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Q62 (IAS/2025) International Relations & Global Affairs › India's Bilateral & Regional Relations › Regional connectivity initiatives Answer Verified

India is one of the founding members of the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC), a multimodal transportation corridor, which will connect

Result
Your answer:  ·  Correct: A
Explanation

The International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC) is a 7,200 km-long multimodal (rail, ship, and road) transport corridor connecting India and Russia, via Iran.[3] The corridor connects the Indian Ocean and Persian Gulf to the Caspian Sea via Iran, then is connected to St. Petersburg and North Europe via the Russian Federation.[6] It connects the countries in the South Caucasus and Central Asia to Europe through Iran.[8]

Option A is correct as the INSTC specifically routes through Iran to connect India with Central Asia and eventually Europe. Option B is incorrect as the corridor does not pass through China. Option C is incorrect as it describes connectivity to South-East Asia via Bangladesh and Myanmar, which is not the INSTC route. Option D is misleading because while Azerbaijan may be involved in the broader corridor network, the primary and defining route is through Iran, not exclusively through Azerbaijan.

Sources
  1. [1] https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2024/762471/EPRS_BRI(2024)762471_EN.pdf
  2. [2] https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2024/762471/EPRS_BRI(2024)762471_EN.pdf
  3. [3] https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2024/762471/EPRS_BRI(2024)762471_EN.pdf
  4. [4] https://aric.adb.org/initiative/international-north-south-transport-corridor
  5. [5] https://aric.adb.org/initiative/international-north-south-transport-corridor
  6. [6] https://aric.adb.org/initiative/international-north-south-transport-corridor
  7. [7] https://jices.ut.ac.ir/article_100908_248838d3826fd45385c94035f7c649ea.pdf
  8. [8] https://jices.ut.ac.ir/article_100908_248838d3826fd45385c94035f7c649ea.pdf
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Q. India is one of the founding members of the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC), a multimodal transportation corridor, w…
At a glance
Origin: Mostly Current Affairs Fairness: Low / Borderline fairness Books / CA: 0/10 · 10/10

This is a classic 'Map + IR' sitter rooted in India's fundamental geopolitical constraint: the lack of direct land access to Central Asia due to Pakistan. The solution is always 'Sea to Iran → Land North'. If you understand the 'Chabahar Strategy', this question answers itself.

How this question is built

This question can be broken into the following sub-statements. Tap a statement sentence to jump into its detailed analysis.

Statement 1
Does the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC) connect India to Central Asia and Europe via Iran?
Origin: Web / Current Affairs Fairness: CA heavy Web-answerable

Web source
Presence: 5/5
"The International North-South Transport Corridor which connects the countries in the South Caucasus and Central Asia to Europe through Iran, plays an important role in the"
Why this source?
  • Explicitly states the INSTC links the South Caucasus and Central Asia to Europe through Iran.
  • Directly supports the claim that the corridor provides a route to Europe via Iran for Central Asian countries (implying regional connectivity that includes India as a participant in the corridor network).
Web source
Presence: 5/5
"This corridor connects [India] Ocean and Persian Gulf to the Caspian Sea via Islamic republic of IRAN, then is connected to St. Petersburg and North European via Russian Federation."
Why this source?
  • Notes INSTC was established by Iran, Russia and India, showing India is a founding member.
  • Describes the route: connects the Indian Ocean and Persian Gulf to the Caspian Sea via Iran, then to St. Petersburg and Northern Europe via Russia — i.e., India-to-Europe via Iran.
Web source
Presence: 4/5
"International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC) is a 7 200 km-long multimodal (rail, ship, and road) transport corridor connecting India and Russia, via Iran."
Why this source?
  • Defines INSTC as a multimodal transport corridor connecting India and Russia via Iran, supporting the India-to-Europe via Iran link.
  • Specifies the corridor's length and multimodal nature, reinforcing it as a functional transport route.

Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 88: Foreign Policy > CONNECT CENTRAL ASIA POLICY OF INDIA > p. 612
Strength: 5/5
“deliver, tele·education and tcle-medicine connecti vity, linking all the fi ve Central Asia n Sta tes. • 3. Indian companies can showcase India's capability in the construction sector and build world-class structures at competitive rates.• 9. As for land connectivity, India has reactivated the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC).• 10. Absence of a viable banking infrastructure in the region is a major barrier to trade and investment. Indian banks can expand their presence if they see a favourable policy environment.• 11 India's "Connect Central Asia" policy is consonant with its overall policy of deepening engagement in Eurasia, its policy of strengthening relations with China, with Pakistan, and building on its traditional relationship with Russia.”
Why relevant

Explicitly states India has 'reactivated the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC)' in the context of a 'Connect Central Asia' policy, linking INSTC to India's Central Asia strategy.

