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Q11 (IAS/2023) Science & Technology › New Materials, Energy & Environment-linked Tech › Nuclear energy technologies Official Key

Consider the following statements : Statement-I : India, despite having uranium deposits, depends on coal for most of its electricity production. Statement-II : Uranium, enriched to the extent of at least 60%, is required for the production of electricity. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

Result
Your answer: —  ·  Correct: C
Explanation

The correct answer is Option 3: Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect.

Statement-I is correct: While India possesses significant uranium deposits (notably in Andhra Pradesh and Jharkhand), the domestic supply is insufficient and often low-grade. Consequently, India relies heavily on thermal power, with coal accounting for over 70% of its total electricity generation to meet the massive base-load demand.

Statement-II is incorrect: For commercial electricity production in nuclear power reactors, uranium generally needs to be enriched only to 3% to 5% (Low Enriched Uranium - LEU). Some reactors, like India’s PHWRs, even use natural uranium (0.7% U-235). Uranium enriched to 60% or more is considered High Enriched Uranium (HEU) and is typically associated with research reactors or naval propulsion; enrichment levels above 90% are required for nuclear weapons.

Thus, since Statement-I identifies a valid economic reality and Statement-II provides an incorrect technical requirement, Option 3 is the only accurate choice.

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Don’t just practise – reverse-engineer the question. This panel shows where this PYQ came from (books / web), how the examiner broke it into hidden statements, and which nearby micro-concepts you were supposed to learn from it. Treat it like an autopsy of the question: what might have triggered it, which exact lines in the book matter, and what linked ideas you should carry forward to future questions.
Q. Consider the following statements : Statement-I : India, despite having uranium deposits, depends on coal for most of its electricity pro…
At a glance
Origin: Mixed / unclear origin Fairness: Moderate fairness Books / CA: 6.7/10 · 0/10

This is a classic 'Cross-Domain' question. Statement I is pure NCERT Geography (Resources), while Statement II is Core Science/Tech (Nuclear Physics). The strategy is simple: Do not silo your preparation. When you study 'Uranium' in Geography, you must understand 'Enrichment' in Science.

How this question is built

This question can be broken into the following sub-statements. Tap a statement sentence to jump into its detailed analysis.

