Question map
India is one of the founding members of the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC), a multimodal transportation corridor, which will connect
Explanation
The International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC) is a 7,200 km-long multimodal (rail, ship, and road) transport corridor connecting India and Russia, via Iran.[3] The corridor connects the Indian Ocean and Persian Gulf to the Caspian Sea via Iran, then is connected to St. Petersburg and North Europe via the Russian Federation.[6] It connects the countries in the South Caucasus and Central Asia to Europe through Iran.[8]
Option A is correct as the INSTC specifically routes through Iran to connect India with Central Asia and eventually Europe. Option B is incorrect as the corridor does not pass through China. Option C is incorrect as it describes connectivity to South-East Asia via Bangladesh and Myanmar, which is not the INSTC route. Option D is misleading because while Azerbaijan may be involved in the broader corridor network, the primary and defining route is through Iran, not exclusively through Azerbaijan.
Sources- [1] https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2024/762471/EPRS_BRI(2024)762471_EN.pdf
- [2] https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2024/762471/EPRS_BRI(2024)762471_EN.pdf
- [3] https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2024/762471/EPRS_BRI(2024)762471_EN.pdf
- [4] https://aric.adb.org/initiative/international-north-south-transport-corridor
- [5] https://aric.adb.org/initiative/international-north-south-transport-corridor
- [6] https://aric.adb.org/initiative/international-north-south-transport-corridor
- [7] https://jices.ut.ac.ir/article_100908_248838d3826fd45385c94035f7c649ea.pdf
- [8] https://jices.ut.ac.ir/article_100908_248838d3826fd45385c94035f7c649ea.pdf
PROVENANCE & STUDY PATTERN
Full viewThis is a classic 'Map + IR' sitter rooted in India's fundamental geopolitical constraint: the lack of direct land access to Central Asia due to Pakistan. The solution is always 'Sea to Iran → Land North'. If you understand the 'Chabahar Strategy', this question answers itself.
This question can be broken into the following sub-statements. Tap a statement sentence to jump into its detailed analysis.
- Statement 1: Does the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC) connect India to Central Asia and Europe via Iran?
- Statement 2: Does the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC) connect India to Central Asia via China?
- Statement 3: Does the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC) connect India to South-East Asia through Bangladesh and Myanmar?
- Statement 4: Does the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC) connect India to Europe through Azerbaijan?
- Explicitly states the INSTC links the South Caucasus and Central Asia to Europe through Iran.
- Directly supports the claim that the corridor provides a route to Europe via Iran for Central Asian countries (implying regional connectivity that includes India as a participant in the corridor network).
- Notes INSTC was established by Iran, Russia and India, showing India is a founding member.
- Describes the route: connects the Indian Ocean and Persian Gulf to the Caspian Sea via Iran, then to St. Petersburg and Northern Europe via Russia — i.e., India-to-Europe via Iran.
- Defines INSTC as a multimodal transport corridor connecting India and Russia via Iran, supporting the India-to-Europe via Iran link.
- Specifies the corridor's length and multimodal nature, reinforcing it as a functional transport route.
Explicitly states India has 'reactivated the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC)' in the context of a 'Connect Central Asia' policy, linking INSTC to India's Central Asia strategy.
A student could check a map to see whether the INSTC's reactivation plausibly creates a land/sea link from India toward Iran/Caspian/Central Asia and onward to Europe.
Describes India's 'Connect Central Asia' policy and lists Central Asian countries India seeks to link with, implying transport corridors (such as INSTC) are relevant to reaching those countries.
Using the list of Central Asian states and a regional map, the student can infer likely transit countries (e.g., Iran) that lie between India and those states.
Gives an example of a proposed Trans–Asiatic railway that would link Europe (Istanbul) with parts of South and Southeast Asia 'via Iran, Pakistan, India,' showing that Iran is commonly proposed as a transit route between Europe and South Asia.
A student can generalize that corridors connecting Europe and India often use Iran as an intermediate transit country and thus consider whether INSTC could follow a similar path.
Notes that Turkmenistan (Central Asia) has extended pipelines to Iran and to China, demonstrating existing infrastructural links between Central Asia and Iran that could be used or paralleled by transport corridors.