How to extend

A student could check a map to see whether the INSTC's reactivation plausibly creates a land/sea link from India toward Iran/Caspian/Central Asia and onward to Europe.

Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 88: Foreign Policy > CONNECT CENTRAL ASIA POLICY OF INDIA > p. 611
Strength: 4/5
“India launched the "Connect Central Asia" Policy in 2012. This policy is aimed at strengthening and expanding of India's relations with the Central Asian countries. These countries include Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. India's "Connect Central Asia" policy is a broad-based approach including political, security, economic and cultural connections. Its features (or elements) are as follows5 : • 1. India will continue to build on its strong political relations through the exchange of high level visits. • 2. India will strengthen its strategic and security cooperation. The focus will be on military training, joint research and counter-terrorism coordination. • 3.”
Why relevant

Describes India's 'Connect Central Asia' policy and lists Central Asian countries India seeks to link with, implying transport corridors (such as INSTC) are relevant to reaching those countries.

How to extend

Using the list of Central Asian states and a regional map, the student can infer likely transit countries (e.g., Iran) that lie between India and those states.

FUNDAMENTALS OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY, CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 7: Transport and Communication > The Orient Express > p. 60
Strength: 4/5
“This line runs from Paris to Istanbul passing through Strasbourg, Munich, Vienna, Budapest and Belgrade. The journey time from London to Istanbul by this Express is now reduced to 96 hours as against 10 days by the sea-route. The chief exports on this rail-route are cheese, bacon, oats, wine, fruits, and machinery. There is a proposal to build a Trans–Asiatic Railway linking Istanbul with Bangkok via Iran, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh and Myanmar.”
Why relevant

Gives an example of a proposed Trans–Asiatic railway that would link Europe (Istanbul) with parts of South and Southeast Asia 'via Iran, Pakistan, India,' showing that Iran is commonly proposed as a transit route between Europe and South Asia.

How to extend

A student can generalize that corridors connecting Europe and India often use Iran as an intermediate transit country and thus consider whether INSTC could follow a similar path.

FUNDAMENTALS OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY, CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 7: Transport and Communication > PIPELINES > p. 67
Strength: 3/5
“consuming areas. Big Inch is one such famous pipeline, which carries petroleum from the oil wells of the Gulf of Mexico to the North-eastern States. About 17 per cent of all freight per tonne-km. is carried through pipelines in U.S.A. In Europe, Russia, West Asia and India pipelines are used to connect oil wells to refineries, and to ports or domestic markets. Turkmenistan is central Asia has extended pipelines to Iran and also to parts of China. The proposed Iran-India via Pakistan international oil and natural gas pipeline will be the longest in the world.”
Why relevant

Notes that Turkmenistan (Central Asia) has extended pipelines to Iran and to China, demonstrating existing infrastructural links between Central Asia and Iran that could be used or paralleled by transport corridors.

How to extend

A student could combine this with a regional map to infer that Iran serves as a geographic and infrastructural bridge between Central Asia and southern neighbors, making it a plausible route for corridors from India.

CONTEMPORARY INDIA-I ,Geography, Class IX . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 1: India Size and Location > INDIA AND THE WORLD > p. 2
Strength: 2/5
“The Indian landmass has a central location between the East and the West Asia. India is a southward extension of the Asian continent. The trans Indian Ocean routes, which connect the countries of Europe in the West and the countries of East Asia, provide a strategic central location to India. Note that the Deccan Peninsula protrudes into the Indian Ocean, thus helping India to establish close contact with West Asia, Africa and Europe from the western coast and with Southeast and East Asia from the eastern coast. No other country has a long coastline on the Indian Ocean as India has and indeed, it is India's eminent position in the Indian Ocean, which justifies the naming of an Ocean after it.”
Why relevant

Describes India's central maritime position connecting West Asia, Africa and Europe from its western coast, highlighting India's strategic orientation toward West/West-Central Asian links.

How to extend

A student could use this strategic-geography point plus a map to reason whether sea/land corridors from India's west coast could head northwest toward Iran and beyond.

