In the context of Indian history, the principle of `Dyarchy` (or `Diarchy`) refers to Option 4: Division of the subjects delegated to the provinces into two categories.
Dyarchy was a system of government introduced in India by the Government of India Act, 1919. It was an attempt by the British government to introduce limited self-governance in India while retaining overall control. The Act introduced a dual system of administration, dividing the subjects delegated to the provinces into two categories: transferred subjects and reserved subjects.
Transferred subjects were those that were transferred to the control of Indian ministers, who were responsible to the provincial legislature. These included subjects such as education, health, agriculture, and local government. Indian ministers were given the power to make laws and to implement policies related to these transferred subjects.
On the other hand, reserved subjects were those that were retained by the Governor-General and his Executive Council. These included subjects such as finance, foreign affairs, defense, and communication. The Governor-General and his Executive Council were responsible for making laws and implementing policies related to these reserved subjects.
The main objective of introducing the Dyarchy system was to give Indians a share in the administration of their own country. However, the system had several limitations. For example, the Governor-General and his Executive Council retained control over the most important subjects such as finance, defense, and communication. Moreover, Indian ministers did not have control over the police or the judiciary, which remained under the control of the British authorities.
In conclusion, the principle of Dyarchy in the context of Indian history refers to the division of the subjects delegated to the provinces into two categories: transferred subjects and reserved subjects. The system was introduced in India in 1919 through the Government of India Act with the aim of giving Indians a share in the administration of their own country while retaining overall control. However, the system had several limitations and was eventually replaced by a more comprehensive system of self-government through the Government of India Act, 1935.