The correct answer is option 2, Antonio Gramsci. Antonio Gramsci was an Italian Marxist philosopher and sociologist who is known for his concept of civil society. Civil society refers to the space or sphere of social life that exists between the state and the individual. It is made up of various social groups, organizations, and institutions that are independent of the state but contribute to the functioning of society. Gramsci argued that civil society plays a crucial role in maintaining social order and stability. He believed that civil society institutions such as trade unions, educational institutions, and voluntary associations have the potential to challenge and transform the existing power structures in society. Gramsci`s concept of civil society has had a significant impact on the field of sociology and political theory, influencing subsequent scholars` understanding of the relationship between the state and society.