Statement 2
Does the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC) connect India to Central Asia via China?
Origin: Web / Current Affairs Fairness: CA heavy Web-answerable

Web source
Presence: 5/5
"This corridor connects [India](/india "see Country/Economy profile") Ocean and Persian Gulf to the Caspian Sea via Islamic republic of IRAN, then is connected to St. Petersburg and North European via Russian Federation."
Why this source?
  • Explicitly describes the INSTC route as linking India/the Indian Ocean and Persian Gulf to the Caspian Sea via Iran.
  • Shows the corridor connects onward to Russia/Europe via the Russian Federation, indicating a westward route through Iran rather than via China.
Web source
Presence: 5/5
"The International North-South Transport Corridor which connects the countries in the South Caucasus and Central Asia to Europe through Iran, plays an important role in the"
Why this source?
  • States the INSTC "connects the countries in the South Caucasus and Central Asia to Europe through Iran," indicating the route passes through Iran to reach Central Asia/Europe.
  • Supports that the corridor's linkage to Central Asia is via Iran, not via China.
Web source
Presence: 5/5
"The International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC) is a 7 200 km-long multimodal (rail, ship, and road) transport corridor connecting India and Russia, via Iran."
Why this source?
  • Defines the INSTC as a multimodal corridor "connecting India and Russia, via Iran," reinforcing that the primary route is through Iran.
  • Consistent with other passages showing a westward Iran/Caspian route rather than a route through China.

Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 88: Foreign Policy > CONNECT CENTRAL ASIA POLICY OF INDIA > p. 612
Strength: 5/5
“deliver, tele·education and tcle-medicine connecti vity, linking all the fi ve Central Asia n Sta tes. • 3. Indian companies can showcase India's capability in the construction sector and build world-class structures at competitive rates.• 9. As for land connectivity, India has reactivated the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC).• 10. Absence of a viable banking infrastructure in the region is a major barrier to trade and investment. Indian banks can expand their presence if they see a favourable policy environment.• 11 India's "Connect Central Asia" policy is consonant with its overall policy of deepening engagement in Eurasia, its policy of strengthening relations with China, with Pakistan, and building on its traditional relationship with Russia.”
Why relevant

States that India has 'reactivated the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC)' in the context of land connectivity to Central Asia.

How to extend

A student could look up the geographic route of the INSTC (ports, countries and land links) and compare whether it passes through China or via other states (e.g., Iran/Russia/Caspian links).

Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 88: Foreign Policy > CONNECT CENTRAL ASIA POLICY OF INDIA > p. 611
Strength: 4/5
“India launched the "Connect Central Asia" Policy in 2012. This policy is aimed at strengthening and expanding of India's relations with the Central Asian countries. These countries include Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. India's "Connect Central Asia" policy is a broad-based approach including political, security, economic and cultural connections. Its features (or elements) are as follows5 : • 1. India will continue to build on its strong political relations through the exchange of high level visits. • 2. India will strengthen its strategic and security cooperation. The focus will be on military training, joint research and counter-terrorism coordination. • 3.”
Why relevant

Lists the Central Asian countries (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan) that India's 'Connect Central Asia' policy targets.

How to extend

Using a map, a student can trace likely overland approaches from India to those specific countries and see whether the most direct routes go through China or through other countries/sea-rail combinations.

Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 16: India–Political Aspects > Kolkata-Kunming Corridor-A Proposed Highway > p. 80
Strength: 3/5
“The Kolkata-Kunming project connects China, Myanmar, India and Bangladesh. This is an ambitious project that hopes to connect Kolkata with Kunming, capital of Yunnan Province of China. The project was announced by the Chinese President XI Jinping-led regime in 2013. It is also called the ' New Silk Road Economic Belt. The main objective of this corridor is to form a thriving economic belt with focus on cross border transport, energy, tourism and communication network. It was also visualised that this corridor could play an important role in 'global economic recovery'. The project has”
Why relevant

Describes the Kolkata–Kunming corridor as a project that directly links India with China (Yunnan) and neighbouring countries.

How to extend

A student could compare this explicit India–China corridor route with the INSTC route to judge whether INSTC uses China as the transit path to Central Asia or whether China-specific corridors are separate initiatives.

Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 16: India–Political Aspects > One Belt-One Road (The New Silk Route) > p. 86
Strength: 3/5
“of about $46 billion (Economic Corridor) between China and Pakistan which shall link China to port of Gwadar (Baluchistan-Pakistan) on the Arabian Sea. As stated above, India did not participated in the 'One Belt One Road' forum meeting in Beijing held on May 14–15, 2017. India is strongly opposed to the China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), a key chunk of One Belt One Road (OBOR) that passes through the Occupied Kashmir under Pakistan. India's main objection is that occupied Kashmir is an integral part of India and a question of sovereignty and territorial integrity. This road cuts down transport time from factories in eastern China to West Asia 12 days to 36 hours.”
Why relevant

Explains China-led corridor projects (One Belt One Road/CPEC) that link China to Pakistan and the Arabian Sea rather than to Central Asia via India.

