Consider the following statements about Kavach, the automatic train protection system : 1. It is designed and developed by Research Design and Standard Organisation (RDSO) in collaboration with Railway Technical Research Institute (RTRI), Japan 2. The trials of Kavach were facilitated by the Southern Railway 3. Kavach is a state-of-the-art electronic system with Safety Integrity Level-4 (SIL-4) Which of the statements given above is/are correct ?

Kavach is India's indigenous Automatic Train Protection (ATP) system designed to prevent train collisions. The correctness of the statements is explained below:

• Statement 1 is incorrect: Kavach was developed indigenously by the Research Designs and Standards Organisation (RDSO) in collaboration with three Indian private firms (Medha Servo Drives, HBL Power Systems, and Kernex Microsystems). It did not involve the Railway Technical Research Institute (RTRI) of Japan.
• Statement 2 is incorrect: The intensive trials and initial implementation of the Kavach system were facilitated by the South Central Railway (SCR), primarily in the Secunderabad division, rather than the Southern Railway.
• Statement 3 is correct: Kavach is a state-of-the-art electronic system that achieves Safety Integrity Level-4 (SIL-4) certification. This is the highest international standard for safety, implying a probability of error of less than one in 10,000 years of operation.

Since only statement 3 is correct, the official answer is Option B.