Statement 1
Does India have uranium deposits?
Origin: Direct from books Fairness: Straightforward Book-answerable
From standard books
Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 7: Resources > Natural Resources of India > p. 30
Presence: 5/5
“deposits occur in Singhbhum and Hazaribagh districts of Jharkhand, and Gaya district of Bihar, and in sedimentary rocks of Saharanpur district of Uttar Pradesh. The largest source of uranium comprise the monazite sands, both beach and alluvial. Monazite sand rich in uranium is found in Kerala. Some uranium is found in the copper and zinc mines of Udaipur (Rajasthan). The total reserves of uranium as estimated by the Department of Atomic Energy, Government of India, are about 31,000 tonnes. Uranium Corporation of India Limited, exploits the atomic minerals commercially. The important uranium mining centres of India are: (i) Jharkhand–Bagjata, Banduhurang, Bhateen, Jaduguda, Mohuldeeh, Narwapur and Turamdeeh, (ii) Meghalaya-Keleng-Pindeng, Maothabah, Shahiyong, and Vakheen, (iii) Andhra Pradesh-Lambapur, Paddagtu and Tummalapalle.”
Why this source?
  • Explicitly lists multiple Indian districts and states with uranium occurrences (e.g., Singhbhum, Hazaribagh, Gaya, Saharanpur, Kerala, Udaipur).
  • Names important uranium mining centres and notes commercial exploitation by Uranium Corporation of India Limited.
  • Gives an official reserve estimate (Department of Atomic Energy).
Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 7: Resources > Table 7.7 > p. 16
Presence: 5/5
“Uranium Uranium and thorium are the main atomic minerals. Uranium is mined at Jaduguda, Bhatin, Narwapahar and Turamdih (Singhbhum East), Jharkhand. Only one kg. of uranium can produce as much electricity as is done by 1500 tonnes of coal. The total uranium reserve of India is 120 thousand metric tonnes.”
Why this source?
  • Specifically names major uranium mines (Jaduguda, Bhatin, Narwapahar, Turamdih) in Singhbhum East, Jharkhand.
  • Provides a quantitative total uranium reserve figure for India.
INDIA PEOPLE AND ECONOMY, TEXTBOOK IN GEOGRAPHY FOR CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 5: Mineral and Energy Resources > Nuclear Energy Resources > p. 61
Presence: 5/5
“Nuclear energy has emerged as a viable source in recent times. Important minerals used for the generation of nuclear energy are uranium and thorium. Uranium deposits occur in the Dharwar rocks. Geographically, uranium ores are known to occur in several locations along the Singbhum Copper belt. It is also found in Udaipur, Alwar and Jhunjhunu districts of Rajasthan, Durg district of Chhattisgarh, Bhandara district of Maharashtra and Kullu district of Himachal Pradesh. Thorium is mainly obtained from monazite and ilmenite in the beach sands along the coast of Kerala and Tamil Nadu. World's richest monazite deposits occur in Palakkad and Kollam districts of Kerala, near Vishakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh and Mahanadi river delta in Odisha.”
Why this source?
  • States uranium is a key nuclear mineral and occurs in Dharwar rocks and along the Singbhum copper belt.
  • Lists additional districts and states with uranium occurrences (Rajasthan, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Himachal Pradesh).
Statement 2
Does coal supply the majority of India's electricity generation?
Origin: Direct from books Fairness: Straightforward Book-answerable
From standard books
Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 8: Energy Resources > Source: The Economic Survey, 2015–16. > p. 18
Presence: 5/5
“In the year 2018–19, the major contribution is from coal of 223 thousand MW followed by RES (MNRE) and hydroelectric generation contributes 45.4 thousand MW of electrical power energy in India. India has the fifth largest power generation capacity in the world.”
Why this source?
  • Reports coal as the major contributor to generation capacity (coal 223 thousand MW versus hydro/RES 45.4 thousand MW), showing coal dominates installed capacity.
  • Provides a recent (2018–19) snapshot of the generation mix, directly linking coal to the largest share of generation capability.
Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 9: Distribution of World Natural Resources > tHeRMal electRicity. > p. 22
Presence: 4/5
“Termal electricity is produced with the help of coal, petroleum and natural gas. About 65 per cent of the total electricity produced in India is thermal in character (Table 9.12).”
Why this source?
  • States that about 65% of total electricity produced is thermal in character (produced by coal, petroleum and natural gas), indicating a clear majority is from thermal sources.
  • Establishes that thermal generation—of which coal is the principal fuel—forms the bulk of electricity production.
Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 8: Energy Resources > Coal > p. 0
Presence: 4/5
“Coal is the main source of energy in the country. It fulfills about 67% of the total commercial energy. It is a fossil fuel also known as 'Black Gold'. The demand for coal was estimated to be 908.40 million tones while the actual supply was 621.26 million tonnes . In the year 2017–18, Coal India Limited produced 567.366 MT (84.0%) and SCCL 62.010 MT (9.2%) of coal. In that year main producer of lignite was Neyveli Lignite Corporation and produced 25.153 MT (54.5%).”
Why this source?
  • Identifies coal as the main source of national commercial energy and quantifies its large share (about 67% of commercial energy), supporting coal's dominance in the energy sector.
  • Gives production figures and the central role of coal in meeting commercial energy needs, reinforcing coal's primacy for power generation.
Statement 3
Is uranium enrichment to at least 60% U-235 required for commercial nuclear power reactors (including those in India) to generate electricity?
Origin: Weak / unclear Fairness: Borderline / guessy
Indirect textbook clues
Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 6: Environmental Degradation and Management > iii) nuclear Energy > p. 52
Strength: 5/5
“(iii) nuclear Energy Looking at the increasing demand of energy and the exhaustible nature of fossil fuels, nuclear energy development has become of great signifcance in most of the big and small countries of the world. It is also a source of green energy. Nuclear energy is produced from uranium and thorium. Although, India is largely dependent on other countries for the supply of uranium, it has 27 nuclear power plants generating about 4 per cent of the energy supply of the country.”
Why relevant