How to extend

A student could map China’s major corridor projects and note their directions (toward Pakistan/Gwadar) to infer that China’s major transit links may not align with an INSTC route from India to Central Asia.

Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 16: India–Political Aspects > China Pakistan Economic Corridor > p. 82
Strength: 3/5
“China Pakistan Economic Corridor connects the Kashgar city of Xingiang (Sinkiang) Province (China) with the Gwadar Seaport-Bilochistan (Pakistan). The corrridor passes through the part of Kashmir occupied by Pakistan, Islamabad, Dera Ismail Khan, Quetta, Besima and finally terminates at Gwadar–a seaport along the coast of Bilochistan. (Fig. 16.18). The Karakoram Highway road will connect China with Pakistan. The 3,218 km long route is likely to cost over $75 billion and expected to be completed by 2020. There will be placement of fibre-optic line to ensure better communication between the two countries. The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor is said to be the biggest overseas”
Why relevant

Details the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor connecting Xinjiang (China) to Gwadar (Pakistan), illustrating China's use of routes bypassing India for westward access.

How to extend

By contrasting CPEC’s path (through Pakistan/Kashmir) with India's stated Central Asia partners and the INSTC reactivation, a student can assess whether a China-transit route is the plausible INSTC path.

Statement 3
Does the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC) connect India to South-East Asia through Bangladesh and Myanmar?
Origin: Web / Current Affairs Fairness: CA heavy Web-answerable

Web source
Presence: 5/5
"This corridor connects India Ocean and Persian Gulf to the Caspian Sea via Islamic republic of IRAN, then is connected to St. Petersburg and North European via Russian Federation."
Why this source?
  • Defines the INSTC route as linking the Indian Ocean/Persian Gulf to the Caspian Sea via Iran and onward to St. Petersburg — a westward/Euro-Caspian route.
  • This description indicates the INSTC’s primary axis is via Iran toward the Caspian and Russia, not through Bangladesh or Myanmar to Southeast Asia.
Web source
Presence: 5/5
"The International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC) is a 7 200 km-long multimodal (rail, ship, and road) transport corridor connecting India and Russia, via Iran."
Why this source?
  • Explicitly states the INSTC connects India and Russia via Iran, characterizing it as a 7,200 km multimodal corridor.
  • By specifying India–Russia via Iran, it implies the INSTC’s purpose and routing are toward Europe/Caspian regions rather than overland to Southeast Asia via Bangladesh/Myanmar.
Web source
Presence: 4/5
"SASEC aims at project-based partnership to promote regional prosperity, enhance economic opportunities and share a common vision of better connectivity within South Asia and for trade with Southeast Asia via Myanmar. To India’s West, projects such as the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC) has seen expansion in the last two decades."
Why this source?
  • Contrasts corridors: notes SASEC aims to promote trade with Southeast Asia via Myanmar, while INSTC is described as a project 'to India’s West'.
  • This distinction reinforces that routes to Southeast Asia (via Myanmar/Bangladesh) are separate from the INSTC’s westward orientation.

Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 88: Foreign Policy > CONNECT CENTRAL ASIA POLICY OF INDIA > p. 612
Strength: 3/5
“deliver, tele·education and tcle-medicine connecti vity, linking all the fi ve Central Asia n Sta tes. • 3. Indian companies can showcase India's capability in the construction sector and build world-class structures at competitive rates.• 9. As for land connectivity, India has reactivated the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC).• 10. Absence of a viable banking infrastructure in the region is a major barrier to trade and investment. Indian banks can expand their presence if they see a favourable policy environment.• 11 India's "Connect Central Asia" policy is consonant with its overall policy of deepening engagement in Eurasia, its policy of strengthening relations with China, with Pakistan, and building on its traditional relationship with Russia.”
Why relevant

Mentions that India has 'reactivated the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC)', establishing INSTC as a recognized transport initiative involving India.

How to extend

A student could note INSTC's existence here and then look up INSTC's defined route on a map to see whether it routes through Bangladesh/Myanmar toward SE Asia.

Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 16: India–Political Aspects > Kolkata-Kunming Corridor-A Proposed Highway > p. 81
Strength: 4/5
“acquired a fresh momentum under the theme of sub-regional cooperation. The route of this corridor passes through nodal points, such as Mandaly, Lashio and Kalewa in Myanmar. It heads towards Kolkata after passing through Imphal (Manipur) and Silchar (Assam), before crossing Bangladesh via Sylhet and Dhaka, with branches extending to the ports of Cox's-Bazar and Chittagong (Fig. 16.17). Dr. Ren pointed out that ethnic insurgencies, terrorism, communal violence (involving Buddhists and Muslims in Myanmar) drugtrafficking and the accompanying spread of HIV infections, antiques smuggling as well as cross-border human trafficking, threatened to derail the project. The Leading Chinese scholars have proposed setting up a security mechanism and accelerating a legal dialogue among Bangladesh, China, India and Myanmar.”
Why relevant

Describes the Kolkata–Kunming corridor explicitly passing through Imphal/Silchar (India), then crossing Bangladesh and going via nodal points in Myanmar toward Kunming (China)/regional connections.

How to extend

Use this example corridor as a pattern: if a corridor connecting India to the east goes through Bangladesh and Myanmar, a student could compare INSTC's route map to see if it follows a similar path.

Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 16: India–Political Aspects > Kolkata-Kunming Corridor-A Proposed Highway > p. 80
Strength: 4/5
“The Kolkata-Kunming project connects China, Myanmar, India and Bangladesh. This is an ambitious project that hopes to connect Kolkata with Kunming, capital of Yunnan Province of China. The project was announced by the Chinese President XI Jinping-led regime in 2013. It is also called the ' New Silk Road Economic Belt. The main objective of this corridor is to form a thriving economic belt with focus on cross border transport, energy, tourism and communication network. It was also visualised that this corridor could play an important role in 'global economic recovery'. The project has”
Why relevant

States the Kolkata–Kunming project connects China, Myanmar, India and Bangladesh — an explicit example of an India–SE Asia (and China) linkage that uses Bangladesh and Myanmar.

How to extend

Treat this as an instance of an eastward multimodal corridor; check whether INSTC is described similarly in route documents to judge if it shares that through-Bangladesh/Myanmar pattern.

Contemporary World Politics, Textbook in political science for Class XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 3: Contemporary South Asia > India and its Other Neighbours > p. 39
Strength: 4/5
“The two countries could not resolve their boundary dispute for a long while. Despite their differences, India and Bangladesh do cooperate on many issues. Economic relations have improved considerably in the last 20 years. Bangladesh is a part of India's Look East (Act East since 2014) policy that wants to link up with Southeast Asia via Myanmar. On disaster management and environmental issues, the two states have cooperated regularly. In 2015, they exchanged certain enclaves. Efforts are on to broaden the areas of cooperation further by identifying common threats and being more sensitive to each other's needs. Nepal and India enjoy a very special relationship that has very few parallels in the world.”
Why relevant

Notes Bangladesh is part of India's Look East/Act East policy 'that wants to link up with Southeast Asia via Myanmar', indicating the recognized geographic route India uses toward SE Asia passes through Bangladesh and Myanmar.

How to extend

A student could infer that major India–SE Asia linkages often use the Bangladesh–Myanmar axis and then verify whether INSTC is among those linkages.

Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 16: India–Political Aspects > INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARIES OF INDIA > p. 28
Strength: 3/5
“India lies entirely in the Northern Hemisphere. The mainland extends between latitude 8° 4' and 37° 6' North, longitudes 68° 7' to 97° 25' East, and measures about 3214 km from north to south and about 2933 km from east to west. It has a land frontier of about 15,200 km. the total length of the coastline of the mainland, Lakshadweep Islands, and Andaman and Nicobar Islands is about 7517 km. Countries having common border with India are Afghanistan and Pakistan in the north-west, China, Bhutan, and Nepal in the north, Myanmar in the east and Bangladesh to the east of West Bengal.”
Why relevant

Gives the basic international boundary context: India shares land borders with both Myanmar and Bangladesh, supporting the geographic plausibility of overland corridors between India and SE Asia via those countries.

How to extend

Combine this border fact with corridor examples (above) and a map to assess whether the INSTC's documented route could feasibly pass through Bangladesh and/or Myanmar.

Statement 4
Does the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC) connect India to Europe through Azerbaijan?
Origin: Web / Current Affairs Fairness: CA heavy Web-answerable

Web source
Presence: 4/5
"This corridor connects [India](/india "see Country/Economy profile") Ocean and Persian Gulf to the Caspian Sea via Islamic republic of IRAN, then is connected to St. Petersburg and North European via Russian Federation. The INSTC was expanded to include eleven new members, namely: Republic of [Azerbaijan](/azerbaijan "see Country/Economy profile"), Republic"
Why this source?
  • Describes the INSTC route linking the Indian Ocean/Persian Gulf to the Caspian Sea via Iran and onward to St. Petersburg/Northern Europe via Russia.
  • States that the INSTC was expanded to include Azerbaijan as a member, indicating Azerbaijan's participation in the corridor network.
Web source
Presence: 3/5
"The International North-South Transport Corridor which connects the countries in the South Caucasus and Central Asia to Europe through Iran, plays an important role in the"
Why this source?
  • Explicitly states the INSTC connects countries in the South Caucasus and Central Asia to Europe.
  • Mention of the South Caucasus implicates countries such as Azerbaijan as part of the geographic area served by the corridor.

Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 88: Foreign Policy > CONNECT CENTRAL ASIA POLICY OF INDIA > p. 612
Strength: 5/5
“deliver, tele·education and tcle-medicine connecti vity, linking all the fi ve Central Asia n Sta tes. • 3. Indian companies can showcase India's capability in the construction sector and build world-class structures at competitive rates.• 9. As for land connectivity, India has reactivated the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC).• 10. Absence of a viable banking infrastructure in the region is a major barrier to trade and investment. Indian banks can expand their presence if they see a favourable policy environment.• 11 India's "Connect Central Asia" policy is consonant with its overall policy of deepening engagement in Eurasia, its policy of strengthening relations with China, with Pakistan, and building on its traditional relationship with Russia.”
Why relevant

Explicitly states India has reactivated the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC), signalling an international overland/sea corridor intended to link India with Eurasia/Central Asia.

How to extend

A student could take this as confirmation that INSTC is an India–Eurasia corridor and then consult a map or project route descriptions to see whether that corridor passes via Azerbaijan toward Europe.

CONTEMPORARY INDIA-I ,Geography, Class IX . NCERT(Revised ed 2025) > Chapter 1: India Size and Location > INDIA AND THE WORLD > p. 2
Strength: 4/5
“The Indian landmass has a central location between the East and the West Asia. India is a southward extension of the Asian continent. The trans Indian Ocean routes, which connect the countries of Europe in the West and the countries of East Asia, provide a strategic central location to India. Note that the Deccan Peninsula protrudes into the Indian Ocean, thus helping India to establish close contact with West Asia, Africa and Europe from the western coast and with Southeast and East Asia from the eastern coast. No other country has a long coastline on the Indian Ocean as India has and indeed, it is India's eminent position in the Indian Ocean, which justifies the naming of an Ocean after it.”
Why relevant

Describes India's central geographic position between East and West Asia and mentions trans-Indian Ocean routes that connect India with West Asia and Europe, highlighting the strategic logic for corridors linking India westward.

How to extend

Use this geographic principle plus a regional map to trace plausible westward corridor paths from India into West/Central Asia and onward toward Europe, checking if Azerbaijan lies on such paths.

FUNDAMENTALS OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY, CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 7: Transport and Communication > PIPELINES > p. 67
Strength: 3/5
“consuming areas. Big Inch is one such famous pipeline, which carries petroleum from the oil wells of the Gulf of Mexico to the North-eastern States. About 17 per cent of all freight per tonne-km. is carried through pipelines in U.S.A. In Europe, Russia, West Asia and India pipelines are used to connect oil wells to refineries, and to ports or domestic markets. Turkmenistan is central Asia has extended pipelines to Iran and also to parts of China. The proposed Iran-India via Pakistan international oil and natural gas pipeline will be the longest in the world.”
Why relevant

Notes regional infrastructure projects (pipelines) connecting Central Asian states to Iran and beyond, illustrating that multi-country transit routes across Central/West Asia are implemented in practice.

How to extend

A student can generalize that multi-state transport corridors often traverse countries in the Iran–Caspian–Caucasus region and then inspect whether Azerbaijan is geographically positioned on routes between Iran/Central Asia and Europe for the INSTC.

Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 16: India–Political Aspects > One Belt-One Road (The New Silk Route) > p. 86
Strength: 2/5
“of about $46 billion (Economic Corridor) between China and Pakistan which shall link China to port of Gwadar (Baluchistan-Pakistan) on the Arabian Sea. As stated above, India did not participated in the 'One Belt One Road' forum meeting in Beijing held on May 14–15, 2017. India is strongly opposed to the China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), a key chunk of One Belt One Road (OBOR) that passes through the Occupied Kashmir under Pakistan. India's main objection is that occupied Kashmir is an integral part of India and a question of sovereignty and territorial integrity. This road cuts down transport time from factories in eastern China to West Asia 12 days to 36 hours.”
Why relevant

Discusses large transnational economic corridors (e.g., OBOR/CPEC) that link China and West Asia, showing the precedent and pattern of long corridors connecting South/East Asia to West Asia and beyond.

