Consider the following statements : I. In the finals of the 45th Chess Olympiad held in 2024, Gukesh Dommaraju became the world's youngest winner after defeating the Russian player Ian Nepomniachtchi. II. Abhimanyu Mishra, an American chess player, holds the record of becoming world's youngest ever Grandmaster. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

This snippet shows the use of an ordinal label ('45th Amendment') as an identifier separate from a calendar year — illustrating that '45th' as an ordinal does not by itself imply a specific year.

A student could use this pattern to remember that the '45th' in '45th Chess Olympiad' is an ordinal event number and must be checked against the event's actual year (via a calendar or event history) rather than assumed to be 2024.

This snippet notes an election spanning late 1951 to early 1952 being referred to by the year 1952 — showing events that span calendar boundaries may be labeled by one year for convenience.

A student could apply this rule to the Olympiad: even if the event or its finals occurred across year boundaries, the commonly cited year might be the year when most play or the conclusion happened, so they should check exact dates of the finals.

This snippet provides an example of a factual year reference ('2023') in a data source, illustrating that reliable sources often cite specific years for major population/event changes.

A student could use this as a prompt to consult similarly dated authoritative sources (event pages, calendars) to verify whether the 45th Chess Olympiad finals occurred in 2024.

Uses chess as an example of a sport with agreed rules and referees — establishes that chess events are reported and discussed like other regulated competitions.

A student could use this to justify checking standard tournament reporting (pairings, final matches, winners) in sports/news sources to verify the claim.

Mentions a 'final encounter' and explicitly describes defeat in a competitive context — illustrates how historical accounts label decisive matches or battles.

Suggests looking for analogous phrasing ('final', 'final encounter', 'defeated') in chess tournament reports to identify who won the decisive match.

Describes a sequence of military engagements culminating in victories and retreats — shows pattern of documenting successive contests and final outcomes.

A student could apply this pattern by tracing the sequence of matches (e.g., earlier rounds → semifinals → final) in official Olympiad records to see if Gukesh met Nepomniachtchi in the final and won.

Narrates a campaign where small forces defeat larger ones and notes subsequent formal outcomes (plebiscites, proclamations) — indicates that reports often connect match results to formal conclusions.

Encourages checking authoritative aftermath reporting (official standings, medals) of the 45th Chess Olympiad to confirm whether a stated victory led to the tournament's final result.

Details multiple defeats across engagements culminating in surrender — reinforces the idea of stepwise elimination leading to a final victor in contests.

Prompts verification via elimination-bracket style records (round-by-round pairings) from the Olympiad to establish whether Gukesh defeated Nepomniachtchi in the final match.

Describes a formal prize awarded to the winner of a public intellectual contest, illustrating that competitions declare a single winner after a final encounter.

A student could extend this by checking whether the Chess Olympiad has a formally declared final winner and how winners are recorded and publicised to verify any claim about a specific match producing the champion.

Uses the verb 'defeating' to describe how a leader became dominant by defeating strong adversaries, showing the common narrative pattern for describing decisive victories.

Apply this pattern to chess reporting: look for match reports or tournament summaries that use 'defeated' in finals to identify which game produced the champion and who the opponent was.

Discusses chronological campaign stages and named leaders, demonstrating the value of precise dates and named actors when establishing who achieved what and when.

Use the same approach: gather the precise date (2024), the event name (45th Chess Olympiad), and the named players to cross-check ages and records to judge a 'youngest winner' claim.

This snippet explicitly uses 'chess' as an example and discusses following chess rules — it establishes that the corpus contains material about chess as a recognizable topic.

A student could note that the collection treats 'chess' as a searchable category and therefore seek an author's nationality in other sources or databases about chess players to test the statement.

This snippet mentions 'chess pieces' and materials used for them, reinforcing that chess-related terminology appears in the set and can be tied to concrete objects and discussions.

Knowing chess terminology appears, a student could look up 'Abhimanyu Mishra' in chess-specific records (e.g., player databases, tournament reports) to check nationality.

This snippet uses the adjective 'American' to describe a person's nationality in a biographical example, showing the corpus contains examples where 'American' identifies nationality.

A student could apply the same pattern (adjective + occupation) when searching external chess biographies: look for 'American chess player Abhimanyu Mishra' in reliable chess or news sources.

This snippet treats 'American' as a clear national identifier in the context of a constitution, illustrating how 'American' is used to denote nationality in formal texts.

Use this pattern to interpret external biographical statements (e.g., 'American chess player X') and verify Abhimanyu Mishra's nationality from formal sources like federations or official bios.

This snippet contains the surname 'Mishra' in an Indian cultural/contextual setting (film credits and Indian constitutional discussion), implying 'Mishra' appears as an Indian surname in the corpus.

A student could combine the surname's common Indian association with external biographical research to check whether Abhimanyu Mishra is Indian-born, naturalized, or described as American in chess records.

The snippet uses the superlative phrase 'the largest empire the world had ever seen', illustrating how historical claims framed with 'ever' are comparative superlatives.

A student could apply this pattern to realise 'youngest ever' is a superlative claim that requires comparing ages across all known cases and time periods before accepting it.

The passage discusses eldest and youngest sons and territorial allocations, showing how the adjective 'youngest' is used as a clear relational descriptor in records.

One could use this to understand that proving 'youngest ever' requires establishing a clear ordering (ages at achievement) among all contenders.

This snippet compares events across different decades (1230s vs 1270s), demonstrating the use of chronological comparison to judge change over time.

A student can extend this by comparing exact dates (birth, title-awarded) of chess players across years to test whether someone is the youngest ever.

The snippet gives a specific birth date for a historical figure, showing that sources sometimes record precise birth dates.

Use the idea that to verify an age-based record you need reliable birth dates and the date the title/achievement was earned, then compute the age at achievement.