States nuclear energy in India is produced from uranium and thorium, indicating multiple fuel types/paths are used for power reactors.

How to extend

A student could combine this with knowledge of reactor fuel cycles to infer that not all power reactors rely on a single high-enrichment requirement.

Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 9: Distribution of World Natural Resources > thorium > p. 40
Strength: 5/5
“Torium is a by-product of the extraction of rare earths from monazite sands. Torium was used for the breeding of nuclear fuel uranium. It is used as a nuclear fuel in aircraft engines. Torium is a very efective radiation shield. India's Kakrapara-1 reactor is the world's frst reactor which uses thorium. Australia, USA, and India have large deposits of thorium, followed by Canada, Brazil, South Africa and Turkey.”
Why relevant

Notes thorium is used for breeding nuclear fuel and that India's Kakrapara-1 reactor uses thorium, showing alternative fuel cycles (thorium-based) exist in commercial settings.

How to extend

One could use this to reason that reactor designs and required enrichment differ, so a uniform 60% U-235 requirement is unlikely.

Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 7: Resources > Table 7.7 > p. 16
Strength: 4/5
“Uranium Uranium and thorium are the main atomic minerals. Uranium is mined at Jaduguda, Bhatin, Narwapahar and Turamdih (Singhbhum East), Jharkhand. Only one kg. of uranium can produce as much electricity as is done by 1500 tonnes of coal. The total uranium reserve of India is 120 thousand metric tonnes.”
Why relevant

Gives uranium as a primary atomic mineral and emphasizes its role in electricity generation (1 kg uranium yields large energy), implying uranium is used in practical power reactors.

How to extend

A student could combine this with basic reactor technology knowledge (natural vs enriched fuel) to explore typical enrichment levels needed for different reactor types.

Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 9: Distribution of World Natural Resources > Table 9.13 Nuclear Power Plants in India > p. 25
Strength: 4/5
“• Nuclear Power Station: 1.Tarapur (Maharashtra); Unit: First; Year of Commissioning: 1969; Capacity: 160 • Nuclear Power Station: ; Unit: Second; Year of Commissioning: 1970; Capacity: 200 • Nuclear Power Station: 2.Rawatbhata, Kota (Rajasthan); Unit: First; Year of Commissioning: 1972; Capacity: 200 • Nuclear Power Station: ; Unit: Second; Year of Commissioning: 1981; Capacity: 200 • Nuclear Power Station: 3.Kalpakkam (Tamil Nadu); Unit: First; Year of Commissioning: 1984; Capacity: 235 • Nuclear Power Station: ; Unit: Second; Year of Commissioning: 1986; Capacity: 235 • Nuclear Power Station: 4.Narora (Bulandshahr-U.P.); Unit: First; Year of Commissioning: 1989; Capacity: 235 • Nuclear Power Station: ; Unit: Second; Year of Commissioning: 1991; Capacity: 235 • Nuclear Power Station: 5.Kakrapara (Surat-Gujarat); Unit: First; Year of Commissioning: 1993; Capacity: 235 • Nuclear Power Station: ; Unit: Second; Year of Commissioning: 1995; Capacity: 235 • Nuclear Power Station: 6.Kaiga (Karnataka); Unit: First; Year of Commissioning: 1993; Capacity: 235 • Nuclear Power Station: ; Unit: Second; Year of Commissioning: 1995; Capacity: 235 • Nuclear Power Station: 7.Rawatbhata, Kota (Rajasthan); Unit: Tird; Year of Commissioning: -; Capacity: 235 • Nuclear Power Station: ; Unit: Fourth; Year of Commissioning: ; Capacity: 235 • Nuclear Power Station: 8.Tarapur (Maharashtra); Unit: Tird; Year of Commissioning: -; Capacity: 500 • Nuclear Power Station: ; Unit: Fourth; Year of Commissioning: ; Capacity: 500 • Nuclear Power Station: 9.Kaiga (Karnataka); Unit: Tird; Year of Commissioning: -; Capacity: 235 • Nuclear Power Station: ; Unit: Fourth; Year of Commissioning: ; Capacity: 235 • Nuclear Power Station: ; Unit: Fifth; Year of Commissioning: ; Capacity: 235 • Nuclear Power Station: ; Unit: Sixth; Year of Commissioning: ; Capacity: 235 • Nuclear Power Station: 10.Rawatbhata, Kota (Rajasthan); Unit: Fifth; Year of Commissioning: -; Capacity: 500 • Nuclear Power Station: ; Unit: Sixth; Year of Commissioning: ; Capacity: 500 • Nuclear Power Station: ; Unit: Seventh; Year of Commissioning: ; Capacity: 500 • Nuclear Power Station: ; Unit: Eight; Year of Commissioning: ; Capacity: 500 • Nuclear Power Station: 11.Jaitapur (Maharashtra); Unit: First; Year of Commissioning: 2010; Capacity: - • Nuclear Power Station: 12.Kudankulam (Tamil Nadu); Unit: First; Year of Commissioning: 2013; Capacity: 1000 • Nuclear Power Station: ; Unit: Second; Year of Commissioning: ; Capacity: 1000 • Nuclear Power Station: 13.Haripur (West Bengal); Unit: Under construction; Year of Commissioning: -; Capacity: - • Nuclear Power Station: 14.Bagri-Chutka (Madhya Pradesh); Unit: '; Year of Commissioning: -; Capacity: - • Nuclear Power Station: 15.Kawada (Andhra Pradesh); Unit: "; Year of Commissioning: -; Capacity: - • Nuclear Power Station: 16.Maithi Verdi (Bhavnagar-Gujarat); Unit: "; Year of Commissioning: -; Capacity: - • Nuclear Power Station: 17.”
Why relevant

Lists many Indian nuclear power stations and units (Tarapur, Rawatbhata, Kakrapara, Kaiga, Kudankulam, etc.), implying a variety of reactor types and technologies are deployed commercially.

How to extend

Knowing there are many reactor sites, a student could check which reactor types (and thus typical fuel enrichments) are used at these specific stations to judge if 60% enrichment is generally required.

Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 8: Energy Resources > Source: Department of Atomic Energy, Government of India, March 2018 > p. 27
Strength: 3/5
“Thus, at present, nuclear energy is produced from eleven units located at six centres (Table 8.12). The new sites of nuclear power plants include Bargi or Chutka (M.P.), Haripur (W. Bengal), Jaitapur (Maharashtra), Kawada (Andhra Pradesh), Kudankulam (Tamil Nadu), Kumharia (Haryana), and Mithi-Verdi (Gujarat). The govt. of India on 17th May, 2017, cleared the building of ten new nuclear power plants to add 7,000 MW to India's power generation capacity. These nuclear power plants will be indigenous with a capacity 700 MW each. The nuclear reactors will make it easier to develop the domestic industry. Development of nuclear energy is imperative for the economic development of the country.”
Why relevant

Mentions new indigenous nuclear reactors being added (700 MW each) and domestic industry development, suggesting national reactor designs and fuel strategies may vary rather than universally requiring very high enrichment.

How to extend

A student could infer that indigenous designs may use different fuel enrichment levels and then compare typical commercial reactor design requirements to the 60% figure.