A student could combine this with a regional map to infer that Iran serves as a geographic and infrastructural bridge between Central Asia and southern neighbors, making it a plausible route for corridors from India.
Describes India's central maritime position connecting West Asia, Africa and Europe from its western coast, highlighting India's strategic orientation toward West/West-Central Asian links.
A student could use this strategic-geography point plus a map to reason whether sea/land corridors from India's west coast could head northwest toward Iran and beyond.
- Explicitly describes the INSTC route as linking India/the Indian Ocean and Persian Gulf to the Caspian Sea via Iran.
- Shows the corridor connects onward to Russia/Europe via the Russian Federation, indicating a westward route through Iran rather than via China.
- States the INSTC "connects the countries in the South Caucasus and Central Asia to Europe through Iran," indicating the route passes through Iran to reach Central Asia/Europe.
- Supports that the corridor's linkage to Central Asia is via Iran, not via China.
- Defines the INSTC as a multimodal corridor "connecting India and Russia, via Iran," reinforcing that the primary route is through Iran.
- Consistent with other passages showing a westward Iran/Caspian route rather than a route through China.
States that India has 'reactivated the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC)' in the context of land connectivity to Central Asia.
A student could look up the geographic route of the INSTC (ports, countries and land links) and compare whether it passes through China or via other states (e.g., Iran/Russia/Caspian links).
Lists the Central Asian countries (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan) that India's 'Connect Central Asia' policy targets.
Using a map, a student can trace likely overland approaches from India to those specific countries and see whether the most direct routes go through China or through other countries/sea-rail combinations.
Describes the Kolkata–Kunming corridor as a project that directly links India with China (Yunnan) and neighbouring countries.
A student could compare this explicit India–China corridor route with the INSTC route to judge whether INSTC uses China as the transit path to Central Asia or whether China-specific corridors are separate initiatives.
Explains China-led corridor projects (One Belt One Road/CPEC) that link China to Pakistan and the Arabian Sea rather than to Central Asia via India.
A student could map China’s major corridor projects and note their directions (toward Pakistan/Gwadar) to infer that China’s major transit links may not align with an INSTC route from India to Central Asia.
Details the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor connecting Xinjiang (China) to Gwadar (Pakistan), illustrating China's use of routes bypassing India for westward access.
By contrasting CPEC’s path (through Pakistan/Kashmir) with India's stated Central Asia partners and the INSTC reactivation, a student can assess whether a China-transit route is the plausible INSTC path.
- Defines the INSTC route as linking the Indian Ocean/Persian Gulf to the Caspian Sea via Iran and onward to St. Petersburg — a westward/Euro-Caspian route.
- This description indicates the INSTC’s primary axis is via Iran toward the Caspian and Russia, not through Bangladesh or Myanmar to Southeast Asia.
- Explicitly states the INSTC connects India and Russia via Iran, characterizing it as a 7,200 km multimodal corridor.
- By specifying India–Russia via Iran, it implies the INSTC’s purpose and routing are toward Europe/Caspian regions rather than overland to Southeast Asia via Bangladesh/Myanmar.
- Contrasts corridors: notes SASEC aims to promote trade with Southeast Asia via Myanmar, while INSTC is described as a project 'to India’s West'.
- This distinction reinforces that routes to Southeast Asia (via Myanmar/Bangladesh) are separate from the INSTC’s westward orientation.
Mentions that India has 'reactivated the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC)', establishing INSTC as a recognized transport initiative involving India.
A student could note INSTC's existence here and then look up INSTC's defined route on a map to see whether it routes through Bangladesh/Myanmar toward SE Asia.
Describes the Kolkata–Kunming corridor explicitly passing through Imphal/Silchar (India), then crossing Bangladesh and going via nodal points in Myanmar toward Kunming (China)/regional connections.
Use this example corridor as a pattern: if a corridor connecting India to the east goes through Bangladesh and Myanmar, a student could compare INSTC's route map to see if it follows a similar path.
States the Kolkata–Kunming project connects China, Myanmar, India and Bangladesh — an explicit example of an India–SE Asia (and China) linkage that uses Bangladesh and Myanmar.
