The correct answer is option 1, "Russia and Turkey." The Crimean War, which took place from 1854 to 1856, involved Russia and the Ottoman Empire (which controlled Turkey at the time). The conflict arose from several disputes, including Russia`s desire to expand its influence in the region and the protection of Orthodox Christian pilgrims in the Ottoman Empire. It also had geopolitical implications, with England and France supporting the Ottoman Empire to maintain the balance of power in Europe and to prevent Russian expansion. While the other options may be important historical events, they are not directly related to the Crimean War.