Pattern takeaway: UPSC loves to test 'Technological Thresholds' in resource questions. They will take a resource (Uranium) and attach a specific technical number (60%) to it. In Science & Tech, specific high numbers ('at least 60%') are often traps unless they are famous constants.
How you should have studied
  1. [THE VERDICT]: Sitter mixed with a Logic Trap. Statement I is standard NCERT; Statement II is an 'Extreme Data' trap detectable via basic Science awareness.
  2. [THE CONCEPTUAL TRIGGER]: Energy Security & Nuclear Technology. The intersection of Mineral Resources (Geography) and Reactor Fuel Cycles (Science).
  3. [THE HORIZONTAL EXPANSION]: Memorize the Enrichment Spectrum: Natural Uranium (0.7% U-235), Low Enriched Uranium for Power (3-5%), High Enriched (>20%), Weapons Grade (>90%). Know India's Reactor types: PHWR (uses Natural Uranium) vs LWR (uses Enriched Uranium).
  4. [THE STRATEGIC METACOGNITION]: When reading about Uranium mines in Majid Husain, ask 'How is this rock turned into electricity?' This leads you to the concept of PHWRs (Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors), which India uses specifically because they run on Natural Uranium, debunking the 'enrichment required' claim.
Concept hooks from this question
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 Major uranium-bearing regions in India
💡 The insight

Identifies the specific Indian districts and states where uranium occurs, including Singhbhum (Jharkhand), Gaya (Bihar), Saharanpur (UP), parts of Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala.

High-yield for geography and GS Paper II/III: helps answer questions on mineral distribution, regional resource-based development and nuclear fuel geography. Connects to mining policy, regional economies and nuclear energy planning; useful for map-based and location-identification questions.

📚 Reading List :
  • Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 7: Resources > Natural Resources of India > p. 30
  • INDIA PEOPLE AND ECONOMY, TEXTBOOK IN GEOGRAPHY FOR CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 5: Mineral and Energy Resources > Nuclear Energy Resources > p. 61
🔗 Anchor: "Does India have uranium deposits?"
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 Monazite sands as a source of atomic minerals
💡 The insight

Monazite beach and alluvial sands are important sources of atomic minerals (thorium and uranium), with notable deposits on the Kerala coast.

Important for understanding coastal mineral resources and the link between rare-earth minerals and nuclear fuels. Useful for questions on coastal geology, resource extraction, and strategic raw materials for the nuclear sector.

📚 Reading List :
  • Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 7: Resources > Natural Resources of India > p. 30
  • Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 9: Distribution of World Natural Resources > thorium > p. 40
🔗 Anchor: "Does India have uranium deposits?"
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 Uranium as an atomic mineral and national reserves
💡 The insight

Uranium is a primary mineral for nuclear energy and India has quantified national reserves exploited commercially.

Key for questions on energy resources, nuclear energy policy, and resource security. Enables analysis of India's capacity for nuclear power expansion, links to atomic energy institutions and reserve estimation issues.

📚 Reading List :
  • Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 7: Resources > Table 7.7 > p. 16
  • Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 8: Energy Resources > Nuclear Energy > p. 26
  • Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 7: Resources > Natural Resources of India > p. 30
🔗 Anchor: "Does India have uranium deposits?"
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 Coal's dominance in India's energy mix
💡 The insight

Coal supplies the bulk of India's commercial energy and represents the largest component of generation capacity.

High-yield for UPSC questions on energy security, power-sector structure and fuel dependence; links to policy issues like domestic production, imports and transition to cleaner sources. Mastering this helps answer questions on the fuel composition of India's energy and electricity sectors.

