The correct answer is option 1: composting. Composting is the process of the biological decomposition of organic substances in wastes. During this process, organic waste materials such as food scraps, yard waste, and agricultural residues are broken down by microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and worms. These microorganisms consume the organic matter and convert it into a nutrient-rich material called compost. Composting requires controlled conditions such as proper temperature, moisture, and oxygen levels to facilitate the decomposition process. It is an eco-friendly and sustainable method of waste management as it helps to reduce the volume of waste sent to landfills, prevent soil erosion, and improve soil fertility. Composted materials can be used as a soil amendment in gardening and agriculture.