How to extend

Given these precedents, a student can compare known corridors' trajectories on a map with the INSTC's stated endpoints to judge whether Azerbaijan could lie on an India–Europe INSTC route.

Pattern takeaway: UPSC consistently tests 'Corridors and Pacts' that solve India's geographic isolation from energy-rich regions. Any infrastructure project that bypasses Pakistan or offers an alternative to China's BRI (like INSTC or IMEC) is high-yield.
How you should have studied
  1. [THE VERDICT]: Sitter. Standard Map/IR question found in every major coaching compilation and NCERT boxes on transport.
  2. [THE CONCEPTUAL TRIGGER]: India's Connectivity Diplomacy. Specifically, the 'Connect Central Asia' policy and the strategic necessity of bypassing Pakistan to access Eurasian markets.
  3. [THE HORIZONTAL EXPANSION]: Memorize: Founding Members (India, Iran, Russia); Key Ports (Bandar Abbas, Chabahar, Anzali, Astrakhan); Ashgabat Agreement (Central Asia-Persian Gulf); Eastern Maritime Corridor (Chennai to Vladivostok); and the 3 branches of INSTC (Western via Azerbaijan, Central via Caspian, Eastern via Turkmenistan).
  4. [THE STRATEGIC METACOGNITION]: Think in vectors. 'Act East' = Myanmar/Thailand (Kaladan, Trilateral). 'Go West/North' = Iran (INSTC, Chabahar). The name 'North-South' implies India (South) to Russia (North). The inevitable bridge is Iran.
Concept hooks from this question
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 India's Connect Central Asia policy and land corridors
💡 The insight

Connect Central Asia policy highlights reactivation of the INSTC as a land‑connectivity measure linking India with Central Asian states.

High-yield for UPSC as it ties foreign policy to infrastructure diplomacy; helps answer questions on India’s regional strategies, trade links with Central Asia, and the role of transport corridors in geopolitics. Useful for comparing policy initiatives and infrastructure projects.

📚 Reading List :
  • Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 88: Foreign Policy > CONNECT CENTRAL ASIA POLICY OF INDIA > p. 612
  • Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 88: Foreign Policy > CONNECT CENTRAL ASIA POLICY OF INDIA > p. 611
🔗 Anchor: "Does the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC) connect India to C..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 Trans‑Asian transport corridors via Iran
💡 The insight

Proposals for trans‑Asian rail routes envisage linking Europe (Istanbul) with South/Southeast Asia through Iran and India, showing Iran's function as a transit link between Europe and the Indian subcontinent.

Important for UPSC because questions frequently probe international transport projects, route geography and transit states; aids comparison of proposed corridors (rail/road) and their geopolitical implications.

📚 Reading List :
  • FUNDAMENTALS OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY, CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 7: Transport and Communication > The Orient Express > p. 60
  • Modern India ,Bipin Chandra, History class XII (NCERT 1982 ed.)[Old NCERT] > Chapter 3: The Beginnings of European Settlements > The Beginnings of European Settlements > p. 47
🔗 Anchor: "Does the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC) connect India to C..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S1
👉 Energy and pipeline connectivity through Iran
💡 The insight

Central Asian pipelines extend into Iran, demonstrating Iran’s role as a transit hub for regional energy flows and wider connectivity.

Relevant for energy security and geopolitics topics in UPSC; helps link transport/infrastructure questions to energy supply routes and regional interdependence, useful in essays and mains answers on strategic corridors.

📚 Reading List :
  • FUNDAMENTALS OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY, CLASS XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 7: Transport and Communication > PIPELINES > p. 67
🔗 Anchor: "Does the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC) connect India to C..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 India's 'Connect Central Asia' policy
💡 The insight

This policy outlines India's strategy to deepen political, security and economic ties with Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, and emphasizes connectivity measures.

High-yield for UPSC because it links Indian foreign policy, regional security and economic diplomacy; mastering it helps answer questions on India's Eurasia engagement, resource diplomacy and multilateral outreach. It connects to topics on bilateral relations, strategic partnerships and regional transport initiatives.

📚 Reading List :
  • Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 88: Foreign Policy > CONNECT CENTRAL ASIA POLICY OF INDIA > p. 611
  • Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 88: Foreign Policy > CONNECT CENTRAL ASIA POLICY OF INDIA > p. 612
🔗 Anchor: "Does the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC) connect India to C..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 International North–South Transport Corridor (INSTC) — land connectivity tool
💡 The insight

INSTC is cited as a reactivated land connectivity mechanism India uses in its attempts to improve links with Central Asian states.

