which are quite diferent from the Austrian marsupials). Tere are 168 families of vertebrates, 130 genera of mammals, and 683 genera of birds. Te main animals of this faunal region are guanaco, rhea, cavy, fox, shunt; vultures; monkeys, pygmy ant-eater, sloth, tree-snakes, parrots, humming–birds, etc. (Fig. 2.3). It has been emphasised in the preceding paragraphs that there is a close relationship between the wild animals and the prevailing environmental conditions. Tere is a great diversity in the ecosystems and habitats of wild animals.”
Why relevant

Describes the Neotropical region hosting 32 families of marsupials within a diverse fauna, implying marsupials coexist with many other vertebrates and predators in at least some regions.

How to extend

A student could compare marsupial abundance and survival in such predator-rich regions versus predator-poor islands or introduced ranges using basic biogeographic data.

Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 3: MAJOR BIOMES > 3. Tropical Savannah Biome > p. 10
Strength: 4/5
“Millets, sorghum, wheat, maize, fodder, pulses, oilseeds and groundnuts (peanuts) are common crops grown in this biome. Savannah biome is the home of large land-mammals that graze on savannah grasses or feed upon the grazers themselves. Te main animals include cheetah, lions, zebra, girafe, wild-bufalo, gazelle, antelope, rhinoceros, hippopotamus, and elephants. Te Australian Savannah is dominated by marsupials (kangaroo), deer, guanaco. Moreover, doves, kingfshers, parakeets, wood-peckers, parrots, toucans are also found in large numbers. Te East African savannah is the richest in terms of total population of animals. Establishment of large tracts of savannah as biosphere reserves is critical for the preservation of this biome and its associated fauna and fora.”
Why relevant

Notes Australian savannah is dominated by marsupials while other savannahs are characterized by large mammal grazers and predators — indicating marsupials can be dominant in ecosystems that may differ in predator communities.

How to extend

A student could examine predator community composition in Australian savannahs (vs. African savannahs) to infer whether lower predator pressure correlates with marsupial dominance.

Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 12: Animal Diversity of India > L?..3,2, Marsupials > p. 190
Strength: 3/5
“• Marsupials are the group of mammals commonly thought of as pouched mammals (like the wallaby and kangaroo). • Marsupial mammals have placenta, though it is very short-lived and does not make as much of a contribution to fetal nourishment. • They give birth very early and the young animal, essentially a helpless embryo, climbs from the mother's birth canal to the nipples. • There it grabs on with its mouth and continues to develop, often for weeks or months depending on the species.”
Why relevant

Explains marsupial life-history traits (early birth, altricial young that continue development in pouch) which could affect vulnerability to predators and influence how predation impacts population dynamics.

How to extend

A student could use this trait plus basic ecology to hypothesize whether marsupials need predator refuges (e.g., dense vegetation) to protect dependent young, then seek empirical studies or distribution patterns.

Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 12: Animal Diversity of India > I2.8. SPECIES EXTINCTION > p. 194
Strength: 4/5
“weather patterns, decreased food supply, disease, increase of competitors, predators or parasites, etc. that may act independently or add to determinist effects. • The impact of these processes will of course depend on the size and degree of genetic diversity and resilience of populations. • Traits that adversely affect or increase a species vulnerability to extinction due to habitat fragmentation have been identified. These are: • rarity or low abundance • poor dispersal ability • ecological specialization • unstable populations • high trophic status * as animals occupying a higher trophic level (i.e.”
Why relevant

Lists increased predators/competitors as factors contributing to species extinction and identifies vulnerability traits (ecological specialization, poor dispersal) that could make some species more affected by predators.

How to extend

A student could evaluate whether marsupial species with those vulnerability traits have declined more where predator numbers rose, versus more generalist marsupials.

Pattern takeaway: UPSC creates difficulty by pairing a fundamental static fact (India's faunal realm) with a scientifically complex but logically flawed statement. The 'extreme word' heuristic ('only', 'no predators') is your safety net when the science gets too specific.
How you should have studied
  1. [THE VERDICT]: Sitter disguised as a Bouncer. Statement I is standard Biogeography (Shankar IAS Ch 12); Statement II is eliminated by logic.
  2. [THE CONCEPTUAL TRIGGER]: Zoogeographical Realms & The Wallace Line (The boundary separating Oriental fauna of Asia from Australasian fauna).
  3. [THE HORIZONTAL EXPANSION]: 1. Wallace Line vs Weber's Line (Asian vs Australian fauna boundary). 2. Monotremes (Platypus/Echidna) - restricted to Australasia. 3. Shola Forests (Indian montane grasslands) - home to Nilgiri Tahr, not Marsupials. 4. Opossums - marsupials found in the Americas (proving they aren't restricted to montane grasslands). 5. Placental Mammals - the dominant mammal type in India.
  4. [THE STRATEGIC METACOGNITION]: Do not chase obscure animal facts. Focus on 'Exclusion Principles': Why are Tigers here and Kangaroos there? (Plate tectonics/Continental Drift). If a statement demands an 'absolute absence' of predators for a whole group to survive, it is ecologically suspect.
Concept hooks from this question
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 Marsupial taxonomy & Australasian distribution
💡 The insight

Marsupials are pouched mammals primarily associated with Australasia, so they are unlikely to be native to India.

High-yield for biogeography questions: knowing typical continental distributions (Australasia vs India) helps eliminate wrong options on species-origin and faunal affinity items; connects to evolution, dispersal and conservation status discussions.

📚 Reading List :
  • Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 4: BIODIVERSITY > x) not evaluated (ne) > p. 16
  • Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 12: Animal Diversity of India > L?..3,2, Marsupials > p. 190
🔗 Anchor: "Are there any marsupial species native to India (i.e., naturally occurring witho..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 Endemic vs Exotic (native vs introduced) species
💡 The insight

Determining whether a species is 'native' requires understanding endemic/indigenous versus introduced/exotic status.

Central to biodiversity and conservation topics in UPSC: helps answer questions on species protection, invasive species, and habitat management; links to hotspot/endemic-focused policy and exam questions on conservation priorities.

📚 Reading List :
  • CONTEMPORARY INDIA-I ,Geography, Class IX . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 5: Natural Vegetation and Wildlife > NATURAL VEGETATION AND WILDLIFE > p. 39
🔗 Anchor: "Are there any marsupial species native to India (i.e., naturally occurring witho..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 India's zoogeographic affinities & faunal mix
💡 The insight

India's fauna comprises elements from African, European and Southeast Asian systems, not primarily Australasian groups like marsupials.

Useful for regional biodiversity and biogeography questions — explains why certain taxonomic groups occur or do not occur in India; connects to plate tectonics, historical biogeography and conservation planning.

📚 Reading List :
  • Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 4: BIODIVERSITY > IndIA – A MegA-BIodIversIty nAtIon. > p. 22
  • Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 4: BIODIVERSITY > x) not evaluated (ne) > p. 16
🔗 Anchor: "Are there any marsupial species native to India (i.e., naturally occurring witho..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 Marsupial geographic distribution
💡 The insight

Marsupials occur in multiple regions (for example South America and Australia) and comprise many families that occupy diverse habitats rather than a single habitat type.

High-yield for biogeography and biodiversity questions: explains taxon-level distribution patterns, helps distinguish endemic vs. widespread groups, and supports answers about evolutionary history and habitat diversity in ecosystems-based questions.

📚 Reading List :
  • Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 2: PLANT AND ANIMAL KINGDOMS > 6. neotropical region > p. 13
  • Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 12: Animal Diversity of India > L?..3,2, Marsupials > p. 190
  • Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 3: Geological Time Scale The Evolution of The Earths Surface > Late Cretaceous (100 mya to 65 mya) > p. 48
🔗 Anchor: "Are marsupials restricted to montane grasslands as their only habitat?"
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 Types and global distribution of grasslands
💡 The insight

Grasslands exist in many forms (prairies, steppes, pampas, veld, downs) across continents and climates, so 'grassland' is not a single, uniform habitat.

Essential for questions on biomes, land use and species-habitat relations; linking grassland types to regional climate and human use helps answer distribution and conservation questions in UPSC mains and prelims.

📚 Reading List :
  • Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 3: MAJOR BIOMES > 8. Temperate Grasslands Biome > p. 13
  • Certificate Physical and Human Geography , GC Leong (Oxford University press 3rd ed.) > Chapter 20: The Temperate Continental (Steppe) Climate > Distribution > p. 189
  • Physical Geography by PMF IAS, Manjunath Thamminidi, PMF IAS (1st ed.) > Chapter 30: Climatic Regions > Distribution > p. 445
🔗 Anchor: "Are marsupials restricted to montane grasslands as their only habitat?"
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S3
👉 Predator control and population dynamics
💡 The insight

Presence or absence of predators strongly alters whether a species' population can expand or be kept in check.

High-yield for ecology and conservation questions because predator-prey balance explains invasive species outbreaks and population collapses; links to trophic cascades and management policies. Mastery helps answer questions on invasive-species impacts, ecosystem stability, and wildlife management.

📚 Reading List :
  • Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 13: Plant Diversity of India > 13.4. INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES > p. 199
  • Science ,Class VIII . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 13: Our Home: Earth, a Unique Life Sustaining Planet > 13.6 What Are the Threats to Life on Earth? > p. 223
🔗 Anchor: "Do marsupials require the absence of predators in their environment in order to ..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S3
👉 Causes and drivers of species extinction
💡 The insight

Predation pressure, competition, disease and habitat change are explicit drivers that can lead species toward extinction or decline.

Core for biodiversity and conservation segments of the syllabus; explains vulnerability factors and extinction types asked in UPSC (natural, mass, anthropogenic). Connects to habitat fragmentation, trophic status and conservation planning questions.

📚 Reading List :
  • Environment, Shankar IAS Acedemy .(ed 10th) > Chapter 12: Animal Diversity of India > I2.8. SPECIES EXTINCTION > p. 194
  • Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 4: BIODIVERSITY > types of extinction > p. 10
🔗 Anchor: "Do marsupials require the absence of predators in their environment in order to ..."
🌑 The Hidden Trap

Monotremes (Egg-laying mammals like Platypus and Echidna). Since UPSC asked about Marsupials (Pouched mammals), the next logical evolutionary group is Monotremes, which are also restricted to the Australasian realm.

⚡ Elimination Cheat Code

The 'Ecological Impossibility' Hack: Statement II claims they thrive 'only' with 'no predators'. In nature, prey species evolve *with* predators. An entire order of animals (Marsupialia) requiring a predator-free world to survive is an ecological absurdity. 'No predators' is an absolute that is 99% false in Biology.

🔗 Mains Connection

Biosecurity & Trade (GS3): The natural absence of Marsupials in India is due to geological isolation. However, modern trade risks introducing 'Invasive Alien Species' (like the Red-eared Slider turtle), which is a major threat to Indian biodiversity and agriculture.

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