Treat this as an instance of an eastward multimodal corridor; check whether INSTC is described similarly in route documents to judge if it shares that through-Bangladesh/Myanmar pattern.
Notes Bangladesh is part of India's Look East/Act East policy 'that wants to link up with Southeast Asia via Myanmar', indicating the recognized geographic route India uses toward SE Asia passes through Bangladesh and Myanmar.
A student could infer that major India–SE Asia linkages often use the Bangladesh–Myanmar axis and then verify whether INSTC is among those linkages.
Gives the basic international boundary context: India shares land borders with both Myanmar and Bangladesh, supporting the geographic plausibility of overland corridors between India and SE Asia via those countries.
Combine this border fact with corridor examples (above) and a map to assess whether the INSTC's documented route could feasibly pass through Bangladesh and/or Myanmar.
- Describes the INSTC route linking the Indian Ocean/Persian Gulf to the Caspian Sea via Iran and onward to St. Petersburg/Northern Europe via Russia.
- States that the INSTC was expanded to include Azerbaijan as a member, indicating Azerbaijan's participation in the corridor network.
- Explicitly states the INSTC connects countries in the South Caucasus and Central Asia to Europe.
- Mention of the South Caucasus implicates countries such as Azerbaijan as part of the geographic area served by the corridor.
Explicitly states India has reactivated the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC), signalling an international overland/sea corridor intended to link India with Eurasia/Central Asia.
A student could take this as confirmation that INSTC is an India–Eurasia corridor and then consult a map or project route descriptions to see whether that corridor passes via Azerbaijan toward Europe.
Describes India's central geographic position between East and West Asia and mentions trans-Indian Ocean routes that connect India with West Asia and Europe, highlighting the strategic logic for corridors linking India westward.
Use this geographic principle plus a regional map to trace plausible westward corridor paths from India into West/Central Asia and onward toward Europe, checking if Azerbaijan lies on such paths.
Notes regional infrastructure projects (pipelines) connecting Central Asian states to Iran and beyond, illustrating that multi-country transit routes across Central/West Asia are implemented in practice.
A student can generalize that multi-state transport corridors often traverse countries in the Iran–Caspian–Caucasus region and then inspect whether Azerbaijan is geographically positioned on routes between Iran/Central Asia and Europe for the INSTC.
Discusses large transnational economic corridors (e.g., OBOR/CPEC) that link China and West Asia, showing the precedent and pattern of long corridors connecting South/East Asia to West Asia and beyond.
Given these precedents, a student can compare known corridors' trajectories on a map with the INSTC's stated endpoints to judge whether Azerbaijan could lie on an India–Europe INSTC route.
- [THE VERDICT]: Sitter. Standard Map/IR question found in every major coaching compilation and NCERT boxes on transport.
- [THE CONCEPTUAL TRIGGER]: India's Connectivity Diplomacy. Specifically, the 'Connect Central Asia' policy and the strategic necessity of bypassing Pakistan to access Eurasian markets.
- [THE HORIZONTAL EXPANSION]: Memorize: Founding Members (India, Iran, Russia); Key Ports (Bandar Abbas, Chabahar, Anzali, Astrakhan); Ashgabat Agreement (Central Asia-Persian Gulf); Eastern Maritime Corridor (Chennai to Vladivostok); and the 3 branches of INSTC (Western via Azerbaijan, Central via Caspian, Eastern via Turkmenistan).
- [THE STRATEGIC METACOGNITION]: Think in vectors. 'Act East' = Myanmar/Thailand (Kaladan, Trilateral). 'Go West/North' = Iran (INSTC, Chabahar). The name 'North-South' implies India (South) to Russia (North). The inevitable bridge is Iran.
Connect Central Asia policy highlights reactivation of the INSTC as a land‑connectivity measure linking India with Central Asian states.
High-yield for UPSC as it ties foreign policy to infrastructure diplomacy; helps answer questions on India’s regional strategies, trade links with Central Asia, and the role of transport corridors in geopolitics. Useful for comparing policy initiatives and infrastructure projects.
- Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 88: Foreign Policy > CONNECT CENTRAL ASIA POLICY OF INDIA > p. 612
- Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 88: Foreign Policy > CONNECT CENTRAL ASIA POLICY OF INDIA > p. 611
Proposals for trans‑Asian rail routes envisage linking Europe (Istanbul) with South/Southeast Asia through Iran and India, showing Iran's function as a transit link between Europe and the Indian subcontinent.
Important for UPSC because questions frequently probe international transport projects, route geography and transit states; aids comparison of proposed corridors (rail/road) and their geopolitical implications.
- FUNDAMENTALS OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY, CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 7: Transport and Communication > The Orient Express > p. 60
- Modern India ,Bipin Chandra, History class XII (NCERT 1982 ed.)[Old NCERT] > Chapter 3: The Beginnings of European Settlements > The Beginnings of European Settlements > p. 47
Central Asian pipelines extend into Iran, demonstrating Iran’s role as a transit hub for regional energy flows and wider connectivity.
Relevant for energy security and geopolitics topics in UPSC; helps link transport/infrastructure questions to energy supply routes and regional interdependence, useful in essays and mains answers on strategic corridors.
- FUNDAMENTALS OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY, CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 7: Transport and Communication > PIPELINES > p. 67
This policy outlines India's strategy to deepen political, security and economic ties with Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, and emphasizes connectivity measures.
High-yield for UPSC because it links Indian foreign policy, regional security and economic diplomacy; mastering it helps answer questions on India's Eurasia engagement, resource diplomacy and multilateral outreach. It connects to topics on bilateral relations, strategic partnerships and regional transport initiatives.
- Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 88: Foreign Policy > CONNECT CENTRAL ASIA POLICY OF INDIA > p. 611
- Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 88: Foreign Policy > CONNECT CENTRAL ASIA POLICY OF INDIA > p. 612
INSTC is cited as a reactivated land connectivity mechanism India uses in its attempts to improve links with Central Asian states.
Important for questions on transport corridors, trade routes and logistics strategy; understanding INSTC helps evaluate alternatives to maritime routes and India's options for accessing Eurasian markets. It ties into geography (transport networks), international trade and regional policy analysis.
- Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 88: Foreign Policy > CONNECT CENTRAL ASIA POLICY OF INDIA > p. 612
China's Belt and Road initiatives, including the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor and proposed Kolkata–Kunming link, shape regional connectivity choices and provoke policy responses from India.
Crucial for geopolitics and international relations questions: explains strategic rivalry over infrastructure, sovereignty disputes (e.g., PoK), and competing connectivity visions. Mastery aids answers on China–India–Pakistan dynamics, regional infrastructure diplomacy and strategic implications of transport projects.
- Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 16: India–Political Aspects > One Belt-One Road (The New Silk Route) > p. 86
- Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 16: India–Political Aspects > One Belt-One Road (The New Silk Route) > p. 85
- Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 16: India–Political Aspects > China Pakistan Economic Corridor > p. 82
India's Act East policy aims to link India to Southeast Asia through Myanmar and Bangladesh.
This is high-yield for UPSC because questions often test India's regional connectivity goals, diplomatic strategy, and implications for trade and security. It connects to topics on Northeastern states, border management, and India–Southeast Asia diplomacy, enabling answers on corridor projects and regional integration.
- Contemporary World Politics, Textbook in political science for Class XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 3: Contemporary South Asia > India and its Other Neighbours > p. 39
The Ashgabat Agreement. Often confused with INSTC. India joined it in 2018. While INSTC connects India to Russia/Europe, the Ashgabat Agreement focuses specifically on a transport corridor between Central Asia and the Persian Gulf (Oman-Iran-Turkmenistan-Uzbekistan).
Use 'Compass Logic'. The corridor is 'North-South'. Option C goes East (Myanmar) → Eliminate. Option B goes via China (Strategic rival, unlikely for an India-founded project) → Eliminate. Between A and D: To go North from India by sea, the first landmass you must enter is Iran. Azerbaijan is a transit point further north, but Iran is the gateway. Option A is the only geographic necessity.
Mains GS2 (IR) & GS3 (Economy): Link INSTC to 'Strategic Autonomy'. It reduces transit time/cost compared to the Suez Canal and bypasses the 'Pakistan Blockade', acting as a geoeconomic counterweight to China's Belt and Road Initiative.