Important for questions on transport corridors, trade routes and logistics strategy; understanding INSTC helps evaluate alternatives to maritime routes and India's options for accessing Eurasian markets. It ties into geography (transport networks), international trade and regional policy analysis.

📚 Reading List :
  • Indian Polity, M. Laxmikanth(7th ed.) > Chapter 88: Foreign Policy > CONNECT CENTRAL ASIA POLICY OF INDIA > p. 612
🔗 Anchor: "Does the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC) connect India to C..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S2
👉 China's regional corridors (OBOR/CPEC/Kolkata–Kunming) and India's stance
💡 The insight

China's Belt and Road initiatives, including the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor and proposed Kolkata–Kunming link, shape regional connectivity choices and provoke policy responses from India.

Crucial for geopolitics and international relations questions: explains strategic rivalry over infrastructure, sovereignty disputes (e.g., PoK), and competing connectivity visions. Mastery aids answers on China–India–Pakistan dynamics, regional infrastructure diplomacy and strategic implications of transport projects.

📚 Reading List :
  • Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 16: India–Political Aspects > One Belt-One Road (The New Silk Route) > p. 86
  • Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 16: India–Political Aspects > One Belt-One Road (The New Silk Route) > p. 85
  • Geography of India ,Majid Husain, (McGrawHill 9th ed.) > Chapter 16: India–Political Aspects > China Pakistan Economic Corridor > p. 82
🔗 Anchor: "Does the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC) connect India to C..."
📌 Adjacent topic to master
S3
👉 Act East policy: linking India to Southeast Asia via Myanmar and Bangladesh
💡 The insight

India's Act East policy aims to link India to Southeast Asia through Myanmar and Bangladesh.

This is high-yield for UPSC because questions often test India's regional connectivity goals, diplomatic strategy, and implications for trade and security. It connects to topics on Northeastern states, border management, and India–Southeast Asia diplomacy, enabling answers on corridor projects and regional integration.

📚 Reading List :
  • Contemporary World Politics, Textbook in political science for Class XII (NCERT 2025 ed.) > Chapter 3: Contemporary South Asia > India and its Other Neighbours > p. 39
🔗 Anchor: "Does the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC) connect India to S..."
🌑 The Hidden Trap

The Ashgabat Agreement. Often confused with INSTC. India joined it in 2018. While INSTC connects India to Russia/Europe, the Ashgabat Agreement focuses specifically on a transport corridor between Central Asia and the Persian Gulf (Oman-Iran-Turkmenistan-Uzbekistan).

⚡ Elimination Cheat Code

Use 'Compass Logic'. The corridor is 'North-South'. Option C goes East (Myanmar) → Eliminate. Option B goes via China (Strategic rival, unlikely for an India-founded project) → Eliminate. Between A and D: To go North from India by sea, the first landmass you must enter is Iran. Azerbaijan is a transit point further north, but Iran is the gateway. Option A is the only geographic necessity.

🔗 Mains Connection

Mains GS2 (IR) & GS3 (Economy): Link INSTC to 'Strategic Autonomy'. It reduces transit time/cost compared to the Suez Canal and bypasses the 'Pakistan Blockade', acting as a geoeconomic counterweight to China's Belt and Road Initiative.

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SIMILAR QUESTIONS

CDS-I · 2008 · Q96 Relevance score: 1.21

At which one of the following places, East- West Corridor connecting Silchar and Porbandar and North-South Corridor connecting Srinagar and Kanyakumari, intersect each other ?

CDS-II · 2007 · Q5 Relevance score: 1.01

At which one of the following places, East- West Corridor connecting Silchar and Porhandar and North-South Corridor connecting Srinagar and Kanyakumari, intersect each other?

CAPF · 2010 · Q55 Relevance score: 0.99

Consider the following statements regarding the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) : 1. It is an international organisation involving a group of countries in South Asia and South East Asia. 2. All countries with whom India shares international border are members of the organisation. 3. Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka and Thailand were the original members of the organisation. Which of the statements given above is/ are correct ?

IAS · 2015 · Q57 Relevance score: 0.36

India is a member of which among the following? 1. Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation 2. Association of South-East Asian Nations 3. East Asia Summit Select the correct answer using the code given below.

IAS · 2023 · Q10 Relevance score: -0.45

With reference to India's projects on connectivity, consider the following statements : 1. East-West Corridor under Golden Quadrilateral Project connects Dibrugarh and Surat. 2. Trilateral Highway connects Moreh in Manipur and Chiang Mai in Thailand via Myanmar. 3. Bangladesh-China-India-Myanmar Economic Corridor connects Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh with Kunming in China. How many of the above statements are correct?