The term `Industrial Revolution` refers to the significant changes and advancements that took place in the 18th and 19th centuries, leading to the shift from traditional agrarian economies to industrialized societies. Although the concept of the Industrial Revolution was previously discussed by French and German writers, its popularity in the English language can be attributed to Arnold Toynbee.

Option 1: Adam Smith was a Scottish economist and philosopher known for his influential work "The Wealth of Nations," which discussed capitalism and free trade. While Adam Smith contributed to economic theories, he did not popularize the term `Industrial Revolution.`

Option 2: Arnold Toynbee, a British economic historian, played a crucial role in popularizing the term `Industrial Revolution` in the English language. His lectures and writings on the subject helped establish the concept and its significance in understanding historical and economic changes.

Option 3: James Mill, a Scottish historian and political philosopher, is known for his contributions to utilitarianism and political economy. However, there is no evidence to suggest that he popularized the term `Industrial Revolution.`

Option 4: Bertrand Russell, a British philosopher, logician, and social critic, made notable contributions to various fields of study. However, there is no connection between him