📚 Reading List :
  • Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 8: Energy Resources > Source: The Economic Survey, 2015–16. > p. 18
  • Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 8: Energy Resources > Coal > p. 0
🔗 Anchor: "Does coal supply the majority of India's electricity generation?"
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 Thermal vs non-thermal electricity share
💡 The insight

A large majority (~65%) of electricity is thermal in character, separating thermal (coal, oil, gas) from hydro and renewables in the generation mix.

Essential for analysing decarbonisation challenges, infrastructure planning and resource allocation; useful in questions on energy transition, comparative advantages of power sources and sectoral emissions. Enables reasoned evaluation of policy choices.

📚 Reading List :
  • Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 9: Distribution of World Natural Resources > tHeRMal electRicity. > p. 22
  • Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 8: Energy Resources > Source: The Economic Survey, 2015–16. > p. 18
🔗 Anchor: "Does coal supply the majority of India's electricity generation?"
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 Location of thermal power and industries near coalfields
💡 The insight

Heavy industries and thermal power stations are commonly located close to coalfields because coal is bulky and transport costs are significant.

Valuable for geography and economic questions on industrial location, regional development and resource-led growth; aids mapping of coalfield-industrial belts and understanding regional energy infrastructure.

📚 Reading List :
  • NCERT. (2022). Contemporary India II: Textbook in Geography for Class X (Revised ed.). NCERT. > Chapter 5: Print Culture and the Modern World > Rock Minerals > p. 115
  • Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 8: Energy Resources > Coal > p. 0
🔗 Anchor: "Does coal supply the majority of India's electricity generation?"
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S3
👉 Uranium and Thorium as primary nuclear fuels
💡 The insight

Uranium and thorium are the main fuels used to produce nuclear energy.

High-yield for questions on nuclear fuel cycles, energy resources and technology choices; links to energy security, reactor types and resource policy. Mastery helps answer questions on fuel availability, indigenous fuel strategies and implications for reactor design.

📚 Reading List :
  • Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 6: Environmental Degradation and Management > iii) nuclear Energy > p. 52
  • Environment and Ecology, Majid Hussain (Access publishing 3rd ed.) > Chapter 9: Distribution of World Natural Resources > thorium > p. 40
  • INDIA PEOPLE AND ECONOMY, TEXTBOOK IN GEOGRAPHY FOR CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 5: Mineral and Energy Resources > Nuclear Energy Resources > p. 61
🔗 Anchor: "Is uranium enrichment to at least 60% U-235 required for commercial nuclear powe..."
🌑 The Hidden Trap

The 'Three-Stage Nuclear Program' Fuel Cycle. Stage 1 (PHWR) uses Natural Uranium (U-238). Stage 2 (FBR) uses Plutonium-239. Stage 3 (AHWR) uses Uranium-233 derived from Thorium. UPSC will likely ask which stage uses Thorium or what fuel the Fast Breeder Reactor uses next.

⚡ Elimination Cheat Code

The 'Bomb Factory' Logic. If commercial electricity required 60% enrichment (High Enriched Uranium), every power plant would effectively be a weapons-grade facility (Weapons grade is >90%, but 60% is dangerously high). Commercial reactors prioritize safety and cost, using 3-5% (Low Enriched Uranium). 60% is an absurdly high threshold for boiling water.

🔗 Mains Connection

Connect this to International Relations (GS-2). Why does India push for the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) waiver? Because our domestic Uranium is low-grade and insufficient. We need imported Uranium for our civilian reactors. This resource scarcity drives our Foreign Policy.

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SIMILAR QUESTIONS

IAS · 2009 · Q88 Relevance score: 3.01

Consider the following statements: 1. India does not have any deposits of Thorium. 2. Kerala's monazito sands contain Uranium. Which of the statements given above is/are correct ?

IAS · 2025 · Q89 Relevance score: 1.97

Consider the following statements : Statement I : In India, State Governments have no power for making rules for grant of concessions in respect of extraction of minor minerals even though such minerals are located in their territories. Statement II : In India, the Central Government has the power to notify minor minerals under